Radiation Protection c. 2

37. Nuclear fuel for generation of power

-Although nuclear power benefits humans by creating a needed supply of electricity, unfortunate accidents involving nuclear reactors can occur 3 mile island chernobyl fukushima

4. List 5 Types of nonionizing radiation

-Low-energy ultraviolet radiation, -visible light, -infrared rays, -microwaves -radio waves

3. List 3 types of ionizing radiat

-X-rays, -gamma rays, -ultraviolet radiation with energy greater than 10 eV

25. List examples of 2 different types of radiation

-mecanical vibrations of material=ultrasound -electromagnetic wave =radio waves =microwaves = visible light =x rays

7. (4)are particulate radiations. They vary in their ability to ___

-Alpha particles, -beta particles, -neutrons, - protons. -penetrate matter.

19. The recommended action limit for radon in homes is ___ pCi/L of air.

4

12. Ionizing radiation produces ___ that can cause biologic damage on (3) levels in humans.

electrically charged particles molecular, cellular, and organic

49.The conversion of atoms to ions.

ionization

28. List the 5 types of non ionizing radiation why are they considered non ionizing

• Ultraviolet radiation with energy less than 10 eV • Visible light • Infrared rays • Microwaves • Radio waves Because they do not have sufficient kinetic energy to eject electrons from the atom, the following radiations are considered nonionizing:

27. List 3 types of ionizing radiation

• X-rays • Gamma rays • Ultraviolet radiation with energy greater than 10 eV

35. .List and describe seven sources of manmade, or artificial, ionizing radiation.

∙Consumer products containing radioactive material Consumer products containing radioactive material include the following: -Airport surveillance systems - Electron microscopes - Ionization-type smoke detector alarms - Industrial static eliminators ∙Air travel ∙Nuclear fuel for generation of power ∙Atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing ∙Nuclear power plant accidents ∙Nuclear power plant accidents as a consequence of natural disasters ∙Medical radiation

57 Kinetic energy that passes from one location to another; a transfer of energy that results from either a change occurring naturally within an atom (see Radiation decay) or a process caused by the interaction of a particle with an atom.

radiation

11._____ is intended to be the best estimate of overall harm that might be produced by a given dose of radiation in human tissue. It takes into account both the ____ and the ___. The ____ is also the unit of measure for the effective dose.

The effective dose (EfD) -type of radiation part of the body -irradiated millisievert (mSv)

23. ____ continues to be the main adverse health effect of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident

Thyroid cancer

10.Equivalent dose enables the calculation of the ____

effective dose

30. Identify the unit of measure in which radiation absorbed dose is most commonly specified.

milligray (mGy).

38.Discuss the local and global consequences of radiation exposure resulting from accidents in nuclear power plants. -3 mile island -chernobyl -fukishima

uThree Mile Island meltdown u15 curies of radiation leaked into the population uAverage dose within 50 miles was .08 mSv (below annual average background ) uChernobyl u46 MEGACURIES release (>1,000,000 X Three Mile Island, 30-40 times as much as Nagasaki/Hiroshima) uMore than 250,000 people affected, over 200 people received significant dose uMany died as a result, still have ongoing research to assess affects uFukushima Daiich Nuclear Plant uDue to nature of destruction (earthquake/tsunami) unknown amount of radiation leaked into the Pacific ocean uUnclear whether long term affects will occur

5.X-rays are classified as _____ radiation.

electromagnetic

59. A naturally occurring process in which atoms with unstable nuclei relieve that instability by various types of nuclear spontaneous emissions, including charged particles, uncharged particles, and photons.

radioactive decay

14. Natural sources include

radioactive materials in the crust of the earth, cosmic rays from the sun and beyond the solar system, internal radiation from radionuclides deposited in humans through natural processes, and terrestrial radiation in the environment.

6. The process of _____ is the foundation of the interaction of x-rays with human tissue. It makes the x-rays valuable for _____ but has the undesirable result of ____

-ionization -creating images -potentially producing some damage in biologic material.

36.Air travel

=Commercial airline flights bring many humans to higher elevations and therefore in closer contact with high-energy extraterrestrial radiation (e.g., cosmic radiation) and consequently increase their exposure. A flight on a typical commercial airliner results in an EqD rate of 0.005 to 0.01 mSv/hour.

40.Discuss the modalities used in medical imaging that have caused an increase in radiation dose for patients from 1980 until the present time.

CT he frequency of exposure to manmade radiation in medical applications continues to increase rapidly among all age groups in the United States for a number of reasons. Among the main instigators of this are medicolegal considerations. Physicians, to protect themselves from often frivolous malpractice lawsuits, in general rely more and more on unneeded expensive sophisticated technology to assist them in making diagnoses for patient care rather than much less expensive and much lower radiation dose procedures such as basic x-ray projections that may well be just as informative.

29. List the different forms of electromagnetic and particulate radiations, and identify those forms that are classified as ionizing radiation.

Electromagnetic • X-rays Ionizing • Gamma rays ionizing • Ultraviolet radiation with energy greater than 10 eV ionizing • Ultraviolet radiation with energy less than 10 eV • Visible light • Infrared rays • Microwaves • Radio waves Particulate Radiation • Alpha particles ionizing • Beta particles ionizing • Neutrons ionizing • Protons ionizing

21. ____ radiation exposure contributes about 3.3 mSv to the average annual radiation exposure on the US population.

Manmade

20. _____ in the United States results in an estimated average annual individual EqD of 3.0 mSv

Natural background radiation

39• Discuss the general responsibility for radiation safety and the need for radiation protection in medical imaging.

The number of medical procedures involving the use of ionizing radiation had increased dramatically since the 1980s. Because of this trend, exposure of the US population from medical sources has also increased significantly. Although the amount of natural background radiation remains fairly constant from year to year at 3.0 mSv, the frequency of exposure to manmade radiation in medical applications continues to increase rapidly among all age groups in the United States for a number of reasons. Among the main instigators of this are medicolegal considerations. Physicians, to protect themselves from often frivolous malpractice lawsuits, in general rely more and more on unneeded expensive sophisticated technology to assist them in making diagnoses for patient care rather than much less expensive and much lower radiation dose procedures such as basic x-ray projections that may well be just as informative

41. The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by an irradiated object (e.g., the patient's body tissue). This absorbed energy is responsible for any biologic damage resulting from the tissues being exposed to radiation. The gray (Gy) is the SI unit of this radiation quantity.

absorbed dose

31. Explain the concepts of equivalent dose what unit is it expressed in

akes into account the type of ionizing radiation that was absorbed. In diagnostic radiology, this absorption is caused by x-rays. But exposure to radioisotopes in the environment or to radioactive materials released from nuclear reactors involves other types of ionizing radiation, such as neutrons, protons, electrons, etc. The equivalent dose provides an overall dose value that includes the different degrees of tissue interaction that could be caused by the different types of radiation millisievert (mSv).

42. While penetrating body tissue ionizing radiation produces ____ primarily by ejecting electrons from the atoms comprising the tissues.

biological damage

44.uantity that is used for radiation protection purposes to provide a measure of the overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiation. Effective dose takes into account the dose from all types of ionizing radiation (e.g., alpha, beta, gamma, x-ray) to various irradiated organs or tissues in the human body (skin, gonadal tissue, thyroid). By including a specific weighting factor for each of those parts of the body mentioned, EfD takes into account the chance or risk of each of those body parts to develop a radiation-induced cancer (or in the case of the reproductive organs, the risk of genetic damage).

effective dose (EfD)

45.Radiation composed of interacting, varying electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space at the speed of light. Examples include radio waves, microwaves, visible light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and gamma rays.

electromagnetic radiation

46. The full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves.

electromagnetic spectrum

47 Electric and magnetic fields that fluctuate rapidly as they travel through space, including radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and x-rays.

electromagnetic wave

56. As opposed to x-rays and gamma rays, which are electromagnetic radiations, particulate radiation is a form of radiation that includes alpha particles (nuclei of helium), beta particles (electrons), neutrons, and protons that are ejected from atoms at very high speeds.

particulate radiation

58. The amount of radiation received by an individual. The amount of energy transferred to electrons in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation is the basis of this concept.

radiation dose

60. Isotopes of a particular element that are unstable because of their neutron-proton configuration

radioisotope

61.An unstable nucleus that emits one or more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability. The emissions may include alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.

radionuclides

18. The EPA considers ____ to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States.

radon

9. Equivalent dose (EqD) takes into account the ___ that was absorbed. It provides an overall_____ that includes the different degrees of ____ interaction that could be caused by the different types of radiation. The ____ is the most common unit of measure of equivalent dose.

type of radiation dose value tissue millisievert (mSv)

32.Explain the concepts of effective dose what unit is it expressed in

Therefore the contribution of radiation absorbed dose that affects different organs and organ systems, as well as the type of ionizing radiation that caused the dose, is considered in deriving the effective dose (EfD). The effective dose is intended to be the best estimate of overall harm that might be produced by a given dose of radiation in human tissue. It takes into account both the type of radiation and the part of the body irradiated millisievert (mSv

