Rad Bio Final
Which of the following is a special form of radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles by removing orbital electrons from the atom of the material with which it interacts?Ionizing radiation Nonionizing radiation Subatomic radiation Ultrasonic radiation
Ionizing radiation
Which of the following items are needed to calculate EfD? A. Absorbed doe (D) B. Radiation weighting Factor (Wf) C Tissue weighting factor (Wt) D. Exposure (E)
Radiation Weighting factor (Wf), Tissue weighting factor (Wt)
The NEXT program uses _______ to aid individual institutions in determining where they stand with regard to standard practices at a majority of institutions. a. dose levels b. reference values c. algorithms d. response curves
c. algorithms
Which of the following is not a non-ionizing form of radiation: a. radio waves b. infrared rays c. gamma rays d. visible light
c. gamma rays
The most common equivalent dose is the ____. a. milliroentgen (mR) b. milligray (mGy) c. millisievert (mSv) d. none of the above
c. millisievert (mSv)
The mass of the proton is small yet how many time greater than electron A. 1500 B. 500 C. 800 D. 1800
D. 1800
Some consequences of ionization in human cells include: 1. creation of unstable atoms 2. production of free electrons 3. creation of reactive free radicals capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell
1,2,and 3
Effective protective measures take into consideration: 1. both human and environmental physical determinants. 2. technical elements. 3. procedural factors.
1.2. and 3
Once the imaging procedure or practice is justified by the referring physician, "diagnostic efficacy" includes which of the following: 1. minimal radiation exposure 2. optimal images produced 3. the presence or absence of disease revealed A. 1, 2,3 B. 2, 3 C. 1, 3 d. 1,2
A. 1, 2,3
Which of the following statements below is true? A. It appears that no safe dose level exists for radiation-induced malignant disease. B. The ALARA method establishes a dose level for radiation-induced malignancy. C. The BERT method establishes a dose level for radiation-induced malignancy. D. The TRACE method establishes a dose level for radiation-induced malignancy.
A. It appears that no safe dose level exists for radiation-induced malignant disease.
Radiation refers to _____ energy that passes from one location to another and can have many manifestations (i.e. many types of radiations exist). A. Kinetic B. hyperactive. C. Potential D. Static
A. Kinetic
The main reason for the increase in medical usage of CT occurred due to the advent of the multislice CT and its use in emergency medicine dramatically increasing A True B False
A. True
Patients who have an understanding of the medical benefits of an imaging procedure because they received factual information about the study before having the examination are more likely to: A. assume a small risk of biologic damage but not overcome any radiation phobia they may have B. cancel their scheduled procedure because they are not willing to assume a small risk of biologic damage C. overcome any radiation phobia but not be willing to assume a small risk of possible biologic damage D. overcome any radiation phobia and be willing to assume a small risk of possible biologic damage
A. assume a small risk of biologic damage but not overcome any radiation phobia they may have
Coherent scattering is most likely to occur ____________, even though some of this unmodified scattering occurs throughout the diagnostic range and may result in small amounts of radiographic fog. A. below 10 keV B. between 30 keV and 60 keV C. between 60 keV and 90 keV D. above 100 keV
A. below 10 keV
The amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation is the basis of the concept of: A. electromagnetic radiation B. nuclear power C. radioactive decay D. radiation dose
A. electromagnetic radiation
Typically, people are more willing to accept risk if they perceive that the potential benefit to be obtained is A. greater than the risk involved B. equal to the risk involved C. less than the risk involved D. typically, people are not willing to accept risk no matter how great the benefit may be.
