RD Exam II

Which food would have the greatest amount of protein:

1 cup milk 7 grams

Megaloblastic/macrocytic anemia may be the result of which of the following: 1 B12 Deficiency 2 Folate deficiency 3 Lack of the intrinsic factors 4 Iron deficiency

1, 2, and 3

The essential metabolic roles of vitamin D require which functionally active form of the vitamin?

1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3

Pork must be cooked to an internal temperature of ......... chicken and internal temperature of .......... and ground beef and internal temperature of ..........

145 F, 165 F, 160 F Safe minimum internal temperatures. 145-pork, beef, veal, lamb, steaks, roast, fish. 160-ground beef, ground veal, ground lamb. 165 - turkey, chicken, duck

The estimated sodium content of a diet is 4000 mg of sodium. This is equivalent of mEq of sodium:

174 Meq

Daisy Jones puts out 5 grams of UUN. Plus, there is a constant loss of 4 grams. Intake in 24 hours is 70 grams of protein. Calculate nitrogen status.

2.2 grams N intake-N output=nitrogen status, N intake=70 g protein/6.25 g protein per gram N=11.2 grams N 11.2 g - (4+5) = 2.2 (positive)

The energy value of infant formulas is approximately?

20 kcal/oz *need 2.5 oz of formula per lb per day

The estimated ideal body weight for a 40 year old man, 6 feet 2 inches tall, with a large body frame is approximately:

210 lb 106 pounds for the first 5 feet of height plus 6 pounds for each inch of height over 5 feet - plus 10 percent for men with large frame sizes

The estimated potassium content of the diet is 77 mEq. This is equivalent to mg of potassium:

3003 1 mEq = 39 grams potassium

Using the exchange system, calculate the grams of protein provided by the following meal: 4 oz hamburger, 1 hamburger bun, ½ cup cooked broccoli, 1 apple, 1 cup skim milk

44 grams hamburger=28 (7x4), bun=6 (2x3), broccoli=2, apple=0, milk=8; total=44 grams protein

Ms. Rogers requires 1500 kcal to maintain her current weight. How many grams of protein does she require to maintain a calorie: N ratio of 150:1?

62.5 Calculate grams of nitrogen supplied per day (1 g N = 6.25g protein) Divide total nonprotein kcalories by grams of nitrogen

What is an example of a breakfast that would be served at a school breakfast program?

8 oz. milk, 4 oz. orange juice, 2 slices toast *school breakfast program must meet ¼ of DRIs for protein, Ca, Fe, Vitamin A, C, and calories; can be either hot or cold but must include milk, fruit or juice, and either two servings or bread, two meats, or a meat and a bread * ½ pt fluid milk, ½ serving of fruit or ½ cup full strength fruit or vegetable juice, bread or bread alternate (2 servings) OR meat or meat alternate (2 servings) OR one bread and one meat

Materials developed for general nutrition education should be written at a reading level no higher than what grade?

8th

Which of the following women is most at-risk of having a low-birth weight baby?

A 15 year-old with a BMI of 35 *risk factors for low birth weight babies: maternal weight (prior to pregnancy BMI either <18.5 or greater than 25) (during pregnancy either insufficient or excessive gain), maternal nutrition (deficiencies or eating disorders), socioeconomic status (poverty), lifestyle habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs), age (teens, especially 15 and younger, women over 35), previous pregnancies (many, short intervals between, previous history of problems, twins or triplets, low or high birthweight infants, development of pregnancy related hypertension, development of gestational diabetes, other chronic diseases (diabetes, heart disease, respiratory disease, kidney disease, etc) *low birth weight: infants who are 5.5 lbs or less, classified by gestational age, preterm born before fully developed, underweight, trouble breathing; LBW infants more complications during delivery, suffer greater chances of having physical and mental birth defects, contracting diseases, and dying earlier in life, connection between low socioeconomic status and low birthweight *very low birth weight: 3.5 lbs or less

If you replace half and half with whipping cream in ice cream, the effects on the ice crystals will be:

A decrease in size because there is more fat

When training new employees, what should always be followed?

A planned orientation and training program

Which is NOT a government agency?

