RC 5 (RV)

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. CS + UCS; continuous CS + UCS; intermittent UCS alone; continuous UCS alone; intermittent

CS + UCS; continuous

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? fixed interval fixed ratio variable interval variable ratio

fixed ratio

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? fixed interval fixed ratio variable interval variable ratio

variable ratio

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior when a dog refuses to play dead

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. B. F. Skinner Edward Thorndike Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson

John B. Watson

According to Albert Bandura, ________. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What is the main idea of social learning theory? Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. associational instinctive processual reflexive

associational

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. continuous partial primary secondary

continuous

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. continuous partial primary secondary

continuous

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? conditions instincts operants reflexes

instincts

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? conditioning instincts learning reflexes

learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? conditioning instincts learning reflexes

learning

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. negative reinforcement positive reinforcement punishment punishment reinforcement

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response neutral response and a conditioned response neutral stimulus and a neutral response neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. latent observational Pavlovian vicarious

observational

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. classical operant primary secondary

primary

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily