RAD264 Final Exam
To demonstrate the heart on an oblique position of the chest, the patient should be rotated:
60
The trachea is best demonstrated on a:
60 LAO
Which chest oblique position will best demonstrate the air-filled trachea, heart, and great vessels?
60 LAO
what is the annual whole body effective dose (ED) for a technologist
50 mSv
The superior surface of the foot is termed:
dorsal
Which of the following is classified as a saddle joint?
first carpometacarpal joint
What is the common term for idiopathic chronic adhesive capsulitis?
frozen shoulder
Sonography has become the method of choice for imaging of the:
gallbladder
A ginglymus joint can also be referred to as a _____ joint.
hinge
A Hill-Sachs defect affects the:
humeral head
What is the correct anatomic name for the Adam's apple?
laryngeal prominence
Which elbow projection demonstrates superimposition of the epicondyles?
lateral
true/fa;se SI has been the national standard for units of radiation measurement since 1958
true
true/false All of the joints of the shoulder girdle are diarthrodial.
true
For a superoinferior axial projection (Hobbs modification) of the shoulder, the patient is obliqued:
anteriorly 5 to 10
An acute or chronic condition in which excessive mucus is secreted into the bronchi is termed:
bronchitis
what is the most effective method to reduce the production of scatter radiation
collimate
which of the following devices can be used rather than applying the anode heel effect to compensate for anatomic part thickness differences
compensating filters
Which of the following terms is the opposite of ipsilateral?
contralateral
Which of the tarsal bones is most lateral?
cuboid
Pixel sizes used in digital imaging are acquisition pixel size and:
display pixel size
A well-inspired average adult chest PA projection will have a minimum of ____ posterior ribs seen above the diaphragm.
10
How many individual body systems comprise the human body?
10
How many posterior ribs should be seen above the diaphragm on a well-inspired PA projection of the chest?
10
The asthenic body type makes up approximately ____% of the population.
10
the cumulative (ED) lifetime dose for an occupationally exposed worker is ___ mSv x years of age
10
What is the federal standard for the maximum exposure rate for an intensified fluoroscopic system?
10 R/min
For the AP axial projection of the foot, the CR is directed:
10 posterior
The ankle mortise is demonstrated on an AP projection taken with the foot rotated:
15 internally
For the modified axiolateral projection (Clements-Nakayama method) of the hip joint, the CR is angled:
15 mediolateral
A properly exposed radiograph of the abdomen should demonstrate the: 1. Stomach 2. Inferior border of the liver 3. Vertebral spinous processes
2
The AP projection of the hip joints in the bilateral frog-leg position (modified Cleaves method) may be performed to diagnose: 1. Acute femoral neck fractures 2. Congenital hip dislocation 3. Pelvic inlet
2
A gonadal shield should be used if the primary beam is within ____ of radiation-sensitive organs.
2 inches
use of the gonadal shielding is necessary when the organ of concern lies within or near_____of the primary beam unless such shielding obscures essential diagnostic info
2 inches
For digital imaging, the minimum percentage of the image plate that should be exposed to obtain an accurate exposure index value is:
30
How much CR angulation is required for an asthenic patient for an AP axial projection of the clavicle?
30
The minimum percentage change in mAs that will produce a noticeable difference on the radiograph is:
30
What percentage of the computed radiography imaging plate must be exposed to produce an accurate exposure index?
30
What type of CR angle is required for the apical AP axial projection?
30 caudad
What is the size of the image receptor used for radiographs of the forearm?
30 x 35 cm (12 x 14 inches)
For radiographs of an ankle encased in a fiberglass cast, the mAs should be increased:
30%
For an AP axial projection (Taylor method) for the pelvic outlet on a female patient, the CR is directed:
30-45 cephalad
For the AP oblique projection (Grashey method) of the shoulder, the patient is rotated:
35 to 45 toward affected side
For a posterior axial projection in the oblique position for acetabulum (Teufel method), the patient is obliqued:
35-40
What is the cumulative lifetime effective dose for a 37-year-old technologist?
370 mSv
What medial central ray (CR) angle is required for the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence method)?
25-30
How many individual bones make up the hand and wrist?
27
Characteristics of the male pelvis include: 1. Pubic arch > 90° 2. Flared ilia 3. Deep basin
3
For an AP projection of the knee taken weight bearing: 1. Direct the CR ½ inch (1.25 cm) above the apex of the patella 2. Place a 10- x 12-inch (24- x 30-cm) IR crosswise 3. Angle the CR 5° to 10° caudad
3
What is the minimum number of projections that should be taken of the ankle and wrist joints?
3
The lesser sciatic notch lies between the: 1. Posterior inferior iliac spine 2. Posterior superior iliac spine 3. Ischial tuberosity 4. Ischial spine
3 and 4
The central ray (CR) for an anteroposterior (AP) supine, adult chest projection, should be centered:
3 to 4 below the jugular notch
The exposure time for a transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder should be a minimum of:
3.0 seconds
Which set of exposure factors would result in the least patient dose?
80 kV and 20 mAs
For an AP projection of the humerus, the patient is positioned so that the arm is:
Abducted and the epicondyles are parallel to the CR
What is a common radiographic sign seen on a chest radiograph for a patient with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?
air bronchogram
The broad, curved aspect of the ilium is called the:
ala
highly complex mathematical formulas applied during digital processing of the image are termed
algorithms
increasing the SID to 48 inches from 40 inches and adjusting the mAs accordingly will
along with the use of a small focal spot, decrease penumbra
A patient enters the ED with a dislocated shoulder. The technologist attempts to position the patient into the transthoracic lateral projection, but the patient is unable to raise the unaffected arm over his head completely. What can the technologist do to compensate for the patient's inability to raise his arm completely?
angle CR 10-15 cephalad
The thorax of a hypersthenic patient is:
broad and deep
A condition characterized as an irreversible dilation or widening of bronchi or bronchioles that may result from repeated pulmonary infection or obstruction is termed:
bronchiectasis
Chronic dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles associated with repeated pulmonary infection is termed:
bronchiectasis
Which vertebral level is located at the inferior costal margin?
L2-3
A Boxer's fracture affects the:
Neck of the 5th metacarpal
The AP oblique-RPO projection demonstrates the same aspect of the chest as the:
PA oblique LAO
A radiograph image of an axiolateral inferosuperior projection (Danelius-Miller method) does not demonstrate the acetabulum. The radiologic technologist should:
Repeat the projection, ensuring that the top of the IR is above the crest of the ilium.
How does a Smith's fracture differ from a Colles' fracture?
Smith's fracture produces anterior displacement of the distal radial fragment; the Colles' produces a posterior displacement of the distal radial fragment.