AHA *EPA-Environmental Protection Agency *USDA-United States Department of Agriculture *FDA-Food and Drug Administration (part of DHHS)

Delegation of responsibilities to an employee allows the manager to share responsibility for a task.What is the best example of delegation?

Allow the employee to change procedures to achieve the desired outcomes

What secretions of the pancreas would work on digesting the bread from a peanut butter sandwich?

Amylase *Pancreatic amylase: enzyme that hydrolyzes amylose, a form of starch; enters SI though pancreatic duct, continues breaking down polysaccharides to shorter glucose chains and disaccharides *Maltase: breaks down maltose into 2 glucose molecules, from outer membranes of intestinal cells *HCl: hydrochloric acid in stomach, works to break down proteins, uncoil *Pancreatic lipase: from pancreas, act on TGs, remove outer FAs leaving a monoglyceride, sometimes remove all of FAs, leaving glycerol and 3 free FAs

Skin, nails, and hair are particularly high in sulfur because they are rich in which amino acids?

Arginine, histidine, cysteine and methionine

Which of the following is not a type of power that managers may use to exert influence over others?

Authoritative

The absence of reinforcement following an undesirable behavior is:

Avoidance

Two essential nutrients that are involved with blood clotting are:

Calcium and Vit K

Which pigment does not change color in an acid or alkaline solution?

Carotene anthocyanins (white)-bright red in acid and bluish in alkaline chlorophyll (green) - olive green in acid and bright green in alkaline carotene (yellow, orange) - little effect in acid or alkaline solution flavonoids (red, blue, purple) - bright red in acid and bluish in alkaline

The mineral element that is part of vitamin B12 is:

Cobalt

After a bill has been introduced in Congress, the bill is published in the:

Congressional Record *how an idea becomes law-issue brought to attention of legislative representative, bill drafted in proper language and style, bill is introduced by sending it to the clerk's desk where it is numbered and printed (HR or S, depending on house of origin), when the bill is introduced, the title is entered into the Congressional Journal and the text of the bill is printed in the Congressional Record, bill assigned to committee or subcommittee-works its way through both houses, bill revised during markup session, if House and Senate bills are identical can go to president to be signed into law, if bills different, then a conference committee have to work out a compromise bill, once president signs bill into law it becomes an act and is given the designation PL (public law) *before law goes into effect-reviewed by appropriate federal agency, responsible for issuing guidelines or regulations that detail how the law will be implemented and what penalties may be imposed if the law is violated, regulations are published in the Federal Register (weekly publication that contains all regulations and proposed regulations) and the CFR (compendium of all regulations currently in force)

Kidneys control PH by:

Controlling ratio of H ions to Bicarbonate excretion

Wilson's Disease is characterized by an excessive accumulation of which mineral in body tissues?

Copper

The TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) program, which assists families who are not able to provide basic needs for their children, is run by what agency?

DHHS *welfare reform in 1996 (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act), change welfare system from an income support based system to a work based system with a 5-year time limit on benefits, encourage self sufficiency, promote work, etc *as a result of welfare reform, TANF program replaced AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children); TANF replaces former entitlement programs with federal block grants to states, shifts authority to state governments, emphasizes moving from welfare to work through time limits and work requirements; under DHHS (prepare annual reports to Congress on welfare dependence indicators and predictors) *The purposes of the TANF program as described in section 601 of the Social Security Act are as follows: provide assistance to needy families so that children may be cared for in their own homes or in the homes of relatives; end the dependence of needy parents on government benefits by promoting job preparation, work, and marriage; prevent and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies and establish annual numerical goals for preventing and reducing the incidence of these pregnancies; and encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families. *TANF sets forward the following work requirements necessary for benefits: recipients (with few exceptions) must work as soon as they are job ready or no later than two years after coming on assistance; single parents are required to participate in work activities for at least 30 hours per week. two-parent families must participate in work activities 35 or 55 hours a week, depending upon circumstances; failure to participate in work requirements can result in a reduction or termination of benefits to the family; states, in FY 2004, have to ensure that 50 percent of all families and 90 percent of two-parent families are participating in work activities.

OSHA's responsibilities do not include:

Developing a better safety program for a facility

What is the first thing you do after a needs assessment?

Diagnose *Steps of community needs assessment: define nutritional problem, set parameters of the assessment, collect data, analyze and interpret the data, share the findings of the assessment, set priorities, choose a plan of action *Steps in program planning: review results of needs assessment, define program goals and objectives, develop program plan, develop a management system, identify funding sources, implement the program, evaluate program effectiveness *diagnose: similar to nutrition care process

After doing an assessment in an elderly patient you see that he is taking Thiazide. This drug has a food/drug interaction. What foods will you recommend?

Dried fruit, banana, potatoes, cantaloupes

A difference test in which two samples are judged against a control to determine which of the two samples is different from the control is called:

Duo-trio test

Which program helps to improve the health and diagnostic status of low-income children by providing healthcare services?

EPSDT *EPSDT (Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment)-part of Medicaid, states required to provide these services, improve health status of low-income children by providing health services not typically found under Medicaid, requires assessment of nutrition status and referral for treatment, states must develop protocols for identifying eligible children, informing them of program, and ensuring that referral, preventive, and treatment services are made available to participants; administered by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Office of Child Health; increased access to health care, improved child health; strict eligibility requirements *Team Nutrition-USDA nutrition education program, started in 1995, focuses attention on the important role that school meals, nutrition education and a healthful school environment play in teaching students the importance of good dietary habits and physical activity; 3 behavior focused strategies: training to food service professionals to prepare nutritious meals, promote nutrition education in schools, build school and community support for a healthful school environment

Which of the following is not a program of the USDA?

Elderly Nutrition Program *USDA programs-Food Stamps, Commodity Supplemental Food Program, The Emergency Food Assistance Program, School/Child Nutrition Commodity Programs, Food Distribution Disaster Assistance, National School Lunch Program, After School Snack Program, School Breakfast Program, Summer Food Service Program, Child and Adult Care Food Program, Team Nutrition, Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program, WIC, Farmer's Market Nutrition Program (WIC and Seniors), EFNEP *DHHS programs-Head Start, Elderly Nutrition Program (congregate and home delivered meals, must meet 1/3 of DRIs, 60+, no income requirements), Nutrition Services Incentives Program (cash and or commodities to agencies for meals served, adults 60+)

Which of the following is responsible for accelerating the ripening?

Ethylene

Which of the following study designs can best determine the effect of promotional techniques on cafeteria sales?

Experimental

Much of the energy needed for low intensity exercise is derived from:

Fatty acids *Fuels for exercise: CHO, fat, some amino acids; at rest and during daily activities-fats primary fuel 80%-90%, CHO 5%-18%, protein 2%-5%; during exercise amino acids provide little energy; only at end of long endurance event when glycogen stores depleted are some amino acids used (alanine-primary substrate for gluconeogenesis) *4 major endogenous sources of energy during exercise: muscle glycogen, plasma glucose, plasma fatty acids, intramuscular TGs; which one primary fuel depends on intensity and duration of exercise, level of exercise training, initial muscle glycogen levels, supplementation with CHOs through the intestinal tract during exercise *low intensity, 25%-30% VO2max-mostly from FAs and TGs, doesn't change over period of 2 hours (walking) *moderate intensity, about 65% VO2max, half FAs and TGs and half CHO (plasma glucose and muscle glycogen); at higher exertion levels fat can not be oxidized at a fast enough rate to provide enough energy, FAs require more O2 to be delivered by the CVD system, also transfer of FAs to mitochondria is slow, may be rate limiting event *high intensity, 85% VO2max, CHO use increases sharply, blood glucose and muscle glycogen become sole suppliers of energy *endurance training increase athlete's ability to perform more aerobically at the same absolute exercise intensity; trained muscle shows an increase in the # and size of mitochondria, also increase in CVD capacity, lung capacity and hypertrophy of type I muscle; activity of oxidative enzymes greater in trained individuals *ability to sustain prolonged moderate to heavy exercise dependent on muscle glycogen stores, depletion of glycogen major contributor to fatigue; CHO loading-can increase muscle glycogen stores, possibly improve performance in trained athletes in races of 30 km or longer

Guidelines or regulations that detail how a law will be implemented, and any penalties that may be imposed if the law is violated are published in:

Federal Register *how an idea becomes law-issue brought to attention of legislative representative, bill drafted in proper language and style, bill is introduced by sending it to the clerk's desk where it is numbered and printed (HR or S, depending on house of origin), when the bill is introduced, the title is entered into the Congressional Journal and the text of the bill is printed in the Congressional Record, bill assigned to committee or subcommittee-works its way through both houses, bill revised during markup session, if House and Senate bills are identical can go to president to be signed into law, if bills different, then a conference committee have to work out a compromise bill, once president signs bill into law it becomes an act and is given the designation PL (public law) *before law goes into effect-reviewed by appropriate federal agency, responsible for issuing guidelines or regulations that detail how the law will be implemented and what penalties may be imposed if the law is violated, regulations are published in the Federal Register (weekly publication that contains all regulations and proposed regulations) and the CFR (compendium of all regulations currently in force)

What deficiency of nutrients is related to increased levels of serum homocysteine levels?

Folate, B12, B6

A hospital dietitian attempting to implement the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative to enhance successful breastfeeding should first:

Form a multidisciplinary task force to develop an implementation plan

Carbohydrates listed in order of decreasing sweetness are:

Fructose, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol

Hormones that stimulate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose include

Glucagon and epinephrine *glucagon: break down of glycogen to glucose (fasting state) *epinephrine: hormone and neurotransmitter, catecholamine, from adrenal gland, modulates stress response, increases heart rate, contracts blood vessels, dilates air passages, "fight or flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system, produced from tyrosine and phenylalanine, AKA adrenaline *insulin: glucose to glycogen (fed state) *glucocorticoids (cortisol)-in fasting state stimulates gluconeogenesis, promotes uptake of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues (for gluconeogenesis), inhibition of glucose uptake by muscle and fat tissue, breakdown of TGs in fat tissue (FA for energy, glycerol for gluconeogenesis) *growth hormone: a hormone secreted by the pituitary, regulates cell division and protein synthesis needed for normal growth, release of GH mediated by GHRH *vasopressin: aka antidiuretic hormone-released by pituitary in response to highly concentrated blood, low BP, or low blood volume, kidneys respond by reabsorbing water, thirst mechanisms also triggered

A single 19-year-old female who lives alone with her divorced mother and 2 brothers is 6 months pregnant. She is 5'8" tall, weighs 120 lbs and has not gained any weight during her pregnancy. She hasn't been seen by a physician. Her hemoglobin is 9.0, hematocrit is 30. What should you recommend?

Have her see a doctor immediately *IBW=140, BMI=18.3, no weight gain-should have gained 3.5 lbs first trimester, an additional 12 lbs during second trimester *normal hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in pregnant women: 11 to 12 g/dl, >33% *hematocrit: percentage of RBC relative to plasma volume

The nation's goals for community nutrition can be found in:

Healthy People 2010 *Healthy People 2010: national health promotion and disease prevention agenda, national health agenda developed by a consortium of national health orgs, state health depts, Institute of Med, and US Public Health Service; from surgeon general *Two broad goals-increase quality and healthy years of life, eliminate health disparities; 467 specific, measurable targets or objectives, grouped into 28 broad focus areas (access to quality health services, cancer, diabetes, food safety, heart disease and stroke, etc) *Also includes a list of 10 public health priorities for the decade, known as Leading Health Indicators (examples-physical activity, overweight and obesity, tobacco use, etc) *Contains many nutrition related activities-diet contributed to many health related conditions targeted in Healthy People 2010 *Dietary Guidelines for Americans: published jointly every 5 years by DHHS and USDA, The Guidelines provide authoritative advice for people two years and older about how good dietary habits can promote health and reduce risk for major chronic diseases. They serve as the basis for Federal food and nutrition education programs. *Senior Citizens Nutrition Program: Title VII (1972) of Older American Acts (1965) -authorized funds for national nutrition program for elderly; Title III=Elderly Nutrition Program: improve older people's nutritional status and enable them to avoid medical problems, continue living in communities of their own choice, stay out of institutions; goals-provide low cost, nutritious meals, opportunities for social interaction, nutrition education and shopping assistance, counseling and referral to other social services, transportation services (Congregate and Home Delivered Meals programs) *HANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, first NHANES 1971-1974-designed to collect and disseminate data that could be obtained best or only by direct physical examination, lab and clinical tests, and related measurements (dietary intake, body comp, hematologic tests, urine tests, X-rays of hand and wrist, dental exams, other measures), target pop: civilian, non-institutionalized persons 1-74 years; NHANES II (1976-1980)- same types of data, pop: expanded to include 6 months to 74 years; NHANES III (1988-1994): nationwide sample, 34,000 people aged 2 months and over, expanded data collection; current NHANES (1999-), continuous survey, linked to related government surveys of US population (National Healthy Interview Survey ,CSFII), 2000-NHANES and CSHII integrated to National Food and Nutrition Survey (USDA, DHHS); dietary portion of new survey=What We Eat in America, done annually, about 5000 people in 12 month period, in-home interview, dietary recalls, health exams in mobile exam centers, oversampling of adolescents, older persons, low income people, pregnant women, African Americans, Mexican Americans

