Race, Gender & Ethnic Relations Final

number of babies born in 2015 who were multiracial or multiethnic

1/7 babies number was triple the rate in 1980 growth from increase in multiracial marriage rates

history of western families

14th century -- wife's position in the household is very minor 16th century -- wife is totally under the authority of the husband, anything the wife does without the consent of the husband is not considered real 17th century -- marriage families become religious and sacred 18th century -- families begin to be separated from society, work is removed from home, more emotional bonds between parents and children, cult of domesticity is developed

Interracial Relationships: Nemoto

1800s chinese female immigrants as suspicious -- if there were women they were viewed as being involved in criminality --> men on railroads typically couldn't bring women late 1800s -- fear of miscegenation --> yellow peril --> fear of reproduction between two racial groups stereotypes: prostitutes, submissive, overly feminine, etc. large number of military brides in 1950s military brides' racism, isolation and low wage jobs in US hegemonic narratives of race and gender white male as knight asian females as cinderella 1965 immigration act asian women as a "sexual model minority" asian women's femininity as a subsitute/replacement for traditional white femininity asian women attaining the ideal "feminine" body --> shorter --> long hair --> straight hair -->delicate interracial marriage is built on heterosexuality memories of a geisha new, transgressing images of asian women --> sandra oh from greys --> comedian margaret chow

the power of wealth

2009 median wealth white families -- $113,149 vs 2009 median wealth black families -- $5,677 college educated whites possessed 4x as much wealth as similarity situated college educated blacks (thomas and shapiro) inter-generational transfers -- passing down wealth --> big gaps between blacks and whites in regard to who gives that money white families have a higher chance of getting this transfer --> in turn leads to better schooling, education, etc.

families in the US

23% of US households are married couple families living with their own children 52% of people over the age of 15 are married female-headed households: 45% among blacks, 24% among hispanics, 13% among whites and asians 1/2 as many divorces in 1 year than marriages --> in a given year if there are 3 million marriages there are 1.5 divorces the divorce rate is going down --> waiting to get married, co-habituating, 7 year point is the average length of marriage ending in divorce

consequences of segregation

43% of blacks, 45% of hispanics, 73% of whites own homes whites $58,000 in home equity, blacks $18,000 in home equity blacks' and hispanics' neighborhoods have lower incomes limits access to quality schools, jobs, healthcare, public services and private amenities busing to schools use to be forced (brown vs board of ed) but now they are voluntary

royster's work

50 young men are interviewed black and white men trained in same school -- job skill academy same job listing services and work study programs both study the same things -- vocational type work looking at what happens after school

gender and occupation

56% of women and 69% of men are in labor force (out of home) --> hispanic women less likely --> asians are more likely --> men's participation in the workforce has decreased where women work --> gender segregation of field of study (male and female dominated fields) --> internal segregation -- why type of doctor a male or female is most likely to be --> male dominated fields and subfields pay more --> race-gender segregation --> glass ceiling -- invisible barrier women face when trying to be promoted --> job ladders -- male dominated fields have more opportunity for promotion --> glass escalator -- men in women dominated fields tend to be promoted faster than women gaps --> social security income = women have 77% of mens --> women's pension income = 54% of men's --> women's retirement funds are 56% of men's

statistics of families

66.67% of US households are family households, but only 20% are husband-wife households with their own children present 13% of households are female headed with no spouse present women are now the sole or primary breadwinner in 40% of US households

Republicanism

A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws citizens take an active role in public life --> self government

liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. citizens are the individual right bearers, pursuit of own happiness

Equal Pay Act or 1963

An act that regulates the concept of equal pay for men and women who perform similar work requiring similar skills, effort, and responsibility under similar working conditions

Seperate but Unequal

Baton Rouge use to have segregated school system --> but after civil rights now have alternatives to the struggling schools in their neighborhoods --> integrated schooling Residents want to form a new city out of a large suburban neighborhoods --> taking east baton rouge parish with them and forming St. George new city would be whiter and more affluent school districts that are less racially and economically diverse dismantling of desegregation plans across the country starting in 1991 in baton rouge the desegregation order was lifted in 2003 --> student pop is now 11% white will not have the funding to provide services because school size will decrease and leaving nearly 7000 students displaced poor areas will not be receiving the same quality education woodland has over 1200 students and 60% are black --> they have things but they are struggling the school has been plagued with discipline issues busing gives kids different options --> nikki's sons go to three different schools, each that cater to their needs if st george happens they are taking the better schools with them and no longer giving the other kids a choice re segregating

male privilege

Benefits that are granted to men on the basis of their gender that women are usually denied. It is often invisible or unacknowledged. higher pay more positions of power bad behavior overlooked -- boys will be boys expressions -- all men are created equal, fireman, policeman, hey guys

family-consumer economy

Form of economic production in which mass production of goods leads to increased consumerism in families and households households centered on consumption WWII: women employed in high paying jobs after war, pushed into clerical and service women work in gender and race segregated occupations

14th Amendment (1868)

Grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the US"; it forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws." Most important law ever passed besides original Constitution and Bill of Rights. It has been the vehicle for the expansion of civil rights, women's rights, gay rights among other movements. It also allowed for the "incorporation doctrine" which means the application of the national Bill of Rights to the states. national citizenship, federal states are protector and guarantor of national citizenship rights, and principle of birth right citizenship

systems of oppression

Interlocking societal, economic, moral, and religious values that keep many groups of people down to ensure the power and advantage of a few groups or one group of people. Some systems of oppression in the US and Europe include: heterosexism, male supremacy, white supremacy and the gender binary system. institutional, symbolic and individual dimension

Cult of True Womanhood

It emphasized domesticity, piety, purity, and submissiveness as the attributes of a true woman. (19th century) the home as centers of women's lives women;s ideal place is in the home sign of middle-class prosperity -- women dont have to work outside the home working class and women of color worked in the labor force and at home new emphasis on emotion -- childcare --> class idea and influences the type of work women go into

