RD Exam Review Questions
A client is very restless in her chair during a session. What do you say?
"Is this a bad time for you?" The client may be nervous about the session or something is on her mind. She is showing a sign of discomfort. Asking, "Is this a bad time for you?" shows her that you see her discomfort and are willing to reschedule when she is calm. Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
A tray line employee has the task of plating potato salad. The serving size of the potato salad to patients should be 1/3 cup. What size scoop should he use?
#12 scoop Scoop numbers are based on the number of scoops per quart. There are 4 cups in one quart, and therefore twelve 1/3 cups in one quart. A #12 scoop yields 1/3 cup. Domain 4: Procurement, Production, Distribution and Service
What are the conditions needed for rapid bacterial growth?
* There must be food present * The pH should be between 4.6 and 7.5 (in some cases, bacteria can grow outside this pH range) * Temperature must be appropriate (between 41 and 135 degrees F per ServSafe and between 40 and 140 degrees F per USDA is known as the danger zone where bacteria grow rapidly) * Sufficient time is needed (foods left in the danger zone for 4 hours or more are at risk) * Moisture needs to be present * If the microorganism is aerobic, oxygen must be present for growth; for anaerobic organisms, the absence of oxygen is required; and for facultative microorganisms, they can reproduce with or without oxygen
What is a non-directional hypothesis?
If the researcher hypothesizes there "will be a difference" between two groups.
What is the minimum and maximum levels of pH scale?
0 to 14 0 → highest acidity 14 → highest alkalinity 7→ Neutral Domain 1 : Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
4.2 kilojoules (KJ) When converting kilocalories to kilojoules, multiply kcal by 4.2. If converting KJ to kcal, divide the kilojoules by 4.2, or multiply KJ by 0.42 Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
1 kcal = ____KJ
What are the levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
1. Physiological - Most basic 2. Security 3. Social 4. Esteem 5. Self-Actualizing - Most complex
What are the six stages of change in the Trantheoretical Model?
1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance 6. Termination
1 kcal = ____ calories
1000 calories
How many oranges are needed to produce one quart of juice?
12
What is the ideal bodyweight of a man who is 5 foot 6 inches tall?
142 pounds Ideally, he should weigh about 142 pounds. For a man, we use a factor of 106 pounds for the first 5 feet + 6 pounds for each additional inch: 106 pounds + (6 pounds X 6 inches over 5 feet) = 142 pounds Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
How many grams of nitrogen are in a diet consisting of 100 grams of protein?
16 grams For every 6.25 grams of protein, there is 1 gram of nitrogen. Grams of nitrogen = grams of protein consumed in 24 hours / 6.25: 100 grams of protein in the diet / 6.25 = 16 grams of nitrogen. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
A TPN solution has a calorie to nitrogen ratio of 150 : 1. We know there are 18 grams of nitrogen from this solution. How many total calories are this TPN solution?
2,700 calories A calorie to nitrogen ratio of 150 : 1 means for every 150 calories, there is 1 gram of nitrogen. To find how many calories are in this solution, knowing there are 18 grams of nitrogen, multiply 18 by 150: 18 grams of nitrogen X 150 = 2,700 total TPN calories in this solution Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
According to My Plate, what is the recommendation for whole grains for each day for woman ages 31 - 50?
3 oz Equivalents My Plate suggests that woman ages 31 - 50 consume 6 Oz equivalents of all grains total. An equivalent generally refers to 1 Slice of bread, 1 cup ready to eat cereal, 1/2 cup cooked cereal, cooked rice,or cooked pasta. Domain 2 : Planning and Interventions
One fat exchange is equal to ____________ grams of fat.
5 grams of fat
How many foods make up the majority of all food allergies?
8 Known as the "Big 8", the following foods make up about 90% of all food allergies: * Milk * Eggs * Peanuts * Tree nuts * Fish * Shellfish * Soy * Wheat According to the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA), any processed foods containing any of these common allergens must be clearly listed on the label. This can be accomplished by an allergen statement declaring the allergens contained in the product or if the product is made on equipment as an allergen, or listed in clear language in the ingredients list. For example, the ingredients list may state "whole oats (contains wheat)". Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
At what reading level should nutrition education materials be written?