Which of the following is the most useful for evaluating long term nutrition in a community assessment program?

Height for age

Responsibility, recognition by management, and participation in decision-making are all considered true motivators by:

Herzberg

End products of the digestive process are: I Glucose, gylcerol, and carbon dioxide II Amino acids and polypeptides III Glycerol, fatty and amino acids

I and III only *digestion creates glycerol, FAs, amino acids, and monosaccharides No C02 is produced during digestions and Polypeptides would have to be broken down.

When baking at high altitudes, what ingredients need to be altered to ensure that the product will be adequately gelatinized and stabilized?

Increase liquid, decrease baking powder

Chromium is most commonly associated with:

Insulin and glucose homeostasis

All of the following are true about Vit K except:

It can only be obtained from food sources

The ..........includes duties involved on the job, conditions of the job and qualifications needed for the job while the ........reflects the required skills and responsibilities needed for the job.

Job specification, job description

In the past 5-10 years, food service costs have risen due to increased:

Labor costs

Identify the vitamin that is a hexose derivative and is closely related to the monossacharides:

Lack of hydrochloric acid and lack of intrinsic factor

What are the two main reasons why inadequate absorption of vitamin B 12 occur?

Lack of hydrochloric acid and lack of intrinsic factor

Nonenzymatic browning that occurs when a protein and sugar are heated or stored together for some time

Mailliard Reaction

Which of the following is a type of demographic management that provides control from within, establishes performance goals with the employees and focuses on participative leadership?

Management by Objective

The Vitamin found in Coenzyme A is:

Pantothenic acid

The best way to improve communication with participants in a nutrition education group would be to focus on:

Paraphrasing

The absorption of calcium is enhanced by:

Presence of lactose

An example of formative evaluation is:

Pretest quiz

You are developing a summer foodservice program for underprivileged children. You have identified that this is a need that has not been filled and have determined where your service will be offered. You are now assessing the market segmentation. You determine the social class of your target population. What category of market segmentation does one's social class fall under?

Psychographic variable

The pigment anthocyanin is found in which of the following vegetables?

Radishes and red cabbage anthocyanins (white) chlorophyll (green) carotene (yellow, orange) flavonoids (red, blue, purple)

The vitamin essential for conversion of tryptophan to niacin is:

Riboflavin

A Recent Nutrition-related bill has been revised by the appropriate committee and approved. Where is the bill sent next for debate?

Rules committee

Which of the following definitions states that authority and responsibility flow in a direct line vertically from the highest to lowest echelons?

Scalar principle

A disgruntled employee exhibits loud and disruptive behavior in the kitchen and appears to be out of control, even after the dietitian counseled the employee. The dietitian should:

Send the employee off the premises immediately and alert security.

The typical eating patterns for school-age children include:

Skipping meals *children will eat same food for every meal and then suddenly stop eating it

Which of the following methods is most effective for marketing a nutrition program to an inner-city, Hispanic population?

Spanish food demonstrations at local grocery store

Who is responsible for distribution of monies for Block Grants?

State government *Block Grants-grant from govt to state or local community for broad purposes (maternal and child health services or social services) as authorized by legislation (welfare-TANF, states given federal block grants), recipients have great flexibility in distributing such funds as long as the basic purposes are fulfilled; five federal block grant areas-maternal and child health, community services, social services, preventive health and health services, primary care

Sasha noticed after baking an apple pie that the crust was shiny and crumbly. What ingredient was probably not measured properly?

