RADT-4: Module 5 Exam Review

All of the options

Compared to general diagnostic radiography performed in an x-ray room, imaging personnel receive the highest occupational exposure during which of the following procedures? A. Mobile radiography B. Fluoroscopy C. All of the options D. X-ray special radiographic procedures

Oversee the nuclear energy industry

The primary function of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is to

C

The reason for discontinuing patient gonadal shielding and fetal shielding in diagnostic radiology is based on research that the use of such shielding may jeopardize the benefits of the radiologic examination because (Type letter for answer) A. shields are now made of aluminum that will absorb less radiation. B. the gonads and embryo-fetus are relatively radioresistant. C. an incorrectly placed shield within the collimated x-ray beam when an automatic collimator is used, can result in the lead in the shield obscuring anatomic information or interfering with the AEC system. D. shields in the primary x-ray beam do not absorb radiation

Designated radiation safety officer of a health care facility

The responsibility for maintaining radiation monitoring records for all personnel and for providing counseling for individuals who receive monitor readings in excess of allowable limits belongs to the A. hospital administrator. B. designated radiation safety officer of a health care facility. C. director of human resources of a health care facility. D. radiologic technologist in charge of quality control

50% of the exposed population within 30 days

The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following are functions and/or responsibilities of the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)? 1. Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry 2. Regulates occupational exposure to radiation through Part 1910 of Title 29 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (29 CFR 1910) 3. Responsible for regulations concerning an employee's "right to know" with regard to hazards in the workplace

1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Which of the following are involuntary motions that cannot be willingly controlled? 1. Chills 2. Tremors 3. Muscle spasms 4. Pain 5. Active withdrawal

1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Which of the following are radiation-shielding design considerations? 1. The mean energy of the x-rays that will strike the barrier 2. Whether the barrier is of a primary or secondary nature 3. The workload of the unit 4. The use factor of the unit 5. The occupancy factor behind the barrier

1, 2, 3, and 4

Which of the following are reasons for unacceptable images? 1. Patient mispositioning 2. Incorrect centering of the radiographic beam 3. Patient motion during the radiographic exposure 4. Incorrect collimation of the radiographic beam

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following are responsibilities of a health care facility's administrative personnel to ensure an active and detailed radiation safety program? 1. Delegate operational funds in the budget for the radiation safety program 2. Oversee the development of policies and procedures the radiation safety program 3. Provide the equipment needed for starting and for continuing the radiation safety program

Cell survival curve

Which of the following curves illustrates the radiation sensitivity of a particular type of cell? A. Cell specialization curve B. Cell survival curve C. Dose-response curve D. Cell extrapolation curve

Radiation Effects Research Foundation

Which of the following groups is run by the government of Japan, primarily to study Japanese atomic bomb survivors? A. National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation B. Nuclear Regulatory Commission C. International Commission on Radiological Protection D. Radiation Effects Research Foundation

Adult nerve cells

Which of the following groups of cells is least radiosensitive? A. Adult nerve cells B. Immature spermatogonia C. Lymphocytes D. Nerve cells in an embryo-fetus

Beam direction factor

Which of the following is another term for use factor (U)? A. Occupancy factor in controlled and uncontrolled areas B. Workload factor C. Beam direction factor D. Protective barrier thickness consideration factor

Dose Area Product

Which of the following is essentially the sum total of air kerma over the exposed area of the patient's body surface? A. Equivalent dose B. Effective dose C. Absorbed dose D. Dose area product

Patient Motion

Which of the following is frequently a problem in diagnostic pediatric radiography? A. Patient motion B. Lack of availability of appropriate pediatric immobilization devices C. Lack of patience on the of the radiographer when imaging children D. Finding imaging equipment that can accommodate pediatric imaging

Carcinogenic syndrome

Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome? A. Carcinogenic syndrome B. Hematopoietic syndrome C. Gastrointestinal syndrome D. Cerebrovascular syndrome

A

Which of the following must always be the first step in protection of the reproductive organs? (Type letter for answer) A. Adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest B. Use of digital imaging equipment C. Use of a mobile protective shielding device D. Use of gonadal shielding

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

Which of the following procedures results in the lowest radiation effective dose to the patient? A. Digital pelvic radiography B. Abdominal fluoroscopy C. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry D. Digital abdominal radiography