Which positioning error is classified as a repeatable error for an AP erect abdomen projection?
diaphragm not demonstrated on radiograph
What is the primary center for bone growth termed?
diaphysis
Which system of the human body is responsible for the elimination of solid waste?
digestive
a digital storage and image management system defines a
digital archive
Which joint classification describes the humeroulnar articulation of the elbow?
hinge
Which of the following is also referred to as the transverse plane?
horizontal
A patient enters the ED with a midshaft humeral fracture. The AP projection taken on the cart demonstrates another fracture near the surgical neck of the humerus. The patient is unable to stand or rotate the humerus because of the extent of the trauma. What other projection should be taken for this patient?
horizontal beam transthoracic lateral projection of humerus
Which projection of the elbow results in the least superimposition of the olecranon process?
lateral
Which position of the elbow will clearly demonstrate the radial neck free of superimposition?
lateral oblique
The portion of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion is the:
lateral or scapular end
Which projection of the shoulder requires that the patient be rotated 45° to 60° toward the IR from a PA position?
lateral scapula projection
the range of exposure intensities that will produce an acceptable image is the definition for exposure
latitude
Which of the following structures helps stabilize and support the small intestine?
mesentery
Which body plane divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves?
midcoronal
For an AP projection of the pelvis, the CR is directed:
midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis
exposure time is usually expressed in units of
milliseconds
Where should a film badge or TLD be worn during fluoroscopy?
outside apron, collar level
Which of the following anatomic terms describes the palm of the hand?
palmar
Which abdominal structure is most anterior? Pancreas Kidney Abdominal aorta Inferior vena cav
pancreas
Which organ is classified as exocrine and endocrine?
pancreas
Which structure is retroperitoneal?
pancreas
The prefix pyelo refers to the:
renal pelvis
The AP humerus requires that the humeral epicondyles are _____ to the IR.
parallel
The term portrait describes the long dimension of the image receptor that is aligned ____ to the long axis of the anatomy.
parallel
The term projection is defined as the:
path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and passes through the patient
The radiographic term projection is defined as:
path or direction of the central ray
Of the following factors, which one is most crucial to demonstrate possible air and fluid levels in the chest?
patient in erect or decubitus position
Which group of individuals is most often affected with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease?
pediatric
Which of the following radiographic procedures often only requires a single AP projection be taken?
pelvis
The unsharp edges of the projected image are termed:
penumbra
What is the name of the double-walled tissue that lines the abdominopelvic cavity?
peritoneum
What is the name of the structure that serves as a common passageway for both food and air?
pharynx
A radiograph of an AP clavicle reveals that the sternal extremity is partially collimated off. What should the technologist do?
repeat and correct collimation
near the source or the beginning
proximal
The greater trochanter is part of the:
proximal femur
The thymus gland is at its maximum size at:
puberty
Which region of the lungs is best demonstrated by an AP semi-erect projection?
pulmonary aspices
Excess fluid within the lungs caused by an obstruction of pulmonary circulation is the definition of:
pulmonary edema
Which body plane divides the body into right and left segments?
sagittal
Which of the following organs is NOT considered an accessory organ for digestion?
spleen
Which of the following structures is part of the lymphatic system?
spleen
Which aspect of the long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
spongy or cancellous bone
Which term describes the medial end of the clavicle?
sternal extremity
Which anatomic structure is examined radiographically to detect signs of patient rotation on the PA chest projection?
sternoclavicular joints
The jugular notch is located on the:
sternum
Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton? Radius Hip bone Clavicle Sternum
sternum
Which structure is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen?
stomach
The patient's head and neck are hyperextended with the top of the skull directly against the image receptor. The central ray enters just below the chin. Which specific projection has been performed?
submentovertical
What is the name of the large fossa found within the anterior surface of the scapula?
subscapular fossa
Which term describes anatomic structures closest to the skin surface?
superficial
Which terms describe the position of the clavicles in relation to the scapulae?
superior and anterior
Which of the following terms has the opposite in meaning of pronation?
supination
Which of the proximal humeral structures is most distal?
surgical neck
Which one of the following structures must be demonstrated on a KUB projection?
symphysis pubis
Which positioning error is classified as a repeatable error for an AP supine-KUB projection?
symphysis pubis not included on radiograph
The structural term for a freely movable joint is:
synovial
Visualization of the posterior fat pad of the elbow on a radiograph indicates:
synovial effusion of the joint
The anode-heel effect is most often used for an AP projection of the:
thoracic spine
How many articular facets make up the subtalar joint?
three
What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the elbow?
three
ankle has a minimum of how many projections
three
elbow has a minimum of how many projections
three
finger has a minimum of how many projections
three
foot has a minimum of how many projections
three
Which one of the following positioning routines will demonstrate a Bennett's fracture?
thumb
For the inferosuperior axial projection (Clements modification) of the shoulder, the IR is placed against the:
top of the shoulder and oriented crosswise
A patient is erect with the left side of his chest placed against the image receptor. The central ray enters the right side of the upper chest and exits the left. Which specific position has been performed?
transthoracic lateral
A position in which the head is lower than the feet is:
trendelenburg
What is the name of a radiographic position where the patient is in a supine position with the head lower than the feet?
trendelenburgs position
The olecranon process articulates with the:
trochlea
true/false An image receptor placed lengthwise to the long axis of the structure or body is in the portrait orientation.
true
true/false As a general rule, the use of high kV (110 k) requires the use of a grid during chest radiography.
true
true/false Geriatric patients generally require higher central ray (CR) centering than younger patients.
true
true/false PACS permits simultaneous viewing of images at multiple locations
true
true/false PACS should be integrated with an HIS
true
true/false Scoliosis and kyphosis may produce asymmetry of the sternoclavicular joints and rib cage as demonstrated on a PA chest radiograph.
true
true/false The CR is centered to midsternum for the AP apical lordotic projection with a 14- × 17-inch (35 × 43 cm) image receptor (IR).
true
true/false The female clavicle is usually shorter and less curved than that of the male.
true
true/false When performing the lateral projection of the upper airway, exposure should be made during a slow, deep inspiration rather than at the end of the inspiration.
true
true/false a PSP based digital imaging system may be cassette based or cassetteless
true
true/false according to the ARRT code of ethics, radiologic technologists must participate in continuing education activities throughout their professional career
true
true/false an image receptor placed lengthwise to the long axis of the structure or body is in the portrait orientation
true
true/false depending on the manufacturer, the PSP image may be viewed on the technologist workstation within 5 seconds following plate reading
true
true/false lead masking/mats should be used when recording multiple images on the same cassette-based PSP system
true
true/false the ACE initiative is a reminder to maintain professional communication between technologists an their patients
true
true/false the least possible distortion of the anatomy occurs at the point of the central ray
true
true/false the radiographer has the responsibility of communication with the patent to obtain pertinent clinical information
true
true/false using a table bucky device will increase magnification of the anatomy as compared with performing the same study on the tabletop
true
true/false A small pneumothorax may be detected by performing inspiration and expiration PA projections.
true
true/false a 40-inch SID should be minimal distance used for most radiographic projections
true
true/false recent studies indicate that the breasts are more radiosensitive than the gonads
true
A patient enters the emergency department (ED) with a piece of wire in the palm of the hand. What is the minimum number of projections required to be taken for this radiographic study?
two
What is the minimal number of projections taken for a postreduction (to realign a fracture) study of the ankle?
two
What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the femur?
two
What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the right hip?
two
femur has a minimum of how many projections
two
forearm has a minimum of how many projections
two
chest has a minimum of how many projections
two projections
Toxic megacolon may result from:
ulcerative colitis
The olecranon process is part of the:
ulna
Which one of the following structures of the forearm is most distal?
ulnar head
Which one of the following structures is NOT part of the ulna? Styloid process Radial notch Ulnar notch Coronoid tubercle
ulnar notch
Which two structures form the distal radioulnar joint?
ulnar notch and head of ulna
Which of the following modalities best demonstrates shoulder joint pathology such as rotator cuff tears using dynamic evaluation techniques during joint movements?
ultrasound
In which abdominal region is the majority of the transverse colon located in a person with a sthenic body type?
umbilical
To maximize the anode-heel effect, the proximal portion of the femur should be placed:
under the cathode side of the xray tube
Which structure is infraperitoneal?
urinary bladder
The upper margin of the lungs is at the level of the:
vertebra prominens
The membrane covering the abdominal organs is termed the:
visceral peritoneum
Which of the following body systems helps to regulate body temperature?
circulatory
where should a personnel dosimeter be worn during fluoroscopy
on collar outside the lead apron
the unsharp edge of the projected image is termed
penumbra
What additional maneuver must be added to the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence method) projection to best demonstrate a possible Hill-Sachs defect?
perform exaggerated external rotation of the affected upper limb
The inner layer of the pleura that encloses the lungs and heart is called the:
pericardial sac
The monthly dose limit for the fetus is:
.5 mSv
For the AP projection of the hip joints in the frog-leg position (modified Cleaves method), the CR is angled:
0
What is the degree of flexion for an AP oblique projection of the elbow with internal rotation?
0
What is the annual dose-limiting recommendation for the general public?
0.1 REM
Pregnant technologists should not exceed __________ dose per month.
0.5 mSv
A correctly positioned lateral chest radiograph demonstrates some separation of the posterior ribs owing to the divergent x-ray beam. But a separation of greater than ____ cm indicates objectionable rotation from a true lateral.
1
Characteristics of Crohn's disease include: 1. Chronic inflammation 2. Excessive bowel motility 3. Telescoping of the bowel
1
During inspiration, the vertical dimensions of the thorax are increased by the motion of the: 1. Diaphragm 2. Ribs 3. Sternum
1
For an AP oblique elbow projection with medial rotation, the patient is positioned so that the: 1. Shoulder is level with the elbow 2. Elbow joint is 90° to the IR 3. Hand is supinated
1
For an axiolateral inferosuperior projection (Danelius-Miller method) of the hip joint, the CR is: 1. Perpendicular to the femoral neck 2. Parallel to the IR 3. Angled 20° cephalad
1
The patient information identification marker should be placed at the bottom of the image for radiographs of the: 1. Abdomen 2. Chest 3. Pelvis
1
A properly exposed PA projection of the chest will demonstrate: 1. Faint outlines of the mid and upper vertebrae 2. Posterior ribs within the heart shadow 3. Air-filled bronchi
1 and 2
Characteristics of RDS include: 1. Air bronchogram 2. Granular density patterns 3. Radiolucent lung tissue
1 and 2
For a inferosuperior tangential projection of the patella: 1. Place a support under both knees 2. Rest the IR on the mid-thighs 3. Direct the CR cephalad to the femoropatellar joints
1 and 2
Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by: 1. Loss of bone density 2. Lytic bone lesions 3. Joint fusion
3
The number of lobes in the right lung is:
3
A 72-inch (180-cm) SID is used for radiographs of the:
AC joint
Which alternative landmark can be palpated if unable to locate the coracoid process for the shoulder projection for the obese shoulder?
AC joint
Which wrist projection best demonstrates the intercarpal joints?
AP
the minimum total filtration required for diagnostic xray equipment producing 70 kV or greater is ____ mm aluminum equivalent
2.5
For a lateral projection, the knee is flexed:
20-30
How many separate bones are found in the adult human body?
206
A radiation monitoring device must be worn by persons who may exceed the annual dose limit by more than:
25%
For a tangential projection of the carpal canal, the CR is angled:
25-30
All radiographs should be marked with information related to: 1. Patient identification 2. Patient position 3. Date
1 and 3
Causes of mechanical bowel obstruction include: 1. Fibrous adhesions 2. Ileus 3. Intussusception
1 and 3
Characteristics of nonmechanical bowel obstruction include: 1. Dilated bowel 2. Definitive point of obstruction 3. Large amounts of air and fluid in the bowel
1 and 3
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis is most likely to occur in persons within the age range of:
10-16 years
How many bones are there in the adult axial skeleton?
80
Which of the following would be present on the image of a properly positioned lateral projection of the forearm? 1. Olecranon process in profile 2. Elbow in 45° flexion 3. Superimposition of distal radius and ulna
1 and 3
For an AP projection of the knee on an adult: 1. Use a kV between 60 kV and 70 kV 2. Direct the CR parallel to the tibial plateau 3. Position the interepicondylar plane parallel to the IR
1,2,3
An upright position with the arms abducted, palms forward, and head forward describes the _____ position.
Anatomic
The iliac crest lies between the:
Anterior superior and posterior superior iliac spines
The laryngeal prominence is a positioning landmark located at the level of:
C5
What type of CR angle is required for the PA transaxillary projection (Hobbs modification)?
CR is perpendicular to IR
A patient is erect facing the image receptor. The left side of the body is turned 45° toward the image receptor. The CR enters the posterior aspect of the body and exits the anterior. What is this radiographic position?
LAO
The spleen is in the:
LUQ
The AP projection of the abdomen is a better choice than a PA projection when the kidneys are of primary interest due to:
Less magnification of the kidneys
When the humerus is in a true AP or frontal position, the:
Lesser tubercle is anterior and the greater tubercle is lateral
The radiographic position in which the patient is placed in a recumbent, prone position with the right side of the body rotated toward the image receptor (IR) 30° is the:
RAO
The radiation unit used to report occupational exposure is the:
REM
The process of flexing the foot and toes back toward the ankle is termed:
dorsiflexion
An AP apical oblique (Garth method) projection for an anteriorly dislocated scapulohumeral joint will project the humerus _____ to the glenoid cavity.
inferior
A patient is erect with the left side directly against the image receptor. The central ray (CR) enters the right side of the body. What is this radiographic position?
left lateral
Which structure is located on the posteromedial aspect of the proximal femur?
lesser trochanter
what type of collimator will automatically restrict the xray beam to the size of the image cassette or image receptor
positive beam limiting
kidneys
retroperitoneal
which of the following precautions reduces radiation exposure to the technologist during a fluoroscopic procedure to the greatest degree
standing as far away as possible from the radiation scatter fields
In a PA projection of the forearm, the:
the proximal radius crosses over the ulna
true/false For anterior oblique radiographs of the chest, the elongated (widened) aspect of the thorax is generally farthest from the image receptor.
true
For an AP projection of the lower leg on an adult:1. Use a kV between 65 kV and 75 kV2. Place the IR lengthwise3. Position the intermalleolar plane parallel to the CR
1 and 2
For digital imaging of the distal lower limb: 1. A minimum of 30% of the IR must be exposed. 2. The grid should be removed. 3. Lead masks should be used to section the IR for multiple exposures on one IR.
1 and 3
Landmarks used to locate the femoral head are the: 1. Symphysis pubis 2. Lesser trochanter 3. Anterior superior iliac spine
1 and 3
Structures demonstrated on the inferosuperior axial projection (Clements modification) include the: 1. Coracoid process 2. Acromion 3. Glenohumeral articulation
1 and 3
Structures of the proximal portion of the lower leg include the: 1. Tibial tuberosity 2. Fibular notch 3. Apex of the fibula
1 and 3
Structures visualized on a properly positioned AP oblique projection of the elbow with external rotation include the: 1. Lateral epicondyle 2. Medial epicondyle 3. Radial head
1 and 3
The outlet of the true pelvis is located between the: 1. Ischial tuberosities 2. Symphysis pubis 3. Tip of the coccyx
1 and 3
Where is the CR centered for the bilateral acromioclavicular (AC) joint projection on a single 35- × 43-cm (14- × 17-inch) image receptor?
1 inch above the jugular notch
For an AP projection of the shoulder, the central ray is centered:
1 inch inferior to corocoid process
What is the effective dose limit for minors under the age of 18 years from the general public (frequent exposure)?
1 mSv
Which structures are on the posterior surface of the scapula? 1. Scapular spine 2. Scapular notch 3. Coracoid process
1 only
A properly exposed radiograph of the abdomen should demonstrate the: 1. Renal outline 2. Psoas muscles 3. Urinary bladder
1,2
An acute abdominal series includes AP projections in the: 1. Supine position 2. Erect position 3. Dorsal decubitus position
1,2
Clinical indications for an acute abdominal series include: 1. Ascites 2. Ileus 3. Urinary calculi
1,2
The radiographic evaluation category Exposure includes: 1. Contrast 2. Density 3. Collimation
1,2
Which radiographic evaluation category would include an error that required anatomic structures were missing from the image? 1. Correct body part positioning 2. Proper collimation 3. No evidence of motion
1,2
Examples of markers that may be used to provide information include: 1. Decubitus 2. Erect 3. Scout
1,2,3
For a mediolateral projection of the patella: 1. Flex the knee 5° to 10° 2. Place the IR lengthwise 3. Direct the CR to the midfemoropatellar joint
1,2,3
Idiopathic chronic adhesive capsulitis is characterized by: 1. Inflammation 2. Limited mobility 3. Pain
1,2,3
Metastatic carcinoma is most likely to affect the: 1. Ribs 2. Pelvis 3. Femurs
1,2,3
Muscles affected by a rotator cuff tear include: 1. Teres minor 2. Subscapularis 3. Supraspinous
1,2,3
Neoplasms of the abdominal organs can be evaluated with: 1. Computed tomography 2. Magnetic resonance imaging 3. Sonography
1,2,3
Radiation safety practices that support the ALARA principle include: 1. Using restraining devices to immobilize patients 2. Wearing a radiation monitoring device 3. Filtering the primary beam
1,2,3
Radiographic characteristics of Paget s disease include: 1. Bone destruction 2. Bone reconstruction 3. Bowing of long bones
1,2,3
Rationale for taking a minimum of two projections of body parts such as the chest include: 1. Visualization of overlapping structures 2. Localization of foreign objects 3. Evaluation of fracture alignment
1,2,3
Shielding devices that reduce the amount of exposure to the radiologic technologist during a fluoroscopic procedure include: 1. Bucky slot cover 2. Intensifier tower drapes 3. Sides of the x-ray table
1,2,3
Structures demonstrated on a unilateral mediolateral projection of the hip joint in the frog-leg position include: 1. Acetabulum 2. Femoral head 3. Greater trochanter
1,2,3
The AP projection of the forearm should include the: 1. Radius and ulna 2. Proximal row of carpals 3. Distal humerus
1,2,3
The innominate bone consists of the: 1. Ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubis
1,2,3
The scapulohumeral joint allows for the following types of movement: 1. Abduction 2. Circumduction 3. Extension
1,2,3
The talus articulates with the: 1. Calcaneus 2. Fibula 3. Tibia
1,2,3
Characteristics of a properly positioned PA projection of the chest include: 1. Chin above the chest 2. Clavicles above the apices 3. Sternal ends of the clavicles equidistant from midline
1,3
The slope of the articular facets comprising the tibial plateau is:
10 to 20 posteriorly
The IR size and orientation for a unilateral mediolateral projection of the hip joint in the frog-leg position is:
10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm) placed crosswise
The IR size and orientation for an AP projection of the hip joint is:
10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm) placed lengthwise
The IR size and orientation for an axiolateral inferosuperior projection (Danelius-Miller method) of the hip joint is:
10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm) placed lengthwise
How much posterior CR angulation is required for the supine version of the tangential projection (Fisk modification) for the intertubercular (bicipital) sulcus?
10-15
What is the optimal amount of time a patient should lie on his side prior to a left lateral decubitus projection?
10-20 minutes
Which kV setting will produce the longest scale of radiographic contrast?
100 kV
The IR size and orientation for an AP projection of the shoulder on an adult is:
10x12 crosswise
What is the typical kV range for an adult chest study with a grid?
110-125 kV
For a posterior axial projection in the oblique position for acetabulum (Teufel method), the CR is directed:
12 cephalad
For the average adult, the angle of the femoral neck to the femoral shaft is:
120
Which of the following technical factors is ideal for adult chest radiography?
120 kV, 800 mA, 1/40 sec, 72 inch SID
For the modified axiolateral projection (Clements-Nakayama method) of the hip joint, the IR is angled from vertical:
15
What percentage increase in kV is equivalent to doubling the mAs?
15
a ___% increase in kV will increase density the same as doubling the mAs (analog imaging)
15
For a PA axial projection of the clavicle, the CR is directed:
15-20 caudad
What type of CR angle is required for the AP semiaxial projection for the lung apices?
15-20 degrees
To place the proximal femurs parallel to the plane of the IR for an AP projection of the pelvis, the lower limbs must be rotated:
15-20 medially
the annual occupational dose limit for the lens of the eye is
150 mSv
The joint space between the radial head and the capitulum on an AP projection of the elbow is closed. The patient position error could be corrected by: 1. Flexing the elbow 2. Extending the elbow 3. Placing the epicondyles perpendicular to the IR
2
What is the minimum number of projections that should be taken to localize a foreign object in a finger?
2
Characteristics of benign lung neoplasms include: 1. Ragged, indistinct borders 2. Located in the periphery of the lungs 3. Radiodense
2 and 3
How should the patient be positioned for AP projections when the elbow cannot be fully extended? 1. Elbow joint parallel to the image receptor 2. Forearm parallel to the image receptor 3. Humerus parallel to the image receptor
2 and 3
Structures demonstrated on the AP oblique projection (Grashey method) of the shoulder include:1. Coracoid process2. Glenoid cavity3. Humeral head
2 and 3
The inferior angle of the scapula is formed by the union of the: 1. Superior border 2. Medial border 3. Lateral border
2 and 3
The obturator foramen is formed by the union of the: 1. Ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubis
2 and 3
Topographic landmarks used to position for chest radiography include the: 1. Iliac crest 2. Jugular notch 3. Vertebra prominens
2 and 3
For an AP projection of the elbow, the CR is directed to a point:
2 cm (3/4 inch) inferior to the epicondyles
Where is the CR directed for a left lateral decubitus position of the abdomen?
2 inches above iliac crests
For the AP oblique projection (Grashey method) of the shoulder, the CR is directed:
2 inches inferior and 2 inches medial to the superolateral border of the shoulder
Where is the CR centered for the AP oblique (Grashey method) position for the glenoid cavity?
2 inches medial and inferior to the superolateral border of shoulder
The shoulder joint is composed of the: 1. Clavicle 2. Humerus 3. Scapula
2,3
Which of the following would be present on the image of a properly positioned AP projection of the forearm? 1. Superimposition of the distal radius and ulna 2. Articulation between the radius and scaphoid 3. Humeral epicondyles in profile
2,3
When the kV is 70 or When the kV is 70 or greater, the minimal amount of total filtration used should be:
2.5
For a PA projection of the hand, the central ray is directed to the:
3rd MP joint
For an AP axial projection for the pelvic inlet, the CR is directed:
40 caudad
For the AP projection of the hip joints in the frog-leg position (modified Cleaves method), the patient s thighs are abducted from vertical:
40-45
For an AP oblique elbow projection, the epicondyles and IR form an angle of:
45
For an AP projection in the posterior oblique position (Judet method) to demonstrate the acetabulum, the pelvis is rotated:
45
For the AP oblique with medial rotation, the elbow is flexed:
45
For the PA projection of the hand, the hand is rotated:
45
To place the humerus in a neutral position, the IR and humeral epicondyles should form an angle of:
45
For the scapular Y projection in the anterior oblique position, the patient is rotated:
45-60
The annual dose limit for an occupationally exposed worker is:
5 REM
What is the minimum amount of weight that should be affixed to each wrist for the weight-bearing phase of an AC joint study?
5 ib
The inferosuperior axial projection (Clements modification) requires a CR angle of ____ toward axilla if a patient cannot fully abduct extremity 90°.
5 to 15
The kV range for the 1st finger is:
50-60
when correctly placed, gonadal shielding will reduce dose by ____ if gonads are in the primary xray field
50-90%
How many tarsal bones are found in the foot?