Sugar Too much sugar will result in coarse cells, thick walls, a shiny crust and crumbly product

A 13 month old child has a diet consisting of milk, fruit, and vegetables. What recommendation should you make first?

Suggest getting a hemoglobin value on the child *first need to find out if there is any real problem; diet may be providing child with all of nutrients it needs

Which would be the most appropriate meal for a person observing Muslim traditions?

T-bone steak, baked potato, corn, dinner roll, and coffee *Halal (lawful) versus Haraam (harmful); Islamic dietary law forbids-pork, blood, birds of prey, carrion, animals that were not properly slaughtered, food over which Allah's name is not pronounced, alcohol and other intoxicants *jello cubes (gelatin), beer, spare ribs all forbidden

In a study of the effects of saccharine, who received the placebo?

The group receiving the sugar In an experimental intervention, the experimental group receives the program or treatment. The control group does not receive the treatment or may receive a placebo. A placebo gives the aura but not the substance of a service (i.e. In a study of aspartame, sugar might be the placebo).

When you check for overrun, you are checking:

The weight of the ice cream

Cruciferous vegetables are rich in .......... a phytochemical known to detoxify a variety of carcinogens.

Thiols

Roman Catholic dietary laws state that no meat is:

To be served Ash Wednesday, Good Friday and Fridays during Lent

Which laboratory measurement can be used to assess hemochromatosis?

Transferrin saturation

Which amino acids is gelatin lacking, thus making it an incomplete protein?

Tryptophan

Serotonin, a neurotransmitter, is synthesized from which one of the following amino acids?

Tryptophan Methionine

Which of the following is poor management?

Two supervisors for one employee

Which government agency would you contact regarding food distribution?

USDA USDA-in charge of all food/commodity distribution programs

The transition of heat when cooking with an induction burner can best be described as:

Use of electrical magnetic fields to excite the molecules of the metal cooking surface

As a dietitian working in a long-term care facility, what supplement would you recommend for a patient with pressure sores?

Vit C and zinc

________ deficiency is manifested as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

Vit D

WIC provides food assistance to any pregnant or lactating mother or child under age 5, if:

WIC is not an entitlement program, and therefore can serve only as many people as its annual appropriation from Congress permits. *WIC program: provides supplemental foods to infants, children up to age 5, and pregnant, breastfeeding, and non breastfeeding postpartum women who quality financially and are at nutritional risk; financial eligibility-income, between 100% or 185% of poverty guidelines or below, nutritional risks, determined by health professional, three types: medical (anemia, underweight, maternal age, etc), diet based (inadequate dietary patterns), or conditions that make applicant predisposed to medically based or diet based risks (alcoholism, drug addiction, homelessness) *Services include: food packages or vouchers (protein, Ca, Fe, vitamins A, C), nutrition education, referrals to health care services *Not an entitlement program-caps on federal funds means that WIC can not reach all eligible persons

Decreased taste acuity, or hypogeusia, and poor wound healing arise from which mineral deficiency?

Zinc

A consulting dietitian hired by a local health club to develop a weight-control program knows of two similar programs in the community. The dietitian can best determine the potential success of the new program by first:

conducting a market analysis The market analysis includes the process of identifying a need, assisting potential clients in recognizing that need, and filling that need. The market analysis will allow the dietitian to develop the most appropriate program for the selected market.

The majority of protein digestion takes place in the:

duodenum

An appropriate measurement for iron status in a local WIC is:

hematocrit *hematocrit-Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells found in whole blood. This measurement depends on the number of red blood cells and the size of red blood cells. (easy test to perform, cost effective) Normal Adult Female Range: 36 - 46 percent Normal Adult Male Range 41 - 53 percent Normal Newborn Range: 49 - 61 percent

A child is found to be below the 5th percentile weight for height.

it is an indication of recent undernutrition *weight for height: detects short term changes in nutritional status (normal 10th-90th %), used to distinguish between stunting and wasting, <5th acute illness or wasting, >95th obesity*length for age: reflects long term nutritional status (normal 10th-90th), affected by long term nutritional stress or chronic illness; 3rd-10th or 90th-97th suspicious until proven otherwise, <3rd or >97th unhealthy until proven otherwise *weight for age: short term marker of growth (normal 10th-90th), affected by acute nutritional stress or illness, can not distinguish between stunting and wasting b/c does not include height