B

Which of the following statements is true concerning patients who receive radiation exposure from a routine radiographic procedure such as a chest x-ray? (Type letter for answer) A. Patients are expected to sustain appreciable damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination. B. Patients are not expected to sustain appreciable damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination. C. Patients are expected to sustain some damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination. D. Patients are expected to sustain total damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination, resulting in fatality

B

Which of the following statements is true? (Type letter for answer) A. Medical imaging personnel always receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit. B. Medical imaging personnel hardly ever receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit. C. Medical imaging personnel absolutely never receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit. D. Medical imaging personnel almost always receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit

Stochastic Event

Which of the following terms involves a random effect of ionizing radiation? A. Reddening of the skin B. Early tissue reactions C. Stochastic event D. Change in white blood cell count

Roentgens and rads and rems

Which of the following units of measure are not SI units? A. Roentgens B. Coulombs per kilogram, grays, sieverts C. Roentgens and rads and rems D. Rads and rems

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following x-ray procedures increases the radiographer's risk of exposure to ionizing radiation compared to general diagnostic radiography performed in an x-ray room? 1. Mobile C-arm fluoroscopy 2. Interventional procedures that use high level control fluoroscopy 3. Mobile radiographic examinations

Tube housing, collimator, and high-tension cables

Which part(s) of a diagnostic x-ray unit should not be touched while a radiographic exposure is in progress? A. Radiographic table B. Exposure switch C. Tube housing, collimator, and high-tension cables D. Control panel

A

While standing behind the control-booth barrier, a radiographer makes a radiographic exposure. The x-rays scattered from the patient's body should ____________________. (Type letter for answer) A. scatter a minimum of 2 times before reaching any area behind the control-booth barrier. B. scatter only once before reaching any area behind the control-booth barrier. C. scatter a minimum of 10 times before reaching any area behind the control-booth barrier. D. not have enough energy remaining that will reach behind the control-booth barrier

Medical Physicist

Who should determine the exact shielding requirements for a particular imaging facility?

1, 2, and 3

Working in conjunction with their partners in other agencies, the FDA intends to take action to 1. promote safe use of medical imaging devices. 2. support informed clinical decision. 3. increase patient awareness

Workload

_______________ is essentially the radiation output weighted time that the unit is actually delivering radiation during the week

Thermoluminescent dosimeters

________________________ are the sensing devices most often used to measure skin dose directly

1, 2, and 3

Analysis of an imaging department's repeat rate 1. provides valuable information for process improvement. 2. helps minimize patient exposure. 3. improves overall performance of the department

B Lymphocytes

Antibodies are protein molecules created by specialized cells in the bone marrow called

D

Any image that must be repeated because of human or mechanical error during the production of the initial image is considered to be a repeat image. What effect does a repeat image have on the radiation dose received by the patient? (Type letter for answer) A. The patient's critical organs receive a radiation dose that is 10 times greater than the initial radiation dose. B. The patient's superficial tissues only receive a radiation dose that is four times as great as that of the original radiation dose. C. The patient receives no additional radiation dose. D. The patient's skin and possibly the gonads, if they were in the included imaged area, receive a double radiation dose

C

Because multiple bony areas span the entire body, the radiation dose absorbed by the organ called bone marrow (Type letter for answer) A. can only be measured to a small degree by a direct method. B. can be accurately measured by a direct method. C. cannot be measured by a direct method; it can only be estimated. D. is not of concern during any diagnostic radiography examinations

Late tissue reactions of ionizing radiation

Cataract formation, fibrosis, reduced fertility, and sterility are classified as

Slowly declined; Escalate

Among the atomic bomb survivors, the number of people living with leukemia has _______________ since the late 1940s and early 1950s. However, the occurrence rates of other radiation-induced malignancies continued to ___________ since the late 1950s and early 1960s

Not be postponed or selectively scheduled

According to the American College of Radiology (ACR), abdominal radiologic examinations that have been requested after full consideration of the clinical status of a patient, including the possibility of pregnancy, need

0.20 mSv

According to the U.S. Public Health Service, the genetically significant dose (GSD) for the population of the United States is approximately

Thymine

Adenine bonds only with

A

After some decades of experience with modern digital x-ray equipment and as a result of improvements in dosimetry estimates of the efficacy of shielding with modern equipment and techniques, professional and scientific societies are (Type letter for answer) A. modifying shielding practices in diagnostic radiology to discourage the use of patient gonadal shielding and fetal shielding. B. increasing the use of collimation of the x-ray beam in diagnostic radiology to eliminate the need for collimation. C. eliminating collimation of the x-ray beam in diagnostic radiology. D. abandoning the use of collimation of the x-ray beam and gonadal shielding in diagnostic radiology

4

A biologic reaction is produced by 4 Gyt of a test radiation. It takes 16 Gyt of 250-kVp x-rays to produce the same biologic reaction. What is the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of the test radiation?

