Rad Review Extremities
To demonstrate the entire circumference of the radial head, the required exposure(s) must include 1. epicondyles perpendicular to the IP 2. hand pronated 3. hand externally rotated with thumb up
1, 2, and 3
What may be used to evaluate the glenobumral joint 1. scap Y 2. inferosuperior axial 3. transthoracic lateral
1, 2, and 3
Muscles that contribute to the formation of the rotator cuff include the 1. subscapularis. 2. infraspinatus. 3. teres minor
1, 2, and 3
Tangential axial projections of the patella can be obtained in which of the following positions? 1. supine flexion 45° (Merchant) 2. prone flexion 90° (Settegast) 3. prone flexion 55° (Hughston)
1, 2, and 3
for a true AP of the clavicle, the mid clavicle is superimposed over what portion of the scapula
superior angle
Place the following areas of the scapula in order from superior to inferior
superior angle acromion coracoid process scapular notch glenoid cavity neck lateral angle inferior angle
Which of the following is (are) typically associated with a Colles' fracture? 1. Transverse fracture of the radial head 2. Chip fracture of the ulnar styloid 3. Posterior or backward displacement
2 & 3
Which of the following is (are) valid criteria for a lateral projection of the forearm? 1. The radius and ulna should be superimposed proximally and distally. 2. The coronoid process and radial head should be superimposed. 3. The radial tuberosity should face anteriorly.
2 & 3
Which of the following projection(s) require(s) that the shoulder be placed in internal rotation? 1. AP humerus 2. AP thumb 3. Lateral humerus
2 & 3
to demonstrate the glenoid fossa in profile, the pt is positioned
45 degrees oblique, affected side adjacent to IR
In the AP knee projection of an asthenic patient who measures less than 19 cm from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to tabletop, the CR should be directed
5 degrees caudad
What view best demonstrates arthritic changes in knees
AP erect
What projection is most likely to demonstrate the carpal pisiform free of superimposition
AP medial oblique
What projection will best demonstrate the tarsal navicular free of superimposition
AP oblique, medial rotation
Medial displacement of a tibial fracture would be best demonstrated in the
AP projection
Which shoulder position is used in the following image
AP projection, internal rotation
the lesser tubercle of the humerus will be visualized in profile in the
AP shoulder internal rotation radiograph
the greater tubercle should be visualized in profile in what position
AP shoulder, external rotation
Standard radiographic protocols may be reduced to include two views, at right angles to each other, in what situation
Emergency and trauma radiography
A compression fracture of the posterolateral humeral head and associated with an anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint is called a(an)
hill-sachs defect
all elbow fat pads are best demonstrated in what position
lateral
What projection of the elbow should demonstrate the radial head free of ulnar superimposition
lateral oblique
In which projection of the foot are the interspaces between the first and second cuneiforms best demonstrated
lateral oblique foot
Posterior displacement of a tibial fracture would best demonstrated in
lateral projection
What projection of the foot will best demonstrate the longitudinal arch
lateral weight-bearing
What is the position/projection to demonstrate the longitudinal arch of the foot, while permitting the patient to keep weight equally distributed on both feet?
