RCC Nix Ch 20 Diabetes SLOs

What was type 2 diabetes mellitus previously called?

Adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes

What are the principles of a balanced diet for a person with DM?

Balanced diet of CHOs 45%-60%; Fiber 25 - 30 grams/day, Protein 15% to 35%; Fat no more than 25% - 30%, saturated fat <7%; cholesterol <200 mg/day; transfats are to be avoided.

What is the treatment for hypoglycemia?

Check blood glucose level to determine the amount of CHOs needed to raise blood glucose to a safe level.

What are the major characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Develops rapidly + tends to be more severe + unstable than other types of diabetes. Initial onset occurs in children + adolescents, but can occur at any age.

What was type 1 diabetes mellitus previously called?

Insulin-dependent diabetes or juvenile-onset diabetes.

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas.

What is the purpose of insulin in the body?

For glucose to be used by the cells, it first has to be taken out of the blood + transported into the cells. The hormone insulin allows glucose to enter the cell through the glucose channel.

What is the primary source of energy for the body?

Glucose

What are the major characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Has a strong genetic link + is more prevalent in older, obese individuals 40 + years. Also growing numbers of obese children are diagnosed with type 2 DM.

What is the difference between hyperglycemia + hypoglycemia?

Hyperglycemia is chronically elevated blood sugar or glucose from too much food, not enough insulin, illness, or stress. Hypoglycemia is dangerously low blood glucose from not eating enough food, too much insulin, or too little exercise.

What is the one common characteristic of all forms of diabetes mellitus?

Hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action , or both.

Describe the nature of the underlying metabolic disorder of diabetes mellitus.

Individuals with diabetes either do not produce insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin produced.

What is the treatment for hyperglycemia?

Maintaining blood glucose levels in normal range, control blood pressure, avoid/stop smoking, increase physical activity, eat a balanced diet, avoid alcohol consumption, loose weight if necessary.

What are the initial signs of diabetes?

Polydipsia (increased thirst); Polyuria (increased urination); and polyphagia (increased hunger). Also initial weight loss with type 1 and initial weight gain with type 2.

What are the possible long-term complications of poorly controlled DM?

Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, heart disease,

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

This form of diabetes results from an insulin resistance or insulin defect--the body is either not producing enough insulin or the insulin cannot be used.

How is type 2 diabetes mellitus managed?

diet, exercise to loose weight and control weight, and usually oral medications

How is hyperglycemia identified?

s/s polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, dry skin, blurred vision, drowsiness, nausea.

How is hypoglycemia identified?

s/s sudden shaking, rapid heartbeat, sweating, anxiety + irritability, dizziness, polyphagia, impaired vision, weakness, headache. Similar to alcoholic over-indulgence.

How do the characteristics of DM influence nutrition therapy?

type 1 DM must monitor + control glucose production by eating a balanced diet; type 2 DM must eat a balanced diet and control caloric intake with exercise.