Quantum noise, or mottle

A blotchy radiographic image that results when an insufficient quantity of x-ray photons reaches the image receptor is called

Scattered radiation above the tabletop

A protective curtain, or sliding panel, with a minimum of 0.25-mm lead equivalent, should normally be positioned between the fluoroscopist and the patient to intercept which of the following types of radiation? A. Exit or image-formation radiation B. Primary radiation C. Direct radiation D. Scattered radiation above the tabletop

1, 2, 3, and 4

A radiation safety officer in a health care facility must have sufficient authority, organizational freedom, and management prerogative to 1. identify radiation safety problems. 2. initiate, recommend, or provide corrective action. 3. stop unsafe operations involving by-product material. 4. verify implementation of corrective actions

460 mSv

Determine the cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 46 years old

Higher kVp, lower mAs

During a radiographic examination, which of the following combinations of technical exposure factors reduce patient radiation dose?

Significant

During cardiovascular or other therapeutic interventional procedures that use high-level fluoroscopy for extended periods, the effects of ionizing radiation on the skin are at most

Anaphase

During what phase of mitosis are the centromeres severed followed by the sister chromatids moving apart and are then subsequently pulled toward opposite poles of the mitotic spindle?

Fluoroscopy and x-ray special procedures

During which of the following x-ray examinations should a radiographer always wear a thyroid shield? A. Fluoroscopy and x-ray special procedures B. Routine mobile radiographic procedures C. During all digital radiography procedures and computed radiography procedures performed in an x-ray room D. General diagnostic radiographic procedures performed in an x-ray room

All of the options

Effective dose (EfD) limits may be specified for A. exposure of individual organs. B. all of the options. C. partial-body exposure. D. whole-body exposure

Cancer

Epidemiologic studies are of significant value to radiobiologists who use the information from these studies to formulate dose-response curves for making predictions of the risk of ____________ in human populations exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation

0.4 Sv

Epidemiologic studies of atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero have provided conclusive evidence of a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of severe intellectual disability for fetal doses higher than approximately

B

Essentially all diagnostic medical procedures result in fetal exposures ______________, so that _______________________. (Type letter for answer) A. greater than 5 Gy; the risk of abnormality is large B. of less than 0.01 Gy; the risk of abnormality is very small C. greater than 1 Gy; the risk of abnormality is large D. of less than 0.5 Gy but greater than 0.01 Gy; the risk of abnormality is small

Comparable to; Routine Fluoroscopy

For C-arm devices with similar fields of view, the dose rate to personnel located within a meter of the patient is ____________ the dose rate to personnel from ______________

Use Factor

For primary radiation, what is the term that represents a portion of beam-on time that the x-ray beam is directed at a primary barrier during the week?

Dizygotic twins

Fraternal twins may also be referred to as

Not demonstrate the effect

If a certain dose of radiation produces a skin burn, a higher dose of radiation will cause the skin burn to be more severe; however, a dose below the threshold level for skin burn will

C

If a person receives radiation exposure sufficient to cause the gastrointestinal syndrome, fatality occurs primarily as a result of (Type letter for answer) A. meningitis. B. convulsive seizures. C.catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal track. D. edema in the cranial vault

It decreases by a factor of 9 at the new distance

If the intensity of the x-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source, how does the intensity of the x-ray beam change when the distance from the source of radiation and a measurement point is tripled?