RES 8: Asian American Citizenship

Japanese and Chinese in the US are an "American success Story" They have almost experienced the total disappearance of discrimination and their assimilation into the mainstream of american life ex: J. Chuan Chu -- seen as different because of his "oriental" face -- two decades and a half later he adapted to the Americans ways

High-Needs Students

Living in poverty -- low income families attend high minority schools have disabilities are English language learners ^how CT defines high needs others of how the department of ed defines high needs: attend high minority schools are far below grade level are homeless are in foster care have been incarcerated

Transparent -- Moppa

Mother doesn't know about the dad father is transitioning to woman and learning how to be a woman --> going to store and buying makeup, shoes, learning how to walk like a woman, going to the bathroom daughter who is a lesbian and left her husband for a woman but the woman hasn't told her current partner josh the brother doesn't know about father --> babysitting who might have taken advantage of him when he was a minor --> was it sexual assault? maura yells at neighbors --> uses homophobic slurs

index of dissimilarity

Reveals the percentage of a racial group that would have to move to achieve integration A measure of segregation that indicates how isolated two groups are from each other in a particular area or city. 100 = perfect distribution 0 = total segregation i.e. metro area: NYC & suburbs --> 70% white and 30% black neighborhoods --> 40% white and 60% black D= 30% --> 30% of blacks need to move out and 30% of whites need to come in 0-30 = low 30-60 = moderate 60+ = high declining for some.. hispanic d scores: low 50s asian americans and pacific islands: low 40s native americans in urban areas: 30s native americans in rural areas live on segregated reservations

USA Patriot Act (2001)

Strengthens the federal government's power to conduct surveillance, perform searches, and detain individuals in order to combat terrorism. allowed gov to detain suspected noncitizen "terrorists" for up to a week without charges

feminist perspective on family

The family as a perpetuator of gender roles. Female headed households. socially constructed and historically changing family diversity is produced by the same structures that organize society embedded in intersecting hierarchies of class, race and gender -- hierarchies have different expectations challenge monolithic ideas that conceive of the family in idealistic ways -- many families dont fit the ideal

interlocking oppressions

The macro-level connections linking systems of oppression such as race, class, gender, ethnicity, and sexuality.

The Declining significance of race (1978)

Wilson race is becoming less important and class is becoming more (1978) --> recent research on black middle class partially supports wilson --> a substantial portion of blacks now enjoy access to middle class opportunities

truly disadvantaged

Wilson's term for the lowest level of the underclass; urban, inner-city, socially isolated people who occupy the bottom rung of the social ladder and are the victims of discrimination. looking at experiences of the working poor who are marginalized in society -- under class stuck in poverty that is generational this is the group we should be most concerned with race class and urbanicity

Indian New Deal

a program that gave Indians economic assistance and greater control over their own affairs under FDR -- 1930s relief from great depression development self-government

The Mark of a Criminal Record - Pager

a study was conducted chart -- criminal record affected employment --> less blacks were employed than whites who had a criminal record race continues to pay a dominant role in who is hired in 50% of these cases employers are unwilling to consider anybody with a criminal background the effect of a criminal record is 40% larger for blacks than whites having a criminal record impacts chances of being called back audit studies -- black and white men with same credentials --> white men more likely to be called back --> whites with criminal record still had a higher percentage of call backs than blacks with no criminal records --> still see black men as dangerous

color-blind ideology acknowledges ___ while disregarding ______ _____

acknowledges race while disregarding racial hierarchy

"Race, Wrongful Conviction, and Exoneration": Smith and Hattery

african americans are 40-50% of incarcerated population 70% of the exonerees (falsely convicted) are black males there is the popular misconception that black men are more often convicted of rape than white men --> not true --> white men make up 50% of convicted rape --> in cases where there is a white female rape victim only 16% of perpetrators are black males wrongful conviction has lead to 350 men and women proved innocent after serving time for a crime they did not commit the innocence project

Loving Across Racial Divides: Steinbugler

african americans have to think about race all the time there is little chance that one can lose a job, be kicked out of church or lose housing because one partner is black and one is white unique racial issues arise from being in an interracial relationship positive shift in public attitudes toward interracial marriage still only 7% of heterosexual couples marry across racial lines neighborhoods that are primarily black or white raise issues for interracial couples no matter where we live one of us will not be in the right neighborhood whites in black feel uncomfortable but this isn't the same vice versa as racial gaps in income narrow more members of racial minorities can afford to live in neighborhoods that had previously been white for blacks they can anticipate everyday acts of prejudice while whites still have trouble relating due to their whiteness

RES 22: Post 9/11

after 9/11 Arabs and Muslims and those who looked like them were targets of profiling and hate crimes

what is the state?

all the institutions that represent official power and authority in society

Interracial relationship: Discourse and Images

america's involvement in WII and Vietnam war there was a rise of military bride appealing because Asian women tend to possess traditional, domicile feminity less likely for whites and blacks to be in an interracial relationship than whites any other minority

power elite model

analysis of politics that sees power as concentrated among the rich a powerful ruling class controls the state

gay and lesbian families

are same sex marriages valid and should be recognized? -- answer yes from 27% in 1996 to 53% in 2013 2015 supreme court landmark case to allow same-sex marriage in all 50 states

Race and the Invisible Hand, Royster

argues that wilson is focusing on poor and working poor 22% of blacks ages 35-39 had a BA or more edu in 2014 41% of whites aged 25-29 had a BA or more edu in 2014 92% of blacks are working 79% have lower white or blue collar jobs --> royster looking at this group wilson's research focuses on extremes with black pop (argues)

discrimination in the work palce

based on sexual orientation women with disabilities are more likely to be unemployed/live in poverty than men with disabilities --> feminization of poverty --> pregnancy considered a temporary disability based on race, religion, or ethnicity --> token = person who is only one of their race, religion, etc. in their workplace --> pressure for toekn people sexual harrassment --> 1964 law = sexual harrassment is unconsititutional --> can be considered form of discriminaton based on gender because it creates a hostile environment for women

"White Like Me": Wise

because he is white he is not suppose to speak against and agitate in opposition to racism and institutionalized white supremely growing up in a nondiverse environment (isolation) is our experience with race whiteness is likely how your going to be viewed and treated to be white is to be "born to belonging"

Fences & Neighbors: Segregation in the 21st Century

black and hispanics encounter discrimination --> one out of every five with real estate agents segregation -- the separation of racial and ethnic groups within a metropolitan area index of similarity -- measures segregation between any two groups segregation increases prejudice, stereotypes, and racial tension

gender differences between interracial marriages

black and white couples --> 74% black husband and white wife --> white women who marry black men marry those with more education asian white couples --> 58% asian wife and white husband --> asian women who marry white men marry those with more education

roysters findings

black graduates employeed less often in skilled trades earn less per hour hold lower status positions recieve fewer promotions experience more and longer periods of unemployement contact ideology must take into account the significance of race within class --> not class difference between them --> have to take into account how race affects people within a class black males assisted diff by the same white male teachers (i.e. if you go to a teacher and ask for advice on finding a job after graduation -- gives you list and tells you about the jobs, next step will be to call them and tell them to look out for students who apply -- helping person out) --> gave both groups access to information but went a step further for white applicants -- could have done this unconciously black males' segregation in multiple arenas --> black males' neighborhoods have less jobs and higher odds of neighbors not having high education and thus access to info about jobs white males' intergenerational assistance networks -- fathers and grandfathers called on behalf of children visible hands trump the invisible hand --> whoever is most well trained or well suited for a job will get that job -- fits into the system --> not interfering in labor market is the best way to have healthy economy --> this is not the case -- the visible hand giving certain groups access to jobs achievement ideology suggests black men's "deficits" black students were also not actively and persistently pursing assistance occupational apartheid

the law

both denies and affirms women's rights historically excluded women from full citizenship, now neutral women are 34% of lawyers 44% of judges 26% of state judges

US Born and 2nd generation Japanese and Chinese

came in 1930/1940s and were able to fight for their rights

colorblindness insinuates that ____ and ____ are the cause of social inequality

class and culture i.e. less blacks in grad school their cultural doesn't value higher education, it values going straight into work or because of class, more differences in wealth, they don't have the financial ability these things alone cannot explain enduring racial inequality

color-blind vs race neutral perspective

color-blind = i don't see race at all race neutral = i see race but it doesn't really matter to me

what is the dominant lens of how we see race in US?

colorblindness most people by saying this feel that they are "progressive"

ethno-cultural citizenship

common heritage and culture, membership is limited to those who share in heritage through blood descent

Divorces

common misconception -- half of marriages end in divorce only about 31% if marriages ended in divorce (2009) 83% of custodial parents are mothers

RES 6: Citizenship and Inequality

conditions for practice of citizenship a citizen must be independnet

dual labor market theory

contends that women and men earn different amounts because they tend to work in different segments of the labor market two diff labor markets --> primary and secondary want primary -- better benefits, control over your work, more advancement secondary -- the ones that you dont want -- not a lot of benefits, lack of advancement, part time men tend to be more concentrated in more primary and women more concentrated in secondary

symbolic dimension

controlling images and stereotypes i.e. welfare queen stereotype -- black women who are also poor i.e. hot tamale -- young women who are latino ideologies used to justify relations of domination and subordination comprise the symbolic dimension of opression controlling images of race, class and gender groups masculine v feminine universal categories acutally only apply to a small group -- i.e. stereotypes about what it means to be a masculine man or feminine woman is a controllling image

what do families tend to have in common?

culture and traditions ideas and values support - financially and emotionally nuclear family

effects of economic restructuring

decline in factory jobs global assembly line job growth in service sector detrimental for women + people of color (who tend to have low wage service jobs) decline in men's wages (especially if not college educated) -- decline in gender wage gap downsizing of companies due to technology and outsourcing -- decline in jobs increase in contingent workers (part time and seasonal workers)

"When Work Disappears" by William Julius Wilson 1996

decline of manufacturing jobs that paid decent money and you would get right out of high school with GED i.e. big three car companies in detroit either closed or were sent oversees

the vicious cycle of mass incarceration

deepens inequality because its negative social and economic effects are concentrated in the poorest communities -- black males are more likely to be incarcerated than go to college much of the social and economic inequality associated with incarceration is invisible mass incarceration and its social and economic consequences contribute to a legitimacy gap between poor and the rest of american society

Heterosexual Privilege

defined as the set of privileges or advantages granted to some people because of their heterosexuality easier to adopt assume a man and women are together traditional views of society -- dont have to explain yourself child custody pay leave when grieving death of spouse not having to worry about children playing with other children spouse from other country getting citizenship homeownership

RES 7: The First Americans

early 19th century the US government increased political and military powers to force native americans to move west i.e. indian removal act under Jackson

wealth class concept of families being challenged today

economic cooperation -- i.e. financial support and historically assumes that the husband will be the primary support --> can be challenged -- women are working, single parents common residence -- families that is together but don't live in same place because of different circumstances socially approved sexual relations -- straight, married, and assumed to be married before sex --> now it legal to marry and raise children with someone of the same sex reproduction -- marriage leading to reproduction --> but a lot of people decide they don't want to have kids, or they want to have kids in a different way child rearing -- have child and raise them in the home

risks associated with incarceration

economic disadvantage, poor mental health and childhood hardship unable to change lifestyle or find job because of criminal record further impoverishes poor communities and breeds cynicism and the civic institutions that might bring about change