lateromedial weight-bearing lateral
The fifth metacarpal is located on which aspect of the hand
medial
Which surface must be adjacent to the IR to obtain a lateral projection of the fourth finger with optimal spatial resolution
medial
In the lateral projection of the knee, the central ray is angled 5° cephalad to prevent superimposition of which of the following structures on the joint space
medial femoral condyle
In what projection is the talofibular joint best demonstrated
medial oblique
What projection of the ankle would best demonstrate the mortise
medial oblique 15-20 degrees
Which of the following projections of the ankle would best demonstrate the distal tibiofibular joint
medial oblique 45 degrees
in which projection of the foot are the sinus tarsi, cuboid, and tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal best demonstrated
medial oblique foot
Which of the following is an important consideration to avoid excessive metacarpal joint overlap in the oblique projection of the hand
oblique the hand no more than 45 degrees
What process is best seen using a perpendicular CR with the elbow in acute flexion and with the posterior aspect of the humerus adjacent to the image receptor
olecranon
What fracture classification describes a small bony fragment pulled from a bony process
avulsion fracture
What projection of the calcaneus is obtained with the leg extended, the plantar surface of the foot vertical and perpendicular to the IR, and the CR directed 40 degrees cephalad
axial plantodorsal projection
cells concerned with the formation and repair of bone are
osteoblasts
a spontaneous fracture most likely would be associated with
pathology
Which of the following is proximal to the carpal bones
radial styloid process
during knee orthography, into what space is the contrast medium injected
synovial capsule
the medical term for congenital clubfoot is
talipes
The best projection to demonstrate the articular surfaces of the femoropatellar articulation is the
tangential (sunrise) projection
In which of the following positions can the sesamoid bones of the foot be demonstrated to be free of superimposition with the metatarsals or phalanges
tangential metatarsals/toes
What position can be used to demonstrate a vertical patellar fracture and the patellofemoral articulation
tangential patella
When examining a patient whose elbow is in partial flexion
the AP projection requires two separate positions and exposures
the term virus refers to
turned inward
What projection or position will best demonstrate subacromial or subcoracoid dislocation
PA oblique scap Y
In the 15° medial oblique projection of the ankle, demonstrates the entire 1. talofibular joint. 2. tibiotalar joint. 3. ankle mortise.
1, 2, and 3
A modified axiolateral inferosuperior projection of the femoral neck is particularly useful 1. when the "cross-table" axiolateral is contraindicated. 2. for patients with bilateral hip fractures. 3. for patients with limited movement of the unaffected leg.
1, 2, and 3
For an AP projection of the knee on a patient whose measurement from ASIS to tabletop is 21 cm, which CR direction will best demonstrate the knee joint?
0 degrees, perp
Which of the following is (are) located on the anterior aspect of the femur? 1. Patellar surface 2. Intertrochanteric crest 3. Linea aspera
1
A patient unable to extend his or her arm is seated at the end of the x-ray table, elbow flexed 90 degrees, with epicondyles perpendicular to IR. The CR is directed 45 degrees medially. Which of the following structures will be demonstrated best? 1. Radial head 2. Capitulum 3. Coronoid process
1 & 2
Adult orthoroentgenography, or radiographic measurement of long bones of an upper or lower extremity, requires which of the following accessories? 1. Bell-Thompson scale 2. Bucky tray 3. Cannula
1 & 2
An AP oblique (lateral rotation) of the elbow demonstrates which of the following? 1. Radial head free of superimposition 2. Capitulum of the humerus 3. Olecranon process within the olecranon fossa
1 & 2
Conditions in which there is a lack of normal bone calcification include 1. rickets 2. osteomalacia 3. osteoarthritis
1 & 2
Examples of synovial pivot articulations include the 1. atlantoaxial joint 2. radioulnar joint 3. temporomandibular joint
1 & 2
In the AP projection of the ankle, the 1. plantar surface of the foot is vertical. 2. fibula projects more distally than the tibia. 3. calcaneus is well visualized
1 & 2
In the following image, which of the following statements is/are true regarding positioning? 1. Digits are parallel to the IP 2. There is a 45-degree obliquity 3. Centering is at the 3rd PIP joint
1 & 2
Knee arthrography may be performed to demonstrate a 1. torn meniscus. 2. Baker's cyst. 3. torn rotator cuff.
1 & 2
The following procedure can be employed to better demonstrate the carpal scaphoid: 1. elevate hand and wrist 20°. 2. place wrist in ulnar deviation. 3. angle CR 20° distally (toward fingers)
1 & 2
The tarsals and metatarsals are arranged to form the 1. transverse arch. 2. longitudinal arch. 3. oblique arch.
1 & 2
Which of the following are visible on the mortise view of the ankle? 1. Talotibial joint 2. Talofibular joint 3. Talocalcaneal joint
1 & 2
Which of the following can be used to demonstrate the intercondyloid fossa? 1. Prone, knee flexed 40 degrees, CR directed caudad 40 degrees to the popliteal fossa 2. Supine, IR under flexed knee, CR directed cephalad to knee, perpendicular to tibia 3. Prone, patella parallel to IR, heel rotated 5 to 10 degrees lateral, CR perpendicular to knee joint
1 & 2
Which of the following is (are) true regarding radiographic examination of the acromioclavicular joints? 1. The procedure is performed in the erect position. 2. Use of weights can improve demonstration of the joints. 3. The procedure should be avoided if dislocation or separation is suspected
1 & 2
Which of the following is (are) located on the distal aspect of the humerus? 1. Capitulum 2. Intertubercular groove 3. Coronoid fossa
1 & 3
Which of the following statements regarding the radiograph in Figure A is true 1. the tibial eminences are well visualized 2. the intercondyloid fossa is demonstrated btw the femoral condyles 3. the femorotibial articulation is well demonstrated
1 & 3
in the lateral projection of the ankle, the 1. talotibial joint is visualized 2. talofibular joint is visualized 3. tibia and fibula are superimposed
1 & 3
In the lateral projection of the scapula, the 1. vertebral and axillary borders are superimposed. 2. acromion and coracoid processes are superimposed. 3. inferior angle is superimposed on the ribs
1 only
In which of the following tangential axial projections of the patella is complete relaxation of the quadriceps femoris required for an accurate diagnosis? 1. Supine flexion 40 degrees (Merchant) 2. Prone flexion 90 degrees (Settegast) 3. Prone flexion 55 degrees (Hughston)
1 only
Which of the following articulations is/are well visualized in the extension lateral position of the hand? 1. Radiocarpal 2. 1st carpometacarpal 3. Proximal interphalangeal
1 only
Which of the following is (are) accurate positioning or evaluation criteria for an AP projection of the normal knee? 1. Femorotibial interspaces equal bilaterally. 2. Patella superimposed on distal tibia. 3. CR enters ½ in. distal to base of patella.
1 only
Which of the following is (are) located on the proximal aspect of the humerus? 1. Intertubercular groove 2. Capitulum 3. Coronoid fossa
1 only
Which of the following projections require(s) that the shoulder be placed in external rotation? 1. AP humerus 2. Lateral forearm 3. Lateral humerus
1 only
Angulation of the central ray may be required 1. to avoid superimposition of overlying structures. 2. to avoid foreshortening or self-superimposition. 3. to project through certain articulations.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are components of a trimalleolar fracture? 1. Fractured lateral malleolus 2. Fractured medial malleolus 3. Fractured posterior tibia
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following articulations participate in the formation of the elbow joint? 1. Between the humeral trochlea and the semilunar/trochlear notch 2. Between the capitulum and the radial head 3. The proximal radioulnar joint
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following criteria is (are) required for visualization of the greater tubercle in profile? 1. Epicondyles parallel to the IR 2. Arm in external rotation 3. Humerus in AP position
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following is (are) valid evaluation criteria for a lateral projection of the forearm? 1. The radius and the ulna should be superimposed distally. 2. The coronoid process and the radial head should be partially superimposed. 3. The humeral epicondyles should be superimposed.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following may be used to evaluate the glenohumeral joint? 1. Scapular Y projection 2. Inferosuperior axial 3. Transthoracic lateral
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following statements regarding knee x-ray arthrography is (are) true? 1. Ligament tears can be demonstrated. 2. Sterile technique is observed. 3. MRI can follow x-ray.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following statements regarding the Norgaard method, "Ball-Catcher's position," is (are) correct? 1. Bilateral AP oblique hands are obtained. 2. It is used for early detection of rheumatoid arthritis. 3. The hands are obliqued about 45 degrees, palm up.