26. Draw a diagram to illustrate the electromagnetic spectrum, and explain how the spectrum can be divided for the purpose of studying radiation protection.

can be divided into two parts: 1. Ionizing radiation 2. Nonionizing radiation

43. Destructive radiation interaction at the atomic level results in molecular change, and this in turn can cause ____, leading to abnormal cell function or even entire loss of cell function.

cellular damage

15. Manmade sources include

consumer products containing radioactive material, air travel, nuclear fuel, atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing, nuclear power plant accidents whatever their origin, and medical radiation from diagnostic x-ray machines and radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine procedures.

24. The amount of ionizing radiation actually received by a patient from a diagnostic x-ray procedure may be indicated in terms such as _____, _____, and ____. In pregnant women, ____ also may be estimated.

entrance skin exposure (ESE) bone marrow dose gonadal dose fetal dose

48.radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation. This quantity attempts to numerically specify the differences in transferred energy and therefore potential biologic harm that are produced by different types of radiation. EqD is the product of the average absorbed dose in a tissue or organ in the human body and its associated radiation weighting factor chosen for the type of radiation in question. Equivalent dose enables the calculation of the effective dose (EfD).

equivalent dose (EqD)

17. The most recently available data show that 37% of natural background radiation exposure comes primarily from the ____, ___, and to a much lesser degree from the

gaseous radionuclide radon radionuclide thoron.

2.For radiation protection purposes, the electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into two categories: _____ and ____.

ionizing radiation nonionizing radiation

33.Explain how ionizing radiation can cause biologic damage in body tissue

ionizing radiation produces biologic damage primarily by ejecting electrons from the atoms comprising the tissues Destructive radiation interaction at the atomic level results in molecular change, and this in turn can cause cellular damage, leading to abnormal cell function or even entire loss of cell function.

50.Atoms that have the same number of protons within the nucleus but have different numbers of neutrons (e.g., helium-3 and helium-4, whose nuclei contain one and two neutrons, respectively). Radioactive isotopes of atoms that make up biologic materials may be used in medical imaging nuclear medicine studies.

isotopes

1. Radiation is ____ energy and exists in many forms.

kinetic

51. Ionizing radiation created by humans for various uses, including nuclear fuel for generation of power, consumer products containing radioactive material, air travel security, and medical radiation. Also called artificial radiation.

manmade, or artificial, radiation

52 A subunit of a gray equal to one one-thousandth of a gray (1/1000 Gy).

milligray (mGy)

8. Radiation absorbed dose is usually measured in units of

milligray (mGy).

53. A subunit of a sievert equal to one one-thousandth of a sievert (1/1000Sv).

millisievert (mSv)

13.Sources of ionizing radiation may be ____ or ___.

natural manmade

22. The total average annual EfD from ____ and ___ combined is about 6.3 mSv.

natural background manmade radiations

16.Although there has not been much change in the amount of ____ radiation to the US population since 1987, there have been significant _____ in the amount of radiation exposure resulting from medical imaging procedures such as CT scanning, cardiac nuclear medicine examinations, and interventional procedures.

natural background increases

54. Ionizing radiation from environmental sources, including radioactive materials in the earth, cosmic radiation from space, and radionuclides deposited in the human body via the food chain.

natural background radiation

55. Changes in blood count are classic examples of organic damage that results from nonnegligible exposure to ionizing radiation

organic damage

62. The first decay product of radium; a colorless, odorless, heavy radioactive gas that, along with its own decay products, polonium-218 and polonium-214 (solid form), is always present to some degree in the air. It comprises the largest component of natural background radiation.

radon

34.List and describe three sources of natural background ionizing radiation

•Terrestrial radiation from radioactive materials in the crust of the earth =The quantity of terrestrial radiation present in any area depends on the composition of the soil or rocks in that geographic region =radon • Cosmic radiation from the sun (solar) and beyond the solar system (galactic) =Cosmic rays are of extraterrestrial origin and result from nuclear interactions that have taken place in the sun and other stars. The amount of cosmic rays varies with altitude relative to the earth's surface. The greatest intensity occurs at high altitudes where there is less attenuation due to the low atmospheric density, whereas the lowest intensity occurs at sea level. • Internal radiation from radioactive atoms, also known as radionuclides, which make up a small percentage of the body's tissue =The tissues of the human body contain many naturally existing radionuclides that have been ingested in minute quantities from various foods or inhaled as particles in the air.