Women in Prison

economical disadvantages cause women to turn to crime women are treated differently in criminal justice system women are sentenced based on their gender expression -- if a woman fits the traditional gender role they receive lighter sentences women in prison are not taught the same trades as men in prison US has Highest rate of women incarcerated

additive analysis of oppression

either/ or instead of both/and oppression can be quantified oppression can be ranked one category may have salience over another for a given time and place readings for tdoay argue that we shouldn't focus on racism as being additive but rather as intersectional additive = you can rank (i.e. sexism is going to be more prominent than racism) but in reality one category may be more important given a time or place but it doesn't mean that overall one category is more important on average

overt discrimination

employers saying I wont hire a woman for this job, i wont interview this woman 2% left between men and women you cant explain -- after looking at education, internships, etc find this through audit studies -- presenting same credentials but change the name to male or female test to see if this is happening because no one will say it is

internal segregation by gender

even within same occupation women and men tend to have different specialties and ranks if we look at elementary school and preschool -- women --> while you move higher up more men same field but gaps where women are being placed

Orientals are now considered a model minority

exemplar for what immigrants should look like if they are trying to become American

causes of wrongful convictions

fallibility of eyewitness testimony -- 70% misuse of forensic evidence -- 52% lack of access to DNA analysis false confessions -- 23% "snitches" -- 15% racial history of the US

family-friendly policies at work

family and medical leave act of 1993 requires employers to grant 12 weeks of leave to a parent to care for a newborn or adopted child or to care for a sick child, spouse or parent --> only applies to employers with 50+ employees, and married, heterosexual couples --> only 10% of companies provide assistance for child care to employees either on or off site project head start

women's work historically: 3 levels

family based economy 17th - early 18th century family wage economy late 18th century to 19th century family consumer economy late 20th century to present

origins of family

family values think of family as affluent family current concepts of families began with wealthy classes assumption tends to be that families are biologically related but this is not the case today -- not an actual biological tie to family members cult of domesticity

families in trouble

feminist movements in recent years gave a public voice toward family issues such as violence, child abuse, incest and teen pregnancy which were once kept very private 11% of all violence is violence within a family of all those in prison for state crime, 15% committed a crime against family 4 in 5 victims of intimate partner violence are women --> women between ages 18-34 are most likely to be the victims of such violence violence against women is a form of social control an abusive relationship is not only physically harmful but can cause depression or anxiety

gender wage gap

field of study/career choice time planned to work full vs. part time work work interruptions education cant fully explain hostile work places -- research shows that if you have resumes applying for male dominate jobs -- male names are more likely to get call backs you cant completely rule out discrimination or things that happened before to discourage women from entering certain fields

conditions for practice of citizenship

for most of american history the answer has been that a citizen must be independent --> in the past this meant white men, not women/slaves economic security and social programs --> 2 tiered

marital rape, incest and sexual abuse

forced sex is not considered a crime in many states forced sexual activity occurs in about 10% of married couples power, control, dominance and humiliation are common patterns in marital rape childhood abuse is linked to a variety of social problems

Family wage economy

form of economic production in which production moves out of the household into a factory system, where a wage-based system of labor is created factor was the center of labor women as paid laborers vs unpaid housewives children and women as cheap laborers black women as domestics white immigrant women in textiles and garments

family based economy

form of economic production wherein the household is the basic unit of the economy and the site for most economic production and distribution household was the basic unit of economy little distinction between economic and domestic life white women's labor dependent on class and marital status black women's labor as slaves, farm laborers, domestics chicana's labor in the home everyone in the house is responsible for working within the home there isnt a distinction between work and home type of work done depends on race

structural diversity model

framework for understanding families that focuses on the changing dynamics of race, class, and gender as they influence family forms family forms are socially constructed and historically changing family diversity is produced by the same structures that organize society as a whole -- intersecting hierarchies of class, race and gender family diversity is constructed social structures as well as by the actions of family members

The Myth of the Missing Black Father: Coles & Green

frequently assumed that black men father children but are seldom fathers in 2000, 16% of households were married with children 19% of black households were female-headed with children in 2004, 50% of black children lived in mother-only households "absence" usually means nonresidence with child --> assumption of absence --> not always the case sometimes assumed that there is no legal marriage to the mother --> term is loaded in 2004, 41% of black children live with their mother --> prisons and labor market play a role why we see lower numbers for black children black family structure reflects large societal trends that have affected all US families --> a movement of jobs out of cities --> decline in real wages for men --> increased labor force participation of women -->a decline in fertility --> postponement of marriage --> increases in divorce, nonmartial births, single parent and nonfamily households --> structural factors not related for indivudal disparities but reflect why we see what we see black fathers --> 33.4% college education --> 25.5% un or underemployed (BA but working in job that only needs HS degree --> 23% income 1/2 poverty threshold white fathers --> 68.5% college education --> 17.4% un or underemployed --> 15% income 1/2 poverty threshold social, fictive (friend) or "other" fathers (coach, pastor) relatives, romantic partners, friends, community figures black male teens who live with step-fathers were less likely to drop out of school black female teens who live with step-fathers were less likely to become teen mothers

Other forms of privilege

gender sexual orientation age religion middle class

femicide

gender based violence resulting in death gender based hate crime perpetrated by men to women asian was the highest number of women killed by partners or family members last year society has an impact on gender-based killings -- stereotype of violent masculinity and gender stereotypes

the state's system of power and authority in society

government -- congress (house of reps and senate)-- elected officials the military courts the law as it has been codified

White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack -- McIntosh

hierarchies are interlocking -- they intersect and influence how we experience the world we talk about the disadvantages people face but what about the advantages that go hand in hand with these? i.e. race, class, gender, sexual orientation, immigrant status, age, disability white privilege is an invisible package of unearned assets