1, 2, and 3
Important considerations for radiographic examinations of traumatic injuries to the upper extremity include 1. only the joint closest to the injured site must be supported during movement. 2. both joints must be included in long bone studies. 3. two views, at 90 degrees to each other, are required
2 & 3
In the 45-degree medial oblique projection of the ankle, the 1. talotibial joint is visualized 2. tibiofibular joint is visualized 3. plantar surface should be vertical
2 & 3
On the lateral projection of the knee, which of the following part and CR positions are needed to demonstrate superimposition of the femoral condyles? 1. 7-10-degree cephalic angulation for a short patient with a narrow pelvis 2. Position plane of patella perpendicular to IR 3. 5-degree cephalic angulation for a tall patient with a narrow pelvis
2 & 3
Shoulder arthrography is performed to 1. evaluate humeral luxation 2. demonstrate complete or partial rotator cuff tear 3. evaluate the glenoid labrum
2 & 3
Skeletal conditions characterized by faulty bone calcification include 1. osteoarthritis. 2. osteomalacia. 3. rickets.
2 & 3
The AP oblique projection (medial rotation) of the elbow demonstrates which of the following? 1. Radial head free of superimposition 2. Olecranon process within the olecranon fossa 3. Coronoid process free of superimposition
2 & 3
To better demonstrate the interphalangeal joints of the toes, which of the following procedures may be employed? 1. Angle the CR 15 degrees caudad. 2. Angle the CR 15 degrees cephalad. 3. Place a sponge wedge under the foot with the toes elevated 15 degrees.
2 & 3
Valid evaluation criteria for a lateral projection of the forearm requires that 1. the epicondyles be parallel to the IR. 2. the radius and ulna be superimposed distally. 3. the radial tuberosity should face anteriorly
2 & 3
Which of the following articulate(s) with the bases of the metatarsals? 1. The heads of the first row of phalanges 2. The cuboid 3. The cuneiforms
2 & 3
Which of the following is (are) distal to the tibial plateau? 1. Intercondyloid fossa 2. Tibial condyles 3. Tibial tuberosity
2 & 3
Which of the following statements regarding the PA oblique scapular Y projection of the shoulder joint is (are) true? 1. The midsagittal plane should be about 60 degrees to the IR. 2. The scapular borders should be superimposed on the humeral shaft. 3. An oblique projection of the shoulder is obtained.
2 & 3
ulnar deviation will best demonstrate which carpal 1. medial carpals 2. lateral carpals 3. scaphoid
2 & 3
Place the following carpal bones in order from lateral to medial 1. Capitate 2. Trapezium 3. Hamate 4. Trapezoid
2, 4, 1, 3
What position would be demonstrate the proximal tibiofibular articulation
45 degree internal rotation
Which of the following are fat pads or fat stripes that may be visible on the lateral projection of the elbow during trauma? (select the three that apply) A Posterior B Anterior C Superior D Distal E Flexor F Supinator
A B F
Which of the following indicates the scapular costal surface seen in the figure below
K
Consider an upright right lateral humerus projection of a patient who has been injured and insists on supporting their affected side with their contralateral hand to alleviate the pain. Which of the following methods would be best for the radiographer to use
Patient standing with the lateral surface of the shoulder of the affected side against the wall Bucky and rotating the affected arm medially to place the humeral epicondyles perpendicular to the IR
All of the following can be associated with the distal radius except a. head b. styloid process c. ulnar notch d. radioulnar joint
a
Which of the following terms can be used interchangeably to refer to a part moving away from midline, as well as spreading of the fingers and toes apart?