7
For an average size female patient, where is the CR placed for a PA projection of the chest?
7 inches below the vertebra prominens
The kV range for a radiograph of an adult shoulder is:
70-80
What is the recommended kV range for an abdomen projection?
70-80 kV
What is the typical kV range for a chest study on a pediatric patient?
70-85 kV
Which of the following factors must be applied to minimize distortion of the heart?
72 inch SID
How many carpal bones are found in the wrist?
8
For a lateromedial position of the humerus, the elbow is flexed:
90
For an inferosuperior axial (Lawrence method) projection of the shoulder joint, the arm is abducted:
90
The degree of flexion for a lateral elbow is:
90
To place the humerus in a lateral position, the IR and humeral epicondyles should form an angle of:
90
To double the radiographic density on a radiograph originally taken at 80 kV, the kV would be adjusted to:
92
When used within the 50 to 100 kV range, what percentage of the primary x-ray beam will a gonadal contact shield absorb?
95-99
A patient enters the ED with multiple injuries including a possible fracture of the left proximal humerus. Which positioning rotation should be performed to determine the extent of the humerus injury?
AP and horizontal beam transthoracic lateral shoulder projection
Which of the following shoulder positions is considered a trauma projection (can be performed safely for a possible fracture or dislocation of the proximal humerus)?
AP apical oblique axail (Garth) projection
Which projection of the shoulder will demonstrate the lesser tubercle in profile?
AP internal rotation
A patient comes to radiology with a possible mass beneath the right clavicle. The PA and left lateral projections are inconclusive. Which additional projection can be taken to demonstrate this possible mass?
AP lordotic
Which projection will best demonstrate the interspaces between the 1st and 2nd metatarsals?
AP oblique lateral rotation
Which projection best demonstrates the base of the 5th metatarsal?
AP oblique medial rotation
Which elbow projection results in the least superimposition of the radial head with other bony structures?
AP oblique with lateral rotation
Which projection of the elbow best demonstrates the coronoid process?
AP oblique with medial rotation
Which of the following can be taken in place of the AP projection of the elbow when the patient is unable to fully extend the elbow?
AP partial flexion
A patient comes to radiology for treatment of an arthritic condition of the right shoulder. The radiologist orders AP internal/external rotation projections and an inferosuperior axial projection of the scapulohumeral joint. However, the patient cannot abduct the arm for this projection. Which other projection will best demonstrate the scapulohumeral joint space?
AP projection neutral rotation
The greater tubercle of the humerus is demonstrated in profile on the:
AP projection with external rotation
Which of the following projections can be performed using an orthostatic (breathing) technique?
AP scapula
A patient enters the ED with multiple injuries. The physician is concerned about a dislocation of the left proximal humerus. The patient is unable to stand. Which of the following routines is advisable to best demonstrate this condition?
AP shoulder and recumbent AP oblique (scapular y) projection
Degenerative disease of the knee joint is best evaluated by the:
AP weight bearing projection
which term has replaced exposure in describing the amount of energy transferred to a mass of air by the photons
Air kerma
Which pathologic condition will present as a general haziness on a radiograph of the abdomen?
Ascites
A PA chest radiograph reveals that the pendulous breasts of the patient are obscuring the base of the lungs. What should be done to lessen the effects of the breast shadow?
Ask patient to lift breasts up and outward.
which of the following radiographic projections will provide the greatest amount of effective dose (without shielding)
Barium enema
A patient comes to the emergency department (ED) with a possible right AC joint separation. Right clavicle and AC joint examinations are ordered. The clavicle is taken first, and a small linear fracture of the midshaft of the clavicle is discovered. What should the technologist do in this situation?
Consult with the ED physician before continuing with the AC joint study.
The acromion is an extension of the:
Crest of the scapular spine
A standard that ensures that all digital imaging equipment can communicate with each other is referred to as:
DICOM and HL7
Which change will improve image resolution?
Decrease The OID.
Which term describes the back or posterior aspect of the hand?
Dorsum Manus
A patient is scheduled for an arthrogram. During the course of the study, the radiologist requests a projection to demonstrate the intertubercular sulcus. Which one of the following projections would best demonstrate this structure?
Fisk modification
An inherited condition in which uric acid is deposited in joints describes:
Gout
Which of the following shoulder projections best demonstrates the glenoid cavity in profile?
Grashey method
which radiation unit of measurement is used to describe absorbed dose
Gray
A patient enters the ED with a possible bony defect of the midwing area of the scapula. The patient is able to stand and move the upper limb freely. In addition to the routine AP scapula projection with the arm abducted, which of the following would best demonstrate the involved area?
Have the patient reach across the chest and grasp the opposite shoulder for a lateral scapula projection.
A radiograph of an AP axial projection of the clavicle demonstrates that the clavicle is within the midaspect of the lung apices. What should the technologist do to correct this error?
Increase the cephalic CR angle during repeat exposure.
Which projection is recommended for localization of a metallic foreign body in the palm of the hand?
Lateral in extension projection
A patient is erect facing the x-ray tube and leaning the shoulders backward 20° to 30° toward the IR. The central ray is perpendicular to the IR. What specific position has been performed?
Lordotic
The knee is frequently evaluated using:
MRI
How much CR angulation should be used for a PA oblique (scapular Y) projection?
No CR angle is required
A patient enters the ED with a possible AC joint separation. The patient is paraplegic; therefore, the study cannot be done erect. Which of the following routines would be performed to diagnose this condition?
Non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing types of projections performed with the patient recumbent by pulling down on the shoulders
An ambulatory patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of possible pneumonia. The patient complains of pain in the center of her chest. What positioning routine should be performed on this patient?
PA and left lateral projections
a network system with an array of hardware and software that connects all imaging modalities is termed a
PACS
A radiograph for an AP projection with external rotation of the proximal humerus reveals that the greater tubercle is profiled laterally. What should be changed to improve this image for a repeat exposure?
Positioning is acceptable; do not repeat it. Correct
The supraspinous fossa is located on the:
Posterior surface, above the crest of the scapular spine
The gallbladder is in the:
RUQ
what is the complete term for RIS
Radiology Information System
For viewing, radiographs of the hand should be oriented with the patient s:
Right side on the viewer s left side, digits pointing up
For viewing, radiographs of the femur should be oriented with the patient's:
Right side on the viewer's left side with the joint at the top
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis is characterized by:
Shortened epiphysis and widened epiphyseal plate
A recumbent oblique position in which the patient is lying on the left anterior surface with it rotated toward the image receptor is termed:
Sims position
The jugular notch is at the same level as:
T2-3
For a PA projection of the chest, the CR is directed to the level of:
T7
The lower margin of the scapula is at the same level as the:
T7
Which two conditions must be met for a decubitus position?
The patient must be lying down, and a horizontal x-ray beam is utilized.