8th grade The general population typically reads at an 8th grade level. Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
What is isocloric?
A food is not intended to be eaten in addition to his daily caloric goal, rather to be part of his daily goal.
How much protein is needed for children between 4 and 8 years old ?
About 19 grams of protein per day.
What is the precursor of Vitamin A found in plants?
Beta Carotene Beta carotene is the vitamin A precursor (a compound that can be converted into an active vitamin) found in plants and is a powerful antioxidant. Beta carotene is also responsible for giving vegetables and fruits their orange color. Beta carotene, as with other carotenoids, is absorbed in the duodenum of the small intestine. Absorption of carotenoids depend on several factors, including its form (raw, cooked, or in supplement form), the simultaneous consumption of fats and oils with the carotenoid, and the current stores of vitamin A and beta carotene in the body. Beta carotene is naturally found in root vegetables (carrots, sweet potatoes, yams), fruits (mangoes, papayas, cantaloupe), and green leafy vegetables (kale, spinach). An over consumption of beta carotene-rich foods can lead to carotenosis, a nonthreatening condition of turning the skin orange in color.
What is a beta blocker?
Beta blockers may be used alone or with other medications to treat hypertension by slowing the heart rate and relaxing the blood vessels so the heart does not have to work too hard to pump blood.
Which growth chart is utilized for an infant when measuring length?
Birth to 36 months Use the appropriate chart based on age and gender. * When measuring length, use the growth chart for birth to 36 months * When measuring height, use a growth chart for 2 to 18 years Charts for birth to 12 months and 12 months to 36 months do not exist. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What is a feasibility study?
Can help to determine if a potential business is feasible from an operational and financial standpoint. This may help gather important data, such as: * Personnel needed * Market potentials * Facility specifics * Competition analysis The plan may be important if the business is in financial needs of investors for a business proposal. Domain 3: Marketing and Public Relations
What is catch-up growth?
Catch-up growth may also be called compensatory growth, and this is a method of rapid growth in infants and young children who were born prematurely, are small for their gestational age (less than 90% of ideal body weight), or had a health problem severe enough to prevent normal growth for a period of time.
When cooking cabbage how can the development of strong flavors be minimized?
Cook for a short period of time Keep the lid off Cook in a large amount of water
____________ is the process of removing the nitrogen-containing amino group from amino acids.
Deamination Deamination is the process of removing the nitrogen-containing amino group (NH2) from a compound, such as an amino acid. Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
___________ compares results to see how they compare to the planned objectives and goals of the organization.
Evaluating This is evaluation. If the results do not match up with the plans or objectives, the manager notices this and can make changes. Evaluation is a core component to the control process. Domain 3: Functions of Management
When is FPIES seen most often?
FPIES is most commonly seen in formula-fed infants and is typically provoked by cow's milk or soy protein based formulas. It can sometimes be seen in breastfed infants, possibly caused by the milk proteins passed from the mother's diet into her breastmilk. If an infant is breastfeeding, the mother should continue this practice but should try to eliminate dairy from her diet.
Which form of passage into the cell would fructose utilize?
Facilitated diffusion to pass the cell's lipid bilayer, because fructose is larger in size Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
In which circumstance would a Joint Commission survey be exempt from an unannounced visit?
Facility's first TJC survey Joint Commission (TJC) will post on their website the day of a survey to a facility. An organization is exempt from an unannounced visit in the following scenarios: * This is an initial survey for the facility * This is the first or second survey for a facility that chose the Early Survey Policy option * The facility follows the Periodic Performance Review (7-day notice) Domain 3: Quality Management and Improvement
True or false. The inspection for wholesomeness and the grading of meat and poultry is mandatory.
False The inspection and grading of meat and poultry are two separate programs within the UDSA. Grading → voluntary inspection for wholesomeness → Mandatory Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
Peanut butter can be classified under which category of the diabetic exchange?
Fat One fat exchange provides: * 5 grams of fat * 45 calories Peanut butter is also found in the high fat meat exchange. One high fat meat provides: * 7 grams of protein * 8 grams of fat * Approximately 100 calories Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
For a product to be labeled as "calorie-free", what must be true?
Fewer than 5 calories per serving "Calorie-free" refers to a food containing fewer than 5 calories per serving. Products containing 1/3 fewer calories than the comparison food may be labeled as "light". Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
How much fiber should be included in a heart healthy diet?
Fiber intakes between 25 to 30 grams daily with special emphasis on soluble fiber, about 7 to 13 grams per day
According to the Nutrient Standard Menu Planning (NSMP), what nutrients DO NOT have a target goal for school lunch menus?
Fiber, cholesterol, and sodium Although the standards do not set target goals for cholesterol, sodium and dietary fiber, the goal is to try and reduce cholesterol and sodium and increase fiber. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
Which formula do you use for the break-even point (BEP) in dollar sales?
Fixed Cost / [1 - (Variable Cost / Sales)] This formula can be shortened. Using the this part in the original formula, "Variable Cost / Sales" is also known as the Variable Rate, so the original formula now can look like this: Fixed Cost / (1 - Variable Rate) Shortening again, "1 - Variable Rate" is also known as the Contribution Rate, which can result in the formula looking like this: Fixed Cost / Contribution Rate Domain 3: Marketing and Public Relations
What is a flavonoid ?
Flavanoids are a class of phytochemicals, which are naturally-occurring, non-nutrient compounds in plant foods that have beneficial uses in the body.
What is FPIES?
Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome. FPIES is a non-IgE mediated type of food allergy that affects the GI tract, specifically an inflammation of both the small intestine and the colon with symptoms typically resulting in profound vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. If left untreated, the symptoms can lead to severe lethargy and changes in body temperature and blood pressure.
Amputation Percentages
Hand - 0.7% Forearm plus hand - 2.3% Entire arm - 5.0% Foot - 1.5% Lower leg plus foot - 5.9% Entire leg - 16.0%
Using the Exchange List, how many grams of fat are in a high fat meat?
High Fat Meat contains 8 or more grams of total fat.
What substances are absorbed in the stomach?
In the stomach, absorption occurs to alcohol, some drugs such as aspirin, water, and some minerals such as iodine, copper and fluoride.
Which foods are most likely to cause an allergic reaction?
Known as the "Big 8", the following foods make up about 90% of all food allergies: * Milk * Eggs * Peanuts * Tree nuts * Fish * Shellfish * Soy * Wheat Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
What is a risk factor for dehydration during exercise?
Losing more than 2% of the bodyweight during exercise is a risk factor of dehydration.
What fats are liquids at room temperature ?
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. The more saturated a fat is, the harder it is at room temperature. Monounsaturated fatty acids lack two hydrogen atoms and has one double bond between carbon atoms. Polyunsaturated fatty acids lack four or more hydrogen atoms and has two or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
What is the weight, measure and number of servings in a size 10 can? How many cans are in a case?
Net Weight - 6 lb 9oz Measure - 13 cups Number of servings - 20-25 6 cans in a cases
As a manager what do you do if a union member is discussing the benefits of the union to a non-union employee?
Nothing You are not allowed to interfere in this situation. The union member is free to talk about the activities of the union to non-union members. Domain 3: Human Resources
Which type of hypothesis is this? "There will be no difference in the bodybuilders' 1-rep max for bench press between the creatine group and the control group."
Null hypothesis Domain 1: Research Applications
What is a Nutrition Screening?
Nutritional screening is the process of identifying patients who are already malnourished or at risk of becoming malnourished
___________ is determining what tasks and skills are required to achieve certain objectives, and then allocating the available resources to meet these goals.
Organizing Organizing is a function of management where the manager determines what tasks and skills are required to achieve certain objectives, and then he or she allocates the available resources to meet these goals. With proper organizing, a proper framework of the jobs and activities can be created. Domain 3: Functions of Management
When cooking broccoli in lemon juice, the color of the broccoli turns a dull, olive-green color. This is a result of the chlorophyll pigment chemically changing to:
Pheophytin Chlorophyll is the green-colored pigment found in many vegetables, such as broccoli, green beans, peas, asparagus, etc. Chlorophyll is insoluble in water. When plants with chlorophyll are added to acid (such as lemon juice), the chlorophyll is chemically changed to pheophytin, which can result in the vegetable turning an olive-green color. This can also occur if the vegetable is cooked for an extended amount of time.
What is the half life of prealbumin?
Prealbumin has a half-life of about 2 days.
What is elastin? How does it react to heat?
Protein found in ligaments and cartilage It is resistant to heat there is little change with cooking
What is the end product of glycolysis if there is sufficient oxygen available?
Pyruvate The 6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-carbon compounds. Energy is released as ATP (a net production of 2 ATP molecules). The process of glycolysis ends with the production of pyruvate. If there is a shortage of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
Which bacteria is to blame if a person gets sick from eating undercooked meat and notices symptoms as soon as 6 hours?
Salmonella You would suspect salmonella since the incubation period is 6 to 48 hours. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, and headache. Salmonella is usually found in most undercooked meat products, but also can be found in anything cross-contaminated with an infected food. Domain 4: Sanitation and Safety
What lab test are used most often to determine protein stores in the body?
Serum albumin and prealbumin levels are generally used.
Which assessment tool is based on historical data and data from the physical exam and rates the patient as well nourished, moderately malnourished or severely malnourished ?
Subjective Global Assessment Assesses nutritional status based on historical, symptomatic and physical parameters. Historical data collected includes : 1. Weight changes over the past 2 weeks and 6 months, 2. Dietary intake changes (type and consistency), 3. GI symptoms presiding over 2 weeks, 4. Functional capacity (ambulatory or beridden ), 5. Stress level of the patient. Physical assessment ranking normal=0, mild = +1 , moderate = +2, severe = +3. Loss of subcutaneous fat in triceps and chest , muscle wasting quads and deltoids, ankle edema, sacral edema, ascites. Domain 2 : Screening and Assessment
In a study testing the effects of artificial sweeteners, the group that is assigned the placebo receives ______________ .
Sugar The placebo group will receive the sugar because sugar is not an artificial sweetener. This group serves as the control group for this experiment. They are not told what they are receiving. If the subjects know if they are taking the actual product or the placebo, they may act differently and skew the data. Domain 1: Research Applications
What would be an inhibitor of iron absorption?
Tannic Acid, Phytates and Fibers Tannic Acid are found in tea, coffee, nuts, and some fruits and vegetables Phytates and Fibers compete with iron for absorption and are Found in whole grain cereals and nuts, and calcium and phosphorus in milk Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
How will skills change as you move up in a management position?
Technical skills decrease and conceptual skills increase Technical skill is most important at lower levels of management, and it becomes less important at higher levels. The importance of conceptual skill increases with movement up in ranks of the organization. More decisions that may affect the company become involved at higher levels of management. Domain 3: Human Resources
___________ are examples of tenderizers in a cake.
Tenderizers include fat, egg yolk, sugar, leaveners, and acids. Leaveners include baking soda, baking powder, air, and steam. These extend the shelf life of the finished product. Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
What is the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative?
The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative helps hospitals with successful breastfeeding and formula feeding tactics. BFHI also gives special recognition to hospitals and birthing facilities who follow their Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding and the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes documents. BFHI encourages and recognizes hospitals and birthing centers who offer an optimal level of care for infant feeding and mother-baby bonding.
Using the Exchange List, how many grams of fat are in a lean fat meat?
The Lean Meat and Substitutes category is classified by containing 3 grams of fat.
What is the SMOG formula?
The SMOG formula is a way to determine the reading level of educational materials, such as a brochure.
What causes meat to change colors?
The oxidation of Myoglobin
What happens to vegetables once they are cut or processed?