A. greater than the risk involved
The Radiation Worker's Responsibilities include: A. performing duties consistent with ALARA B. perform periodic exposure audits C. make a written policy statement describing ALARA D. obtaining ones own necessary routines
A. performing duties consistent with ALARA
Diagnostic efficacy includes: A. recommended radiation protection guidlines B. no use of radiation protection C. the direct supervision of a radiologist D. minimal use radiation protection
A. recommended radiation protection guidlines
If a patient asks a radiographer a question about the potential risk of radiation exposure associated with a specific x-ray procedure, the radiographer should: A. use his or her intelligence and knowledge to answer the question honestly and provide a suitable example that compares the amount of radiation received from the procedure in question with natural background radiation received over a given period of time. B. avoid the patient's question by changing the subject. C. tell the patient that it is unethical to discuss such concerns. D. refuse to answer the question and recommend that he or she speak with the referring physician.
A. use his or her intelligence and knowledge to answer the question honestly and provide a suitable example that compares the amount of radiation received from the procedure in question with natural background radiation received over a given period of time.
Electromagnetic radiation can travel through space in the form of a wave, but can also interact with matter as a particle of energy. This dual nature is referred to as: A. wave-particle duality B. wave-particle phenomena C. wave attenuation capability D. wave-particle interchange ability
A. wave-particle duality
Alpha particles can be best described as: (select all that apply) A. lose energy slow B. lose energy fast C. travel a long way D. can be absorbed by an ordinary piece of paper E. DON'T TRAVEL FAR
B,D, E
Which of the following sources of radiation is human-made? 1. Atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapon testing 2. Cosmic radiation from the sun and beyond the solar system 3. Nuclear power plant accidents as a consequence of natural disasters A. 1,2 B. 1,3 c. 2.3 d, 1,2,3
B. 1,3
Which of the following is a method of explaining radiation to the public? A. ALARA B. BERT C. ORP D. Standardized dose reporting
B. BERT
Radiation phobia can be greatly reduced by explaining the diagnostic radiation dose to the patient by using the: A. ALARA method. B. BERT method. C. ORP method. D. TRACE method.
B. BERT method.
Alpha particles are less penetrating than Beta particles A True B False
B. False
X-rays are a form of which of the following kinds of radiation? A. Environmental B. Ionizing C. Internal D. Nonionizing
B. Ionizing
Of the two sources of ionizing radiation listed below, which source remains fairly constant from year to year? A. Human-made B, Natural
B. Natural
The amount of radiation received y a patient from a diagnostic x-ray procedure may be indicated in terms of the following ways excapt ____. A. Entrance skin exposure (ESE) B. Nerve Dose C. Bone Marrow Dose D. Gonadal dose
B. Nerve dose
Which of the following is an undesirable results of ionization. A. ionization causes the conversion of atoms to ions B. ionization is noisy C. Ionization can make tissues valuble for creating images D. Ionization is uselessfor medical imaging
B. ionization is noisy
Two atoms with the same Z number, but different number of neutrons in their nucei are referred to as _________. A. isotrones B. isotropes C. isometrics D. iso iso baby
B. isotropes
Which of the following is not a type of interaction between x-radiation and biologic matter? Compton scattering Bremsstrahlung Pair production Photoelectric absorption
Bremsstrahlung
Why is a question about the amount of radiation a patient will receive during a specific x-ray procedure difficult to answer? 1. Because the received dose is measured in a number of different units 2. Because scientific units for radiation dose are not comprehensible by the patient 3. Because the patient should not receive any information about radiation dose A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
C. 2 and 3 only
What was the total average annual effective dose from natural background and human made radiations as of 2006? A. 2.0 mSv B. 3.2 mSv C. 6.3 mSv D. 9.6 mSv
C. 6.3 mSv
Cellular damage can lead to all of the following except: A. cataracts B. Leukemia C. Bruises D. Mutations
C. Bruises
Which of the following helps shield the global population from exposure to essentially all high-energy,bombarding cosmic rays? A. Clouds B. Fog C. Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field D. Smog
C. Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field
Which of the following provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified? A. ALARA program B. BERT method C. Efficacy D. TRACE program
C. Efficacy
In a hospital setting, which of the following professionals is expressly charged by the hospital administration to be directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program? A. Assistant administrator of the facility B. Chief of staff C. Radiation Safety Officer D. Student radiologic technologist
C. Radiation Safety Officer
Which of the following is considered by the EPA to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the UnitedStates? A. Annual posteroanterior and lateral chest radiographs B. Cosmic ray exposure C. Radon exposure D. Fluoroscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract
C. Radon exposure
Which of the following is the intention behind the ALARA concept?A. To keep radiation exposure and consequent dose at the highest possible level B. To keep radiation exposure and consequent dose at an average level C. To keep radiation exposure and consequent dose at the lowest possible level D. To avoid the use of ionizing radiation in radiologic practice
C. To keep radiation exposure and consequent dose at the lowest possible level
The radiographer must answer patient questions about the potential risk of radiation exposure: A. abruptly to discourage the patient from asking any other questions. B. evasively so as not to reveal any information about radiation risk. C. honestly and in understandable terms. D. with technical terms.