The correct order for the structures of the respiratory pathway is:
Trachea, right and left primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
movement of an arm or leg toward the midline
adduction
movement of an arm or leg away from the midline
abduction
Which positioning line must be placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR for an AP projection of the upper airway?
acanthiomeatal
The bones comprising the innominate bone fuse at the:
acetabulum
which device or technique is most effective in controlling scatter radiation in digital imaging
added filtration
Movement of a body part toward the central axis of the body is termed:
adduction
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the:
alveoli
what type of material makes up the receptor in the FPD-TFT system
amorphous selenium and amorphous silicon
An inferosuperior axial projection (Clements modification) is performed on a patient with a nontraumatic shoulder injury. The patient cannot fully abduct the upper limb 90°. Which of the following modifications of the position should be performed for this patient?
angle CR to 15 toward the axilla
Which of the following is classified as a saddle (sellar) joint?
ankle joint
An AP axial projection (Taylor method) for the pelvic outlet best demonstrates the:
anterior pelvic bones
Which landmark corresponds to the level of first and second sacral vertebrae?
anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS)
For most shoulder dislocations, the humeral head is displaced:
anteriorly
Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the acromiohumeral space to detect possible spurring?
apical AP axial projection
Contrast media is injected into the joint space during:
arthrography
An abnormal collection of fluid within the peritoneal cavity is termed:
ascites
For the AP axial projection of the clavicle, the CR angle should be increased for patients who are classified as:
asthenic
For an AP axial projection of the clavicle, the exposure should be made:
at the end of inhalation
During a radiographic fluoroscopic procedure, the radiologic technologist should avoid standing:
at the head end of the fluoroscopic table
Which of the following is a condition in which all or part of a lung is collapsed, requiring an increase in manual exposure factors?
atelactasis
Collapse of all or part of the lung is termed:
atelectasis
What type of projection is created with the CR directed along or parallel to the long axis of a structure or anatomic part?
axial
The lower concave area of the lung is termed the:
base
A common site for fracture in the foot is the:
base of the 5th metatarsal
Which tendon is found within the intertubercular (bicipital) groove?
biceps
the adjustment of contrast and brightness of the displayed image is
bit depth
Which structure is projected in profile on a scapular Y lateral in the anterior oblique position?
body
What is a possible radiographic sign for impingement syndrome of the shoulder?
bone spurring in acromiohumeral space
which energy sources will erase any residual latent image from an exposed PSP imaging plate
bright light
The intensity of light that represents the individual pixels in the image on the viewing monitor is the definition for:
brightness
the intensity of light that represents the individual pixels in the digital image on the monitor is the definition for
brightness
the intensity of light that represents the individual pixels in the image on the monitor defines
brightness
An off-center grid error occurs when the grid is:
not aligned to the CR
The SI unit that is equivalent to the Roentgen is the:
c/kg
The thyroid gland is located at the approximate level of:
c5-7
The sustentaculum tali is found on the:
calcaneus
Which structure or bone contains the sustentaculum tali?
calcaneus
The cuboid articulates with the:
calcaneus and fifth metatarsal
Examples of "flat" bones are the:
calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum. Correct
Which ionization chamber(s) for the AEC should be activated for a tangential projection (Fisk modification) for an intertubercular sulcus?
cannot use AEX with this projection
Which carpal bone articulates with the 3rd and 4th metacarpal?
capitate
The structure located on the lateral aspect of the distal humerus is the:
capitulum
What is the name of the structure located on the lateral aspect of the distal humerus?
capitulum
The internal prominence or ridge in which the trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi is termed the:
carina
Which of the following structures is considered to be most inferior?
carina
Which of the following bones is classified as a short bone? Vertebrae Phalanges (toes) Scapulae Carpal (wrist bones)
carpal
The anterior or palmar surface of the wrist is termed the:
carpal sulcus
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of joints?
cartilaginous
The joint classification of the symphysis pubis is:
cartilaginous and amphiarthrodial
a CR angle away from the head end
caudad
Which segment of the large intestine is located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen?
cecum
Which structure is intraperitoneal?
cecum
The most perpendicular aspect of the x-ray beam is termed the:
central ray
which term is the opposite in meaning to caudad
cephalad
The lowest level of structural organization in the human body is the _____ level.
chemical
A fracture of the distal radius with posterior displacement of the distal fragment is termed:
colles'
What type of tissue binds together and supports the various structures of the body?
connective
The greater the bit depth of a digital imaging system, the greater the:
contrast resolution
the greater the bit depth of a digital system, the greater the
contrast resolution
What is the name of the small depression located on the anterior aspect of the distal humerus?
coronoid fossa
The junction of the ribs and diaphragm is termed the:
cosraphrenic angle
The anterior surface of the scapula is referred to as the:
costal surface
The patellofemoral joint is classified as:
saddle
what change will improve spatial resolution
decrease OID
a radiography of the abdomen demonstrates involuntary motion caused by bowel peristalsis. which of the following factors will best eliminate this problem during the repeat exposure
decrease exposure time
A radiograph of a PA oblique (scapular Y) lateral position reveals that the scapula is slightly rotated (the vertebral and axillary borders are not superimposed). The axillary border of the scapula is determined to be more lateral compared with the vertebral border. Which of the following modifications should be made for the repeat exposure?
decrease rotation of thorax
By increasing the SID from 40 inches (100 cm) to 48 inches (112 cm), image distortion will be:
decreased
The radiographic position in which the patient is recumbent and the central ray is directed horizontally so that it is parallel to the floor is termed:
decubitus position
The rough raised triangular elevation along the anterolateral surface of the body of the humerus is the muscle attachment for the:
deltoid
What is the name of the insertion point for the deltoid muscle located on the anterolateral surface of the humerus?
deltoid tuberosity
The amount of blackening on the processed film image is the definition of:
density
A displacement of a bone from the joint space is termed:
dislocation
Series of boxes that gives form to the image
display matrix
which term is the opposite in meaning to proximal
distal
All of the following are synovial joints except the: Talofibular Distal tibiofibular Subtalar Intermetatarsal
distal tibiofibular
A patient is lying on her back. The x-ray tube is horizontally directed with the CR entering the right side of the body. The image receptor is adjacent to the left side of the body. What is the radiographic position?
dorsal decubitus
The patient is lying on his/her back with the IR against the patient s left side. The CR is horizontal and parallel to the floor and enters the right side and exits the left. Which specific radiographic position has been performed?
dorsal decubitus
Which projection or position of the abdomen will best demonstrate an umbilical hernia?
dorsal decubitus position
decrease angle between foot and lower leg
dorsiflexion
The name of the projection in which the central ray enters the top of the foot and exits the bottom of the foot is:
dorsoplantar
Which term describes the top or anterior surface of the foot?
dorsum
Which aspect of the small intestine is considered the shortest?
duodenum
What is the correct sequence for the parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Brightness that can be increased along the margins of a structure is the general definition for:
edge enhancement
The term for lifting, raising, or moving of a part superiorly is:
elevation
The first metacarpophalangeal joint has a(n) ____ type of joint movement.
ellipsoidal
The radiocarpal (wrist) joint possesses a(n) ____ type of joint movement.
ellipsoidal
Which condition results in expanded chest dimensions and a flattened diaphragm?
emphysema
The suprarenal glands are part of the _____ system.
endocrine
Which of the following systems of the human body includes all ductless glands of the body?
endocrine
which of the following patient dose categories carries the highest numerical value of all patient doses
entrance skin exposure
A palpable bony landmark used to position the knee is the:
epicondyle
What is the name for the structure that serves as a lid over the larynx to prevent aspiration of food or fluid?
epiglottis
Which of the following structures is NOT considered as a mediastinal structure?
epiglottis
Which of the following structures prevents aspiration of food and fluid into the larynx?
epiglottis
What type of tissue covers internal and external surfaces of the body?
epithelial
Which projection or position will best demonstrate free intraperitoneal air in the abdomen?
erect AP abdomen projection
A patient enters the ED with a possible hemothorax in the right lung. With help, the patient can sit erect on a cart. Which of the following routines would best demonstrate this condition?
erect PA and erect right lateral on cart
Which of the following structures is considered to be most posterior?
esophagus
Which of the following structures is not considered part of the respiratory system? Trachea Pharnyx Bronchi Esophagus
esophagus
An outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle is termed:
eversion
A primary bone tumor common in children and young adults defines:
ewing s sarcoma
What type of positioning error is present when the AP projection demonstrates excessive separation between the proximal radius and ulna?