The achievement gap

high needs students have lower outcomes in: gifted vs special education gpa standardized testing remedial track vs ap/ib classes high school completion college enrollment bachelor's degree attainment

middle-upper class privilege

higher education necessities and wants dental care hand me downs or second hand clothing -- not seen as you being of lower class

discrimination

housing, education and the realm of interpersonal interactions the discrimination then to now is different -- japanese and chinese no longer face "artifical barriers" to high status careers before 1940s whites deemed japanese and chinese as unfit for citizenship

human capital theory

human capital = knowledge and skills that you acquire to prepare yourself for a job men tend to have more types of these experiences and thats why we see these gaps (more internships, traning etc)

whites inherit advantages from the past and continue to reap benefits of ongoing racial privilege

i.e. wealth -- in the US historically there were many laws that prevented people of color from buying homes in predominately white neighborhoods -- today homes are the ways that most americans culminate wealth but because people of color didnt have access to this, they dont have the history of home ownership to pass onto their children and future generations advantages in opportunities, schooling, housing, psychological components free of having to disprove negative stereotypes

motherhood vs. fatherhood

idea that mother's work is to take care of the kids and family, work outside would be providing safety, health care and education idea that father's work is to provide for the family roles are changing, and both men and women are trying to break barriers and change the way we look at families

privilege confers (grants) dominance

if you are privileged in a certain area you are more likely to be in power in this area

women elected officials

in 2011, 73 women in house 17 in senate 23% of state legislators

child care

in the US child care is largely a private care system responsibility of child care falls heavily on women -- especially the mother access to child care can be a deterrent for work because child care can cost a lot depending on the state the most common form of child care is a relative who cares for the child in the child's home --> racial ethnic minorities tend to rely on relatives more for help with childcare --> this is also true for low income families --> evidence seems to suggest that families that are working class and ethnic minorities tend to spend more time with them

contemporary families

increased in one person, non family households increase in female householder decline in standards husband-wife household

21st century segregation

index of dissimilarity 1970-2000 the US became less segregated black and hispanics encounter discrimination in 1/5 contact with real estate and rental agents

costs of wrongful conviction

individual: late teens and early 20s - finishing education -beginning career -marrying/co habituating -having children -buying homes family costs - more mental health - poor health - affects children societal costs -42 million in lost wages -87 millon costs of incarceration example of anthony hinton Days after being exonerated and freed from an Alabama prison, Anthony Ray Hinton recounts how he got through nearly 30 years on death row as an innocent man. Hinton was convicted of murdering two fast-food managers in separate robberies in 1985, based on scant evidence that later turned out to be false. Hinton is said to be among the longest-serving death row prisoners ever to be freed after presenting evidence of innocence. Hinton joins us along with his attorney, Bryan Stevenson of the Equal Justice Initiative, who says race, poverty, inadequate legal assistance, and prosecutorial indifference to innocence conspired to create a textbook example of injustice. "This is a very powerful demonstration of the critique of the American criminal justice system, which we contend treats you better if you're rich and guilty than if you're poor and innocent," Stevenson says.

naturalization

ineligible for citizenship occupation discrimination residential segregation

wilson's research

integrates class and race -- people who are black depending on class here are the jobs you have access to supply and demand mechanism works different for blacks depending on class -- class matters within blacks looking for jobs and what jobs are available to them contemporary racial disparity results from structural difficulties faced by poor blacks -- structural difficulties finding jobs that pay a living wage

Schools: The Great Equalizer (Beth)

interviewed 206 individuals in 5 major metropolitan areas families believed that hard work and aspirations allow people's chances to be equal regardless of their background contradicted statement by also claiming that some individuals have advantages and disadvantages based on their access to family wealth the american dream doesn't guarantee that everyone will make it in America --> it presumes that despite inequalities in their circumstances each individual will have a fair chance, equal opportunity and no one will be unfairly advantaged or disadvantaged

Loving Across Racial Divides part 2

interviewed 39 interracial couples in philly, NYC and DC --> interracial same sex partners may also face homophobia segregated neighborhoods --> uncomfortable for one person in the relationship --> most neighborhoods in the US are segregated and thus will always be uncomfortable for one Dealing with racism --> different ways of conceptualizing what's happeing racial stereotypes and exceptions --> racial stereotypes might attract you to a person (asian) --> if they don't conform to the racial stereotypes you might believe about a group --> they are an exception to the stereotypes (i.e. asian woman and black man) these all cause additional stress in the relationship beyond what normal relationship stress may be

Racializing the Glass Escalator

jobs are sex-segregated which creates different occupational experiences for men and women glass elevator effect men working in women's professions jobs predominately filled by women often require "feminine" traits such as nurturing, caring and empathy trend of women promoting white men into higher up postions black male nurses experience entirely different workplace than white men workers they get treated differently by women coworkers because of stigma of being a person of color limited opportunities and promotions get mistaken for janitorial or housekeeping

something new movie

kenya and brian a twist on the interracial relationship --> black woman and white man and the black woman seems to be uncomfortable at first kenya is also in a higher financial position than brian --> but her work is questioned because of her race and maybe because she is a woman? intersection of race and class they have to deal with different systems of oppression --> race vs class

Miss Representation Documentary

mainstream media normalizes the objectification of females -- can lead to lack of women in politcs women who are high self-objectifers have lower political efficacy -- idea that your voice matters in politics and that you can bring about change if we normalize women's objectification then women are less likely to run for office and vote politics offer women two choices --> be hypersexualized (sarah palin) or bitchified (clinton) criticism of women is based on their physical appearance, whether they are dedicated mothers --> not their political power

how does color blindness help to maintain white priviledge?

maintains white privilege by negating racial inequality --> it explains racial inequality as being about something other than race

why women don't leave

many believe they have no other options or place to go when they stay in abusive relationships they tend to rationalize them women use excuse of putting themselves in the role of the "helper" has effect on children dangerous to leave family court -- child involved and right for other parent to see children financial manipulation and you dont have acess to own finances thought she was a strong women helping all structural barriers to not leaving

The changing character of the US

marital status by race -- family structures look different based on martial and racial status of the family make up

regime of Asiatic Exclusion

marked japanese and chinese as not white

Gender wage gap percent

median income of full time working woman is 77% percent of a man's full time income

men and women work side by side but they experience a very different workplace

men -- promotions, challenging assignments, access to top leader positions, feel confident women -- less than half of all are given promotions, harder to advance

Aids belief that America is a ___________________

meritocracy -- whatever you get in society is because of individual qualities such as intelligence, work ethnic, merit --> all unique characteristics --> not race, ethnicity, etc.