abduction
the term indicating movement away from the body is
abduction
Identify structure '3' in the following labeled image of the lateral humerus
acromion
The relationship btw the ends of fractured long bones is referred to as
apposition
Which of the following conditions is limited specifically to the tibial tuberosity a. Ewing sarcoma b. osgood-schlatter disease c. gout d. exostosis
b
all of the following are posterior structures except a. the lineament aspera b. the intertrochnateric line c. the popliteal surface d. the intercondyloid fossa
b
synovial fluid is associated with the
bony articulations
All of the following statements regarding the inferosuperior axial (nontrauma, Lawrence method) projection of the shoulder are true, except a. the coracoid process and lesser tubercle are seen in profile b. the arm is abducted about 90 degrees from the body c. the arm should be in internal rotation d. the CR is directed medially 25-30 degrees thru the axilla
c
Which of the following projections of the elbow should demonstrate the coronoid process free of superimposition and the olecranon process within the olecranon fossa a. AP b. lateral c. medial oblique d. lateral oblique
c
all of the following bones are associated with condyles except the a. femur b. tibia c. fibula d. mandible
c
all of the following can be associated with the elbow joint except a. the capitulum b. trochlea c. tubercles d. epicondyles
c
all the following structures are associated with the posterior femur except a. popliteal surface b. intercondyloid fossa c. intertrochanteric line d. linea aspera
c
Which of the following is most useful for bone age eval a. lateral skull b. PA chest c. AP pelvis d. PA hand
d
Impingement on the wrist's median nerve causing pain and disability of the affected hand and wrist is known as
carpal tunnel syndrome
An axial projection of the clavicle is often helpful in demonstrating a fracture that is not visualized using a perpendicular CR. When examining the clavicle in the PA axial projection, how should the Central Ray directed
caudad
In which type of fracture are the fractured ends of bone forced through the skin
compound
With the patient seated at the end of the x-ray table, elbow flexed 80 degrees, and the CR directed 45 degrees laterally from the shoulder to the elbow joint, which of the following structures will be demonstrated best
coronoid process
What articulates with the base of the 5th metatarsal
cuboid
All the following can be associated with the distal ulna except a. head b. radioulnar joint c. styloid process d. trochlear notch
d
Which of the following is most likely to be the correct routine for a radiographic examination of the forearm a. PA and medial oblique b. AP and lateral oblique c. PA and lateral d. AP and lateral
d
Which of the following is used to obtain a lateral projection of the upper humerus on patients who are unable to abduct their arm a. bicipital groove projection b. superoinferior lateral c. inferosuperior axial d. transthoracic lateral
d
Which of the following positions will separate the radial head, neck, and tuberosity from superimposition on the ulna? a. AP b. lateral c. medial oblique d. lateral oblique
d
Which of the following positions would be the best choice for a right shoulder examination to rule out fracture? a. internal and external rotation b. AP and tangential c. AP and AP axial d. AP and scap y
d
Which of the following projections will best demonstrate acromioclavicular separation a. AP recumbent, affected shoulder b. AP recumbent, both shoulders c. AP erect, affected shoulder d. AP erect, both shoulders
d
the instrument that is used frequently in quality-control programs to measure varying degrees of x-ray exposure is the
densitometer
the primary center of ossification in long bones is the
diaphysis
What type of articulation is evaluated in arthrography
diarthrodial
The term that refers to parts away fro the source or beginning is
distal
the secondary center of ossification in long bones is the
epiphysis
What articulates with the base of the first metatarsal
first cuneiform
How can OID be reduced for a PA projection of the wrist
flex the MCP joints
In which position of the shoulder is the lesser tubercle demonstrated in profile on the medial aspect of the humeral head
internal rotation
Which of the following shoulder projections can be used to evaluate the lesser tubercle in profile?
internal rotation position
In what position/projection will the talocalcaneal joint best visualized
plantodorsal projection of the calcaneus
Turning of the body or arm so that the palm faces backward, with the thumb toward the midline of the body, describes
pronation
The functions of which body system include mineral homeostatsis, protection, and triglyceride storage
skeletal
In a routine (mediolateral) lateral projection of the knee, if the fibular head is seen to be completely free from superimposition of the proximal tibia, what positioning error likely occurred
the patient was rotated anteriorly
to demonstrate a profile view of the glenoid fossa, the patient is AP recumbent and oblique 45 degrees
toward the affected side
the first carpometacarpal joint is formed by the articulation of the base of the first metacarpal and the
trapezium
What portion of the humerus articulates with the ulna to help form the elbow joint
trochlea
What projection will best demonstrate the carpal scaphoid
ulnar deviation