excessive lateral rotation
Supine abdomen projections should be exposed on:
expiration
A general rule states that radiographic grids must be used in chest radiography for:
exposure factors using 100 kV or greater
a numerical value that is representative of the exposure projected on the digital image receptor is termed
exposure indicator
increasing the angle of a joint
extension
The EXT marker means:
external
The humerus is in true AP or frontal position when the upper extremity is:
externally rotated
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is defined as:
flattening of the femoral head due to vascular interruption
Collimation guidelines indicate the upper border of the collimation field should be about 2 inches (5 cm) above the vertebra prominens.
false
PA or AP oblique projections are placed on the view box with the patient's right side of the body facing the viewer's right.
false
the intensity of the xray beam is greatest under the anode as defined by the anode heel effect
false
true/false A lateromedial projection is one in which the lateral aspect of the anatomy part is closest to the image receptor (IR).
false
true/false Contrary to common belief, the vertical dimension of an average PA chest is greater than the horizontal dimension.
false
true/false Tangential and axial projections are the same type of projection.
false
true/false The acronym PACS refers to picture archiving connection system.
false
true/false The xiphoid process is a reliable positioning landmark for determining the lower margin of the lungs for chest positioning.
false
true/false Top of image receptor placed approximately 3 inches (7.6 cm) above the shoulders is a recommended centering technique for adult chest radiography.
false
true/false When placing radiographs of the lower leg, the toes of the foot must be pointing upward.
false
true/false as a general rule, exposure factors are decreased 5 to 15 kV with digital systems are compared with anaolog imaging systems
false
true/false increasing the SID will increase distortion of the anatomy
false
true/false one gray equals 1000 rad
false
true/false the adjustable collimator light field must be accurate within 5% of the selected SID
false
true/false the imagewisely program is focused on reducing unnecessary exposure in children during procedures
false
true/false the photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP) imaging plate is light sensitive and must be processes in a dark environment
false
true/false thermoluminescent and optically stimulated luminescense dosimeters must be changed every 14 days to ensure an accurate recording to exposure to the technologist
false
true/false It is legally acceptable to write "right" or "left" on a radiograph if the anatomic side marker is not visible.
false
true/false PSP imaging plates are scanned with an ultra-bright light source to produce the visible digital image
false
true/false questions An electrocardiography and echocardiography are the same procedure.
false
For an AP projection of the hip, the CR is directed to the:
femoral neck
The distal tibiofibular joint is classified as a ____ joint.
fibrous
Which of the following best demonstrates the coracoacromial arch?
fisk method
Direct digital conversion requires the use of a(n):
flat detector
Bending of the elbow is referred to as:
flexion
Which term has the opposite meaning of extension?
flexion
A compensating filter is likely to be used for a radiograph of the:
foot
A dorsoplantar projection would be a radiographic study of:
foot
The interphalangeal joints have a(n) ____ type of joint movement.
ginglymus
Which of the following joints displays a "hinge" type of movement?
ginglymus
Which of the following objects does NOT have to be removed or moved before a chest radiography?
glasses
A Bankart lesion is a fracture of the anteroinferior aspect of the:
glenoid cavity
the humeral head articulates with the
glenoid cavity
The greater omentum extends from the transverse colon to the:
greater curvature of the stomach
Which topographic landmark corresponds to the level of the symphysis pubis?
greater trochanter
Which carpal articulates with both the fourth and fifth metacarpals?
hamate
Which carpal bone articulates with the base of the 5th metacarpal?
hamate
Which carpal bone is located in the distal row?
hamate
Which of the following bony structures is found on the distal aspect of the ulna?
head
To reduce radiation dose to the reproductive organs, an AP projection of the pelvis should be taken using:
high kV and low mAs
Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone? Carpal bone Scapula Cranium Humerus
humerus
In which body type is the transverse colon located higher than normal in the abdominal cavity?
hypersthenic
Two AP projections in the supine position with the IR oriented crosswise may be needed for patients who have a body type that is:
hypersthenic
Which type of body habitus typically requires that the image receptor be placed crosswise/landscape rather than lengthwise/portrait for a posteroanterior (PA) chest?
hypersthenic
At what level is the CR directed for a supine AP projection of the abdomen?
iliac crest
Which topographic landmark corresponds to the 4th or 5th lumbar vertebra?
iliac crest
Which topographic landmark corresponds to the level of L4-5?
iliac crest
Which structure is evaluated to determine rotation on an AP radiograph of the abdomen?
iliac wings
Osgood-Schlatter disease is a(n):
incomplete separation of the tibial tuberosity
A patient enters the emergency department (ED) to be treated for severe trauma. The physician orders an AP supine chest to evaluate the lungs. What can the technologist do to reduce the magnification of the heart?
increase SID as much as possible
A radiograph of an AP oblique (Grashey method) projection for the glenoid cavity reveals that the anterior and posterior rims of the glenoid process are not superimposed. Which of the following modifications should produce a more acceptable image?
increase rotation of the body toward the IR
What is the primary disadvantage of performing an AP projection of the chest rather than a PA?
increased magnification of the heart
An AP oblique projection of the elbow with internal rotation shows the proximal radius and ulna parallel to each other. The patient positioning error could be corrected by:
increasing internal rotation
Which topographic landmark corresponds to the level of L2/L3?
inferior costal margin
Which one of the following projections/positions should NOT be performed for a possible shoulder dislocation?
inferosuperior axial (clements)
lower rectum is apart of
infraperitoneal
reproductive organs
infraperitoneal
spleen
infraperitoneal
urinary bladder
infraperitoneal
The lower right abdominal region is termed:
inguinal or iliac
A patient comes to radiology for a routine chest study. On the PA projection, the radiologist sees a possible calcification near a rib, but she cannot tell whether the calcification is in the lung or on the rib. What additional projections would assist with the diagnosis?
inspiration/expiration PA
Which of the following AP shoulder projections demonstrates the lesser tubercle in profile medially?
internal rotation
Which rotation of the humerus will result in a lateral position of the proximal humerus?
internal rotation
What is the name of the joint found between the proximal and distal phalanges of the first digit?
interphalangeal
The prominent bony ridge on the posterior aspect of the proximal femur that extends between the trochanters is the:
intertrochanteric crest
What is the name of the insertion point for the deltoid muscle located on the anterolateral surface of the humerus?
intertubercular sulcus
jejunum
intraperitoneal
liver
intraperitoneal
sigmoid colon
intraperitoneal
transverse colon
intraperitoneal
Which pathologic condition is most common in young children?
intussusception
an inward stress movement of foot
inversion
The most posterior aspect of the pelvis is the:
ischial spine
Which landmark is most inferior? ASIS Iliac crest Ischial tuberosity Pubic symphysis
ischial tuberosity
The two most common landmarks for chest positioning are the:
jugular notch and vertebra prominens
The primary controlling factor for radiographic contrast is:
kV
Which exposure factor controls the ability of the x-ray beam to penetrate matter?
kV
The radiographic position in which the patient is turned 90° from an AP projection with the left side of the body placed against the image receptor (IR) is the:
left lateral
Which projection is performed to demonstrate free air or gas in the abdominal cavity when the patient is unable to stand?
left lateral decubitus
The radiographic position in which the patient is upright and facing the x-ray tube with the left side of the body rotated toward the image receptor (IR) 45° is referred to as a:
left posterior oblique
Which landmark cannot be palpated directly? Anterior superior iliac spine Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Iliac crest
lesser trochanter
Which landmark is not demonstrated if the lower limbs have been rotated properly for an AP projection of the pelvis?
lesser trochanter
Where is the CR centered for a transthoracic lateral projection for proximal humerus?
level of surgical neck
The AP stress projections of the ankle demonstrate:
ligament tears
A supine position with the knees and hips flexed with the thighs abducted is termed:
lithotomy
The largest solid organ in the abdomen is the:
liver
Which of the following solid organs is the largest found in the abdomen?
liver
Which combination of SID and OID would produce the least magnification?
long SID and short OID
What are the two arches of the foot?
longitudinal and transverse
The radiographic position in which the patient is upright and leaning backward to place the shoulders in contact with the image receptor is termed:
lordotic
What is the general term for a position in which the long axis of the body is angled in relationship to the image receptor rather than the central ray (e.g., special chest projection)?
lordotic
Chest radiographs should exhibit:
low contrast with many shades of gray
what type of radiographic contrast is produced with a high (120) kV technique
low contrast, long scale
Short scale contrast (in the analog image) is the result of:
low kV
A radiograph that exhibits few differences between adjacent densities is said to have:
low or long scale contrast
Which radiographic procedure would result in the highest patient dose?
lower gastrointestinal series
The primary controlling factor for film density is:
mAs
The vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves describes the _____ plane.
median or midsagittal
The name of the radiographic projection in which the central ray enters the medial aspect of the knee and exits the lateral aspect is:
mediolateral
Which structures serve as shock absorbers within the knee joint?
menisci
Which AP projection of the shoulder and proximal humerus is created by placing the affected palm of the hand facing inward toward the thigh?
neutral rotation
hyaline membrane disease is typically seen in
newborns
A random disturbance that obscures or reduces clarity of the digital image is termed:
noise
a random disturbance that obscures or reduces clarity is termed
noise
Occult fractures may be diagnosed using:
nuclear medicine
With the hand flat, the thumb will be in the following position:
oblique
pelvis has a minimum of how many projections
one
Soft tissue swelling with loss of fat-pad detail is generally an indicator of:
osteomyelitis
Which carpal bone is the smallest?
pisiform
Each digital image is two dimensional and is formed by a matrix of:
pixels
Which positioning technique will help move the scapulae from the lung fields for a PA chest projection?
place back of hands low on the hips and roll shoulders forward
Which of the following terms describes the sole of the foot?
plantar
which term describes the sole of the foot
plantar
Extending the ankle joint or pointing the foot and toes downward is called:
plantar flexion
Moving the foot and toes downward is:
plantar flexion
The top of the foot is placed against the image receptor with the perpendicular central ray entering the sole of the foot. What specific projection has been performed?
plantodorsal
The serous membrane covering the lungs is the:
pleura
Pleurisy may be demonstrated radiographically by associated:
pleural effusion
An abnormal collection of free air or gas within the peritoneal cavity is termed:
pneumoperitoneum
Air or gas that escapes into the pleural cavity results in a condition known as:
pneumothorax
Most repeat radiographs are due to:
poor communication with patient
A radiograph for an AP projection with external rotation of the proximal humerus reveals that the greater tubercle is profiled laterally. What should be changed to improve this image for a repeat exposure?
positioning is acceptable
Which projection or position demonstrates the glenoid cavity in profile?
posterior oblique
contrast in digistal image is primarily affected by
predetermined algorithms
Why is the right kidney usually lower in the abdomen than the left kidney?
presence of the liver
Why must the technologist slightly angle the CR caudad for most AP projections of the chest?
prevents clavicles from obscurring apices of the lungs
which factor has the greatest effect on the brightness of the digital image
processing software
The opposite term for supination is:
pronation
rotation of hand with palm down
pronation
which traditional unit of radiation measurement describes patient dose
rad
turn or bend hand and wrist toward radius
radial deviation
The capitulum articulates with the:
radial head
the complete term for SNR is signal to noise
ratio
Which term describes lying down in any position?
recumbent
Why is it important to perform a left lateral as part of the routine chest study?
reduces magnification of the heart
C-loop of the duodenum
retroperitoneal
In which region or compartment of the abdomen is the pancreas located?
retroperitoneal
adrenal glands
retroperitoneal
ascending and descending colon
retroperitoneal
major abdominal blood vessels
retroperitoneal
pancreas
retroperitoneal
proximal uereters
retroperitoneal
The name of the radiographic position in which the patient s right side is placed against the image receptor and the CR enters the left side of the body is the:
right lateral
A patient enters the ED with a possible pneumothorax in the left lung. Because of trauma, the patient cannot stand or sit erect. Which of the following positions would best demonstrate this condition?
right lateral decubitus
Which of the following abdominal regions would contain the right colic (hepatic) flexure?
right lateral lumbar
In which of the four major quadrants of the abdomen would the cecum be found?
right lower quadrant
A patient is lying on her back facing the x-ray tube. The right side of her body is turned 20° toward the image receptor. What is this radiographic position?
right posterior oblique
In which of the four major quadrants of the abdomen would the gallbladder be found?
right upper quadrant
Which traditional radiation unit is a measure of exposure in air?
roentgen
Of the following positioning actions, which one will remove the majority of the scapulae from the lung fields?
roll shoulders forward
A PA chest radiograph reveals that the left sternoclavicular joint is closer to the spine than the right joint. What specific positioning error has been committed?
rotation into the left anterior oblique position
A radiograph of an AP projection of the pelvis demonstrates foreshortening of the left ilium. What specific positioning error may have occurred?
rotation of left hip toward the IR
What is the specific positioning error if the right iliac wing is wider in appearance as compared to the left as seen on an AP supine abdomen radiograph?
rotation of the right side of the body toward the IR (right rotation)
Which of the following carpals articulates with the radius?
scaphoid
The supraspinous and infraspinous fossa are separated by the:
scapular spine
Which of the following joints is considered to have a ball and socket (spheroidal) type of movement?
scapulohumeral joint
Another term for exposure indicator is:
sensitivity number
What is the name of the small oval-shaped bone found in tendons?
sesamoid
A tangential projection is used to demonstrate the:
sesamoid bones
what type of shield is not in contact with the patients body
shadow shield
What type of radiation protective shield should be used during sterile procedures?
shadow shields
What is the best method of reducing involuntary motion during an abdomen projection?
short exposure time
A boomerang filter may be used for radiography of the:
shoulder
Which condition is an example of a pneumoconiosis disease?
silicosis
The small foramen located between the talus and calcaneus is the:
sinus tarsi
Which of the following joints is NOT a synovial joint? Skull suture Elbow joint Hip joint Proximal radioulnar joint
skull suture
A well-positioned AP projection of the elbow will demonstrate:
slight superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna
Which combination of FSS and screen speed would produce the best resolution?
small FSS and slow screen speed
Which one of the following clinical indications often requires the inspiration/expiration chest series to be taken?
small pneumothorax
Dynamic evaluation of joint movement can be achieved using:
sonography
Joint stability in newborns is evaluated using:
sonography
A PA chest radiograph reveals that only seven ribs are seen above the diaphragm on a healthy adult. Which of the following suggestions would improve the inspiration of lungs?
take exposure on the second inspiration rather than on first
A projection in which the CR skims a body part to project it in profile is termed:
tangential
which radiographic projection skims the body surface
tangential
A referring physician suspects that a subacromial spur may be the cause for a patient's shoulder impingement. She asks the technologist for a projection that would best demonstrate any possible spurs in the suprasinatus outlet. Which of the following projections would accomplish this objective?
tangential projection with 10-15 caudad angle
Which of the following is classified as a bicondylar joint? Shoulder joint Temporomandibular joint First and second cervical vertebra joint Distal radioulnar joint
temporomandibular joint
Aspirated objects are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus because it is:
wider and more vertical
Which of the following controls the brightness of a digital image within a particular range?
window level
Which topographic landmark corresponds to the level of T9-10?
xiphoid process