0.25-mm thickness of lead

If the peak energy of the x-ray beam is 100 kVp, a protective lead apron must be the equivalent to at least which of the following measures? A. 1.5-mm thickness of lead B. 1.0-mm thickness of lead C. 0.5-mm thickness of lead D. 0.25-mm thickness of lead

William Herbert Rollins

In 1898, after suffering severe burns attributed to accumulated radiation exposure, this Boston dentist began investigating the potential hazards of radiation exposure and became the first known determined advocate of radiation protection was

1 Gy

In the SI system, an energy absorption of 1 J/kg of matter in the irradiated object equals which of the following? A. 10 Sv B. 1 Gy C. 5 C/kg D. 1 mSv

B

In the event that a pregnant patient is inadvertently irradiated (Type letter for answer) A. the radiographer performing the examination should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. B. the radiation safety officer or the medical physicist should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. C. the imaging department manager should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. D. the administrator of the hospital or imaging facility should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose

D

In which of the following human populations is the risk for causing a radiation-induced cancer not directly measurable? (Type letter for answer) A. Both B and C. B. Chernobyl radiation accident victims living in contaminated villages. C. Atomic bomb survivors. D. All patients in diagnostic radiology subjected to a radiation dose below 0.1 Sv

1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Motion controlled by will is classified as voluntary motion. Lack of such control may be attributed to which of the following? 1. The patient's age 2. Breathing patterns or problems 3. Physical discomfort 4. Fear of the examination 5. Mental instability

Spontaneous mutations

Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called

1, 2, and 3

Neglecting to use standardized technique charts necessitates estimating the technical exposure factors, which may result in 1. poor-quality images. 2. repeat examinations. 3. additional and unnecessary exposure of the patient

Fighting Infection

Neutrophils play an essential role in

D

The effective dose (EfD) limiting system is (Type letter for answer) A. a method used by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to determine whether users of radioactive substances are in compliance with the provisions of their license. B. responsible for the development of the radiation hormesis theory. C. a method used by the Federal Drug Administration to conduct an ongoing product radiation control program. D. the current method for controlling the risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and the general public from radiation exposure

15 mSv

The effective dose (EfD) occupational limit for the lens of the eye is

1 mSv

Occasional exposure for the purpose of education and training is permitted, provided that special care is taken to ensure that the annual effective dose limit of ____________ is not exceeded for persons under the age of 18 years

Genetically significant dose

Occupational exposure of the radiographer can be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) through individual monitoring and other protective measures and the use of protective devices. Therefore, because exposure from radiation-related jobs will not alter the ______________________, radiation workers may receive a larger equivalent dose than members of the general population

1, 2, and 3

Of the following radiologic procedures, which is (are) considered nonessential? 1. A chest x-ray examination automatically scheduled on admission to the hospital 2. Lumbar spine x-ray examination as part of a pre-employment physical 3. Whole-body computed tomography (CT) screening

A

Reducing the field size to the anatomic features of interest not only reduces patient exposure but also (Type letter for answer) A. increases completed image quality by decreasing scatter. B. decreases completed image quality by increasing scatter. C. increases completed image quality by increasing scatter. D. decreases completed image quality by decreasing scatter

A

The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that (Type letter for answer) A. any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. B. only critical organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. C. only the reproductive organs in the male and female human are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. D. no organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from radiation exposure to ionizing radiation

Create more rigorous radiation protection standards

Revised concepts of the risks of radiation exposure have brought about changes in NCRP recommendations for limits on exposure to ionizing radiation over a number of decades. Because many conflicting views exist on assessing the risk of cancer induction from low-level radiation exposure, the trend has been to

0.35 mm

Scattered radiation to the lens of the eyes of diagnostic imaging personnel can be substantially reduced by the use of protective eyeglasses fitted with optically clear lenses that contain a minimal lead equivalent protection level of

1 and 3

Secondary radiation includes 1. leakage radiation. 2. primary radiation. 3. scatter radiation

10%

Some mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously, without a known cause. In humans, a hereditary disorder is present in approximately _________ of all live births in the United States.

1 and 2

Specific area shielding may be selectively used during some x-ray procedures to protect which of the following? 1. Lens of the eye 2. Breast 3. Upper extremities 4. Lower extremities

1 mSv

The maximum weekly permitted equivalent dose for a controlled area must not exceed

0.2 Gy

Studies of groups such as the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima have shown that damage to the newborn is unlikely for doses below

Ionizing radiation and potential risk

The ALARA concept adopts an extremely conservative model concerning the relationship between

1, 2, and 3

The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposures from a variety of sources, including 1. radioactive materials. 2. radiation-producing machines. 3. radiation accidents

1 mSv; 5 mSv

The annual effective dose limit for individual members of the general population not occupationally exposed is ___________ for continuous or frequent exposures from artificial sources other than medical irradiation and natural background and ____________ for infrequent annual exposure

1 and 2

The cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit does not include 1. exposure acquired as a consequence of a radiation worker's undergoing medical imaging procedures. 2. radiation exposure from natural background radiation. 3. radiation exposure received while radiographers perform imaging procedures on patients

1/10-3/10

To define ALARA, health care facilities usually adopt investigation levels, defined as level I and level II. In the United States, these levels are traditionally _______ to ______ the applicable regulatory standards

C

To ensure that the lifetime risk of occupationally exposed persons remains acceptable, an additional recommendation is that the lifetime effective dose in mSv should not exceed (Type letter for answer) A. 20 times the occupationally exposed person's age in years. B. 5 times the occupationally exposed person's age in years. C. 10 times the occupationally exposed person's age in years. D. the occupationally exposed person's age in years

0.01 mSv/year

To provide a low-exposure cut-off level so that regulatory agencies may consider a level of effective dose as being of negligible risk, an annual negligible individual dose (NID) of ________________ per source or practice has been set

1, 2, and 3

Upper boundary safe radiation exposure limits for occupationally exposed persons are associated with risks that are similar to those encountered by employees in other industries that are generally considered to be reasonably safe. These industries include 1. manufacturing. 2. trade. 3. government

A chromatid

What is a highly coiled strand that is one of two duplicated portions of DNA in a replicated chromosome that appears during cell division identified as?

C

When a pregnant patient must undergo a radiographic procedure, which of the following practices will minimize radiation exposure? (type letter for answer) A. Not collimating the radiographic beam to include only the anatomic area of interest and shielding the lower abdomen and pelvis when this area needs to be included in the area to be imaged. B. Selecting random technical exposure factors for the part of the body to be imaged and not collimating the primary x-ray beam to ensure full coverage of the image receptor. C. Selecting technical exposure factors that are appropriate for the part of the body to be imaged and precisely collimating the radiographic beam to include only the anatomic area of interest while shielding the lower abdomen and pelvis when this area does not need to be included in the area to be imaged. D. Opening the x-ray beam collimator shutters as wide as possible to ensure complete coverage of the image receptor

C

When a properly calibrated automatic exposure control (AEC) is not employed to obtain a uniform selection of technical x-ray exposure factors, well-managed imaging departments? (Type letter for answer) A. Estimate technical exposure factors for all radiographic examinations. B. Use technique charts borrowed from another imaging facility. C. Make use of standardized technique charts that have been established for each x-ray unit in that facility. D. Have the radiologist determine and set up all technical exposure factor charts

C

When a radiologic technologist declares her pregnancy to her employer, which of the following is appropriate? (Type letter for answer) A. The employer requires her to take a leave of absence until after the completion of the first trimester of the pregnancy and then return to her normal duties. B. The employer terminates her employment until after her child is born. C. She continues to perform her duties without interruption of employment, provided that she has received radiation safety counseling and follows established radiation safety practices. D. She is able to continue her employment but is not permitted to perform any radiologic procedures during the remainder of her pregnancy

0.8

When doors to radiographic and fluoroscopic rooms are closed during radiation exposures, a substantial degree of protection is provided for persons in areas adjacent to the room door. This is because in most facilities room doors have attenuation for diagnostic energy x-ray equivalent to that provided by _______ mm of lead

Is also reduced

When the time spent in a higher radiation area is reduced or limited, occupational exposure

Decreases

Whenever scattered radiation decreases, the radiographer's exposure

C

Which of the following adjustments in technical exposure factors decreases the production of scattered radiation during routine radiographic procedures? (Type letter for answer) A. Decrease kVp and decrease mAs B. Decrease kVp and increase mAs in compensation C. Increase kVp and decrease mAs in compensation D. Increase kVp and increase mAs

NRC

Which of the following agencies was previously known as the Atomic Energy Commission? A. ICRP B. NCRP C. FDA D. NRC

1, 2, and 4

Which of the following are early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation that were experienced by early radiation workers? 1. Diffuse redness of skin 2. Blood disorders 3. Organ atrophy 4. Intestinal disorders