The phospholipids include which one of the following?

lecithin lipid, compd containing a 4-carbon ring structure with variety of side chains, examples-bile acids, sex hormones, vitamin D, cholesterol, adrenal hormones-cortisol

Which conversion requires glucose-6-phosphatase?

liver glycogen to glucose (breakdown of glycogen) *glucose 6 phosphatase: enzyme, hydrolyzes glucose 6 phosphate to glucose and phosphate group, final step in gluceneogenesis and glycogenolysis, free glucose can then be transported out of cell-maintain blood glucose levels *muscle cells do not have glucose 6 phosphatase

Block grants are given by the federal government to states and communities for broad purposes. The five federal block grant areas are:

maternal and child health, community services, social services, preventive health services, primary care *Block Grants-grant from govt to state or local community for broad purposes (maternal and child health services or social services) as authorized by legislation (welfare-TANF, states given federal block grants), recipients have great flexibility in distributing such funds as long as the basic purposes are fulfilled; five federal block grant areas-maternal and child health, community services, social services, preventive health and health services, primary care

Indicate the underlying acid-base disorder:

metabolic acidosis

What should most be encouraged in a Headstart program?

nutrition activities relating to food *Headstart: (DHHS, Administration for Children and Families; also Early Head Start)-increase the school readiness of young children in low income households, promote healthy prenatal outcomes, enhance the development of infants and toddlers and foster healthy family functioning; comprehensive child development programs served children from birth to age 5, pregnant women, and their families; health, education, nutrition, and social services are provided; eligible participants reside in households with incomes below the official poverty guidelines; provide meals and snacks as well as nutrition assessment and education for children and their parents

An interdisciplinary healthcare team has been formed to improve care for in-patients with diabetes. An appropriate outcome indicator would be:

readmission rates for patients with diabetes Since the goal is to improve care for inpatients with diabetes, the most appropriate outcome measure would need to pertain to patients who receive care and then leave the hospital. Thus, choice A is good outcome indicator because it can help measure the quality of the care the patients previously received.

The richest source of polyunsaturated fat is found in which one of the following oils?

safflower oil *most saturated: coconut, butter, beef tallow, palm oil, lard *most monounsaturated: olive, canola, peanut *most polyunsaturated: safflower, sunflower, corn, cottonseed

Which electrolyte is necessary for absorption, by way of active transport, of glucose and galactose?

sodium *absorption of nutrients into intestinal cells occurs by simple diffusion (water, small lipids), facilitated diffusion, or active transport *facilitation diffusion: specific carrier needed to transport from one side of cell membrane to the other (or carrier changes the cell membrane) *active transport: carrier loads nutrient on outside of cell, releases it on inside of cell-ENERGY needed b/c moving against concentration gradient *glucose binds with sodium on outside of cell (Na/glucose symporter), carrier moves glucose into cell, sodium pumped back out of cell-Na/K pump (creates/maintains sodium gradient)

Norepinephrine and ______________ are principal regulators of BMR.

thyroxin *thyroxin: a hormone of the thyroid gland that contains iodine and is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine; acts as a catalyst in the body and influences a great variety of effects, including metabolic rate (oxygen consumption); growth and development; metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, electrolytes and water; vitamin requirements; reproduction; and resistance to infection. *norepinephrine: catecholamine (fight or flight hormone released by adrenal gland in response to stress; contain catechol group and amine group, derived from amino acid tyrosine) both a hormone and a neurotransmitter; affects parts of the brain where attention/responding actions are controlled; with epinephrine, also underlies the fight-or-flight response-increases heart rate, triggers release of glucose from energy stores, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle *BMR: rate of energy use for metabolism (maintenance activities) under specified conditions (12 hour fast, after restful sleep, w/o any physical activity; kcal/kg body weight/hour); about 2/3 energy average person expends per day; affected by age (slows as age), height (higher in tall, thin people), growth, body composition (higher with more lean tissue), fever, stresses, environmental temperature (all raise), fasting, starvation, malnutrition (all lower), hormones (from thyroid-thyroxin), smoking, caffeine, sleep