C. honestly and in understandable terms
Through which of the following routes can radon enter houses? 1-Crawl spaces under living areas 2-Floor drains and sump pumps 3-Porous cement block foundations A-1 & 2 only B-2 & 3 only C- 1 & 3 only D- 1, 2, & 3
D- 1, 2, & 3
Cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms? A-Solar and manmade B- Solar and galactic C- Artificial and galactic D- Natural background and artificial
D- Natural background and artificial
Terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources? A- video display terminals and television receivers B- radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons tests in which detonation occurred above ground C- the sun and other stars D- long lived radioactive elements such as uranium -238, radium -226, and thorium -232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth.
D- long lived radioactive elements such as uranium -238, radium -226, and thorium -232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth.
Both occupational and nonoccupational dose limits may be stated in units of: 1. Coulomb per kilogram (roentgen) 2. Gray (rads) 3. Sievert (rem) A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
Some ways of providing education for imaging department staff are: 1. providing in-service education on various radiation safety topics to accommodate individual needs of staff members. 2. handing out a facts-to-remember sheet at the end of an in-service program. 3. e-mailing the most important topics covered in a staff in-service program to imaging staff members to help reinforce and retain vital information. A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
Some ways of providing education for non-radiologist physicians who perform fluoroscopic procedures can include: 1. creating increased awareness of radiation dose for specific procedures through discussion. 2. establishing goals for lowering radiation dose for patients, assisting personnel, and themselves. 3. radiographers helping physicians performing fluoroscopic procedures by informing them that they have reached a specific dose, thereby giving fluoroscopists the opportunity to decide to continue or stop a procedure .A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
The advantages of the BERT method are :1. it does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison. 2. it emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment. 3. the answer given in terms of BERT is easy for the patient to comprehend. A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
The basic principles of radiation protection include which of the following? 1. Time 2. Distance 3. Shielding A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are forms of electromagnetic radiation? 1. Microwaves 2. Visible light 3. X-rays A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
When exposed to high radon levels in the home, which of the following groups of people have the highest riskof developing lung cancer? A. Infants B. Toddlers C. Nonsmokers D. Smokers
D. Smokers
The term as low as reasonable achievable (ALARA) is synonymous with the term: A. background equivalent radiation time (BERT). B. equivalent dose (EqD). C. diagnostic efficacy. D. optimization for radiation protection (ORP).
D. optimization for radiation protection (ORP).
In the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with _____ wavelengths and _____energies. A. longer; lower B. longer; higher C. shorter; lower D. shorter; higher
D. shorter; higher
Particles associated with electromagnetic radiation that have no mass or electric charge are: A. ions B. negatrons C. positrons D. xray photons
D. xray photons
In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy: -less than the energy that binds the atom together -ten times as great as the energy that binds the atom together -as large as or larger than the amount of energy that binds the electron in its orbit -equal to or greater than 1.022 MeV, regardless of the energy that binds the electron in its orbit
as large as or larger than the amount of energy that binds the electron in its orbit
The symbol Z indicates the atomic number of an atom atomic weight of an atom fluorescent yield number of vacancies in an atomic shell
the atomic number of an atom