Bush's order

military order allowing alleged noncitizen terrorists to be tried in military courts US gov arrested over 1000 people as part of the Justice Department's investigation in the 9/11 attacks 5000 men who arrived on nonimmigrant visas were interviewed by Justice department -- no evidence of them having a connection to the attack

Cameron Russell: Image is Powerful

model who has won the "genetic lottery" -- tall, pretty, slender, white skinned image is powerful but also superficial --> you can transform what some one things about you based on how you manipulate an image out of 677 models hired in 2007 --> only 27 or less than 4% were non-white the free stuff she gets is what she gets in real life because of her looks --> got a free dress when she didnt have money, when her friend ran a red light all they had to say was "sorry officer" in 2011 140,000 teenagers were stopped and frisked 86% of them were black and latino and most of them were young men by age 13 58% of young irls don't like their bodies and by the time their 17 the number goes to 78% models are the most insecure group of women you will meet unpacking a legacy of gender and racial oppression when she is one of the biggest beneficiaries

Civil Rights Data Collection

nationwide only 50% of high schools offer calculus and 63% offer physics AP enrollment -- black and latino students represent 27% of high school enrollment, 27% take AP courses but only 10% get above a 3

what are some daily effects of white privilege?

no different color bandaids more likely to find make up that fits a white skin tone -- wider range of tones having not to educate children about systemic racism can send your child to school at any context and will probably learn about the history of their racial group without having to seek it out (i.e. native american, asian, etc) being able to get a loan live in a neighborhood with people like yourself live in a safe neighborhood being able to be completely unaware of the history of a group and not face penalty or sanction for not knowing it can be in company of people of your race most of the time go shopping without feeling that you are being followed turn on any media and see people of your race being represented

Color Blind Privilege

not acknowledging race or seeing race --> we ignore the reality of racism and past discrimination and the struggle don't see color in addition to not seeing the structural, systemic privilege being color blind but realizing that color blindness is disregarding racial inequality it hides white privilege -- says its due to class or culture people of color also demonstrate color blind privilege people better off economically dispose these ideas

women in government

number of women in office reached all time high in 2013

Naturalization Act of 1790

only white immigrants could apply for citizenship limit right to become naturalized citizens to "free white citizens"

individual dimension

our own experiences systematic relationships of domination and subordination structure social insitutions often obscured by equality of opportunity ideologies slavery as a race, class, gender specific institutions chain of command on the plantation

2018 report on gender related killing of women and girls

out of an estimated 87,000 women killed last year some 50,000 or 58% were killed by partners or family members emphasizes the inequality women face and gender-based discrimination calls attention to the need to combat gender related killings of women and girls

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin gives women equal rights to men

why is there a gender wage gap?

overt discrimination institutionalized discrimination human capital theory dual labor market theory

the irony of the: The great equalizer

parents asserted notion that education is the great equalizer and is key for making the American dream real and happen Idea that the great equalizer no matter what you back is, that it diminishes inequalities and provides opportunities to get ahead but the families were upfront about their perspectives that different schools provided vastly different opportunities for kids "it's not necessarily fair and it's not necessarily right"

whites pay enormous costs in order to have access to the privileges that come from a system of racism

personal and collective should inspire us to fight against racism for our own sake

how does this work

pluralism model -- competing interests around topic or between groups of people and each have a stake in their ability to have their voice heard -- those in majority see their interests carried out power elite -- corporations, executive branch of gov, the military --> people who have a stake in these three have power and they are highly interconnected the state is both liberatory and repressive --> helping to pass laws to prevent discrimination --> but repressive because it keeps certain groups from gaining access

women and power

power is the ability to influence others power is associated with men = patriarchy power arrangements can be challenged -- womens movement, civil rights LGBTQ movement

why so low?

prejudice + socialization = factors support of party leaders being incumbent (person holding seat has advantage, women have lower chance of being incumbent) networks campaign financing work-family obligations = much more concrete, practical roadblocks we might be able to change

post racial racism

profit -- immigrants are the raw materials for the booming for profit industry of immigrant detention politics -- anti immigrant backash -- they are taking jobs -- reasoning for demanufacturing degradation -- anti-immigrant ordinances stoke resentment and lead to increases in actual discrimination experienced by latino/as population control -- constant fear of deportation --> entrapment -- enclosed in country but also from moving around locally

race-gender segregation

race and and gender intersect to segregate where people work help to explain gaps we see in race and gender in the workplace

Race and Class in education

race and class framed parent's thinking regarding the schools they wanted their children to attend wealth area = better school race was the factor in determining a good school parents wanted to live where the best schools were located even if it meant giving up the big house and yard for a townhouse residential segregation is a major factor in educational inequality one of the nation's greatest faults lies in the fact that the nation's younger generations are perpetuated educated in separate and unequal schools

why is education not the great equalizer

rather than being the great equalizer, separate and unequal school presents a direct contradiction to the american dream ex: brown vs board the school system does not reduce inequalities and everyone does not have fair chance at success because everyone has access to schools

social citizenship

recognizes the right to a certain level of economic security and full participation in social life we are all americans and thus have certain rights that need to be met in order to fulfill our role as American citizens and be active members of the US

Christian Privilege

refers to the view that christian beliefs, language, and practices do not require any special effort to be recognized, since they are embedded within US American culture time off for holidays buying holiday decor not having to explain your religion -- assumed to be the default safety around being the default sworn in on the bible political majority

pluralism model

sees the state as representing the plural interests of different groups in society the state represents the cultural interests of different groups in society the group tries to balance the different interest groups in society

children

segregated schools narrow career options due to parent's economic status

How does color blindness serve whites?

serves social and political functions -- there has to be a different reason for describing things and occurrences --> it CANT be racism

where do the majority of women work?

service factor --> fast food --> hotel cleaners -->sales clerks women's work --> secretaries --> nurses -- women and men go into different types of nursing --> teachers

membership

set of practices (judicial, political, economic and cultural) which define a person as a "competent" member of society 2 types of citizenship : civic and ethnocultural --> US has followed both models