They lose some nutrients once they are cut. Vegetables do lose some nutrients once they are cut or processed by some other method. Cutting, slicing, chopping or peeling fruits and vegetables reduces some of their nutritional value. Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
True or false. Raw, frozen chicken breast may be added directly to a pot of soup you are in the process of cooking without first thawing the chicken.
True When there is not enough time to thaw frozen foods, it is safe to cook foods from the frozen state. The cooking will take approximately 50% longer than the recommended time for fully thawed or fresh meat and poultry. Domain 4: Sanitation and Safety
What is the cause of osmotic diarrhea?
When there are unabsorbed nutrients or other substances that attract water to the colon and increase the waste water content. It may also be caused by high intakes of poorly absorbed sugars, such as sorbitol, mannitol, or fructose, from a lactase deficiency, and the ingestion of laxatives containing magnesium or phosphates.
What is a negitive correlation statement?
With a negative correlation, when one variable increases, the other decreases, or vice versa.
What fruits and vegetables produce higher levels of ethylene gas?
apples, apricots, avocados, bananas, pears, tomatoes, figs, guavas, grapes, green onions, kiwi fruit, mangoes, nectarines, papayas, peaches, peppers, pineapples, plantains, plums, and melons
What are some of the mineral we need in larger amounts?
calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium,
How does the aging process effect the lactose content of cheese?
during the aging process of cheese, the lactose content is reduced. Some cheeses, such as cheddar cheese, may be tolerated well by people with lactose sensitivity.
What are some common trace minerals?
iron, iodine, zinc, and chromium
How are mEq converted to mg?
mg = mEq X atomic weight / valence Example mg = 19 mEq potassium X 39 atomic weight / valence of 1 mg = 741 mg of potassium
What is osmosis ?
osmosis is where water is the substance in motion. Water moves from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. Or, if we look at this from the standpoint of the solute concentrations, water moves towards the area that has a higher concentration of solutes.
What is an example of soluble fiber?
pectin Soluble fiber includes pectins, gums and mucilages. This fiber occurs in higher concentration in fruits, oats, barley and legumes. Soluble fiber is important because it: * Delays the stomach's emptying and transit of chyme through the intestine * Delays glucose absorption * Can help lower cholesterol Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
A diagnostic-related group (DRG) allows $1,200 for a gastric by-pass procedure with a 3-day stay. The patient is discharged in 2 days. How much does the hospital receive?
$1,200 A diagnostic-related group is a system of classifying inpatient stays for purposes of payment. The amount for the procedure is a set price. If a hospital discharges early, a profit is made. This hospital will receive $1,200 if the patient is released early, and the same amount if the patient stays longer. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What is the dollar amount you will need to reach your break-even point (BEP), if your sales = $40,000, variable costs (VC) = $24,000, and fixed costs (FC) = $8,000?
$20,000 The formula for BEP in dollar sales is: Fixed Cost / [1 - (Variable Cost / Sales)]. Adding in the variables: BEP = $8,000 fixed cost / [1 - ($24,000 variable cost / $40,000 sales)] BEP = $8,000 fixed cost / [1 - 0.6] BEP = $8,000 fixed cost / [0.4] BEP = $20,000 You need to make $20,000 to break even. Domain 3: Marketing and Public Relations
The cafeteria reported the yearly sales to be $172,477 with a profit margin of 16% and labor cost percentage of 35%. What was the net profit of for the year?
$27,596.32 To find the net profit, simply multiply the profit margin by the total sales: $172,477 total sales X 0.16 profit margin = $27,596.32 The labor cost percentage factor is not needed to be taken into account for this question. Domain 3: Financial Management
A facility operates with a 45% food cost. A menu item has a raw food cost of $1.50, and it takes an employee 30 minutes at $6.50/hour to prepare. What is the traditional selling price of the menu item?
$3.33 The amount of time to prepare and the hourly rate of the employee are irrelevant information for this question. Traditional selling price = raw food cost / food cost percent: $1.50 cost of food / 0.45 food cost factor = $3.33. This item will cost the consumer $