Cisgender Privilege

set of unearned advantages that individuals who identify as the gender they were assigned at birth accrue solely due to having a cisgender identity bathroom use easier to get married, find a partner, have children pronoun usage -- don't question which one you use wont be questioned about gender identity at hospitals or denied services because of gender -- identity doesnt match whats on ID being able to order shoes that fit your gender expression without having to custom order them

core of liberalism

set the stage for "model minority" freedom, rational self-interest, belief in human progress

different types of advantages

sex age ethnic physical ability nationality religion sexual orientation

Civic Citizenship

share political institutions and values, membership is open to all who reside in a territory

racial profiling

singling out an individual as a suspect due to appearance of ethnicity contrary to individual suspicion ordinarily required for a stop by the 14th amendment excessive reliance on race and gender -- more males targeted resembles Japanese internment during WWII largely symbolic impact in fighting terrorism racial profiling alienates minority communities -- might be worsening our possibility for future terror attacks

hidden functions of schooling

social reproduction theory -- schools reproduce inequality in the interactions and structure of education school privileges some students and disadvantages others hidden curriculum -- various tracks of classes (lower income and racial minorities are more likely to be in lower educational tracks vs other students and thus are placed in lower track and miss the important college preparatory curriculum Resistance -- might realize what track they are stuck in and either speak against it or just drop out

functions of schooling

socialize children enhance school and personal development select and train individuals promote change and innovation latent functions of education -- not in school for this expressed purpose but we get them by being in school (food, healthcare, childcare) good job social skills informed citizens new perspectives basic knowledge

"Color-Blind Racism" -- Gallagher

suggests that being color-blind can lead you to ignore systemic racism this is a privilege not to think about how race can affect people in a variety of ways the idea that we are color-blind is ignoring the reality of race in america --> not the colorblind or race neutral perspective not just whites show color blindness -- people of color who are conservative expose this idea of color-blindness --> most people view color-blind as positive = not treating people differently or looking at them differently --> color blindness hides white privilege -- most of the time done in an subconcious way

Subordinating Myth: Latino immigration, crime and exclusion: Longazel

synonymized the terms "immigrant" and "criminal" US mexican border is staffed with more agents, reinforced with walls and fences and patrolled the subordinating myth is a social construction based on false premises that forcefully contributes to preserving racial and ethnic stratification through exclusion immigrants do not increase crime, they may actually help to reduce it criminalization has served to exclude latino immigrants from access to material, culture and political resources constant fear of deportation

institutional dimension

systemic relationships of domination and subordination structured though social institutions american slavery is an institution -- we base it on race class does matter too --> plantations were of the upper class and thus the only ones who were able to keep slaves --> class matters to who owns slaves and property and those who actually work there gender also matters --> they didnt technically own slaves because they couldnt own anything and thus were technically their husband's property sexual orientation --> once getting slaves from africa became illegal you needed heterosexual reproduction in order to continue the slave population or even in prsion -- black and hispanic groups are more prominent in criminal justice system --> but most people who are incarcerated are overwhelmingly lower class, men, etc. --> systematic relationships of domination and subordination structure social institutions often obscured by equality of opportunity ideologies slavery as a race, class, gender specific institutions chain of command on the plantation

teen pregnancy

teen birth rates have been declining since 1990 most teen mothers that are poor were poor before pregnancy face higher medical risk in pregnancy 1/3 of teen mothers live in poverty teen birth rates among black , native american and hispanic is higher than whites although the birth rate for black teens decreases faster than white teens

depictions of race relations in the media

tend to have a rosy picture can lead people to believe that discrimination against racial minorities no longer exists

termination and relocation

terminate relationship settle legal claims terminate special status of reservations to cause them to relocate to urban areas attempts to abolish reservation

December 1970

the New York Times article declares the end of discrimination against Japanese and Chinese in the US

Achievement Ideology

the belief that one reaches a socially perceived definition of success through hard work and education if whites from this school have better employment outcomes, its because they are more skilled, want it more, are more qualified --> based on their achievements and own success

Good Neighborhoods, Good Schools: Race and the Good Choices of White Families

the community and school that a parent chooses to raise their children in are important, however it is highly structured in systematic socioeconomic and education inequality school and community can be seen as key mechanisms for producing race and stratification stakes are at a high for "good schools" and "good neighborhoods" so not everyone gets a chance through the interviews, participants in the study would apologize for saying something racism but then back up their reasoning

economic restructuring

the decline of manufacturing jobs in the US, the transformation of the economy by technological change, and the process of globalization the in economy from manufacturing based to service based manufacturing -- college degree not needed, but make middle class income service -- requires higher education and higher pay (i.e. finance, real estate, IT) or doesnt require higher ed and low pay (i.e. childcare, cleaning, retail) technological increase makes globalization (cheap labor --> moves jobs outside US) possible, technology reduces needs for laborers (ex. toll booths vs ez pass) increasing concentration of economic resources (a few companies have all control) shift resulted in a decline in men's wages over time

Sociological perspectives on families

the family is a social, not a natural, phenomenon nuclear family modernization urbanization globalization - marriage across continents immigration other microchanges also play a role in what families end up looking like

give up the myth of meritocracy

the idea that everyone can achieve whatever goals he or she desires by virtue of hard work and perseverance. there is male, white, christian, etc. privilege doesn't mean that merit doesn't mean anything at all but you dont succeed soley on merit other factors come into play

Cult of Domesticity/True Womanhood

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house assumes that women are going to be at home caring for children and related to the idea of true womenhood -- assumes women will be home taking care of children, and they have a partner who is the breadwinner and allows them to stay home --> thus it assumes race

My Freshman Year: What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student: Nathan

the national survey of student engagement reported in 2003 that 50% of college seniors nationwide said that he/she had a serious conversation with a different race or ethnicity --> only 13% said they did not 83% of white males had no one of a different race or ethnicity in their close social group only 10% of white males ate at a table with someone of a different race only 14% of white females ate at a table with someone of a different race 58% of male of color ate at racially mixed tables 48% of females of color ate at racially mixed tables very few people of color used the common eating spaces male students have lower odds of sitting with someone from another racial background if they were male but more likely to eat with a woman who was of another racial background

class

the social structural position groups hold relative to the economic, social, political and cultural resources of a society structured system of privilege and inequality class standing -- income, education, occupation, place of residence members of each have similar resources and a common way of life -- income, wealth, education, occupation and place of residence

gender stratification

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women unequal access to social and economic resources the hierarchical distribution of economic and social resources along lines of gender increases based on race and class i.e. wage gap

Taxonomy of Privilege

there are some examples that are more and less weighted and relevant

the state is a gendered institution

these 4 sections make up the state and in all four sections you see an overwhelming number of men represented power, rational decision, protection, stern, upholder of the law --> think of these associated men

Asian Americans self stereotype

they self stereotype in order to get equality purposeful conformity to norms of white middle class

Why Are The Black Kids Sitting Together?: Tatum

they self-segregate why do we have such problems discussing racial issues? --> partially because we don't understand one another's experiences --> ask white students to create a situation in which they will be the minority for a short time --> hopes that they develop a better understanding of how a person of color might feel in an environment that is predominantly white some people suggest that race relations among kids are improved? --> young children are comfortable at the elementary school grade level --> adolescents are searching for identity -- particularly adolescents of color --> many white youths don't understand how racism operates in our society

2 tiered system of social citizenship in US

things we have access to because of our citizenship entitlements --> based on employement of military service (e.g. unemployment benefits, old age insurance, disability payments) welfare -- means systems --> aid they work together so you are still able to be entitled to the things you need to be an active member of the US

commodification and mass marketing of products that signify color

this leads up to believe that because we can get any of these things readily there is no difference between us and the people who created it i.e. cultural appropriation in music = music that was once attributed to one race but is now everywhere -- rap music i.e. asian art and cultural influencing home decor i.e. dreamcatcher tattoo = historically tied to native americans but now anyone can get one without even knowing the original meaning behind it

assimilation

through boarding schools they tried to civilize and assimilate native americans Christianize educate them put them on private property emphasized inferiority of their culture and caused them to have to abandon their culture

born to belonging

to be white is to be born to belonging one's legitimacy is less likely to be questioned -- in terms of where one lives, works or goes to school born into system that has been set up for the benefit of people like you -- head start to those who can claim membership in this dominant club

theorizing race, gender and class: espiritu

traditional scholarship represented the experiences of men as gender neutral advocated for including women's experiences provide a "gendered" understating of experiences feminist sociology is marginalized because of explicit focus on women's experiences gender cant be understood independently of race and class if gender keeps women from seeing other forms of opression it serves the interests of dominant groups feminist theory critiqued for focusing on white middle class women's experiences

self-determination act

tribal government has a larger role welfare, housing, job training, education, etc.

Prior to 1940s Japanese and Chinese were...

un-assimilable aliens unfit for membership in the nation

institutionalized discrimination

unfair practices that grow out of common behaviors and attitudes and that are a part of the structure of a society part of how the institution operates pattern of how an institution goes about things --> i.e. going to tech schools over liberal art schools to hire for a tech position

what's considered a "good" school?

updated facilities and equipment stimulating atmosphere high quality educational programs safe teachers dedicated small class sizes computers healthy environment successful grads one factor upheld all others -- the school was located in a "good" neighborhood defining factor = where the school is

how do we build coalitions -- collins?

varying levels of power and privilege common causes building empathy

toward a new vision - collins

we have little difficulty assessing our own victimization within a system of oppression --> usually if you have a disadvantage its very clear how that impacts your life but its not as clear how your privileges uphold disadvantages for others --> most people argue that racism is the most important disadvantage we have -- but what about whites in poverty? they have race privilege, but poverty is still an important disadvantage in their lives --> need to be more open about how our own privilege might be someone else's own disadvantage we fail to see how our thoughts and actions uphold others' subordination each group identifies a system of oppression with it feels as fundamental each group identifies a system of oppression with it feels as fundamental there are few pure victims or oppressors in the world -- there are very few people who are disadvantaged or advantaged on every indicator interlocking systems of oppression domination and subordination ranking oppressions is futile/pointless race, class and gender as categories of anaylsis that structure all relationships

Racial Patriarchy (gaines)

when we think about men's experiences as patriarchs we often think of white upper class men not black or asian men not all men have the same experiences with patriarchy

to be in denial of existence of advantages

whites refusal to engage in the issues of race and privilege is due to willed ignorance

contacts ideology

who you know social capital who you know (outside of school) and how they worked with instructors to get access to jobs who gives you access to jobs

Punishment and Inequality in America: Western

why are so many people incarcerated? mandatory prison terms abolition of parole -- people today are less likely to receive parle long sentences for 2nd and 3rd conviction felons -- very long sentence in order to encourage people not to reoffend tougher sentences for drug offenses -- drugs use to be viewed as public health concern that needs rehibilitation but then a shift to view drugs as something that needs to be penalzied -- possession, intent to sell, moving drugs across the country prison construction aids regional development -- locate in rural working class towns and many people work in the prisions --> provides stability, benefits, economies depend on prisons to support people in their careers than there might be a push to incarcerate more people

current gender wage gap

women employed year-round, full time -- $35,745 men employed year-round full time -- $46,367 women with college degree -- $47, 018 men with college degree -- $65,800 gap is wider between men and women with college degree getting a college degree doesnt decrease the wage gao

stats from TAW ch 5

women only earn 75% of what men earn only 4% of CEOs of top fortune 500 companies are women heavily concentrated in "women's work" men 30% more likely than women to be promoted to management roles women win less promotions and get less career accelerating assignments gender pay gap in women is largest in the world men tend to be clustered in jobs that pay more while women are more likely to be clustered in jobs that pay less

sometimes collaborate with racism and reinforce domination

you can be working against privilege but still collaborating with it i.e. wise -- goes around talking against privilege but still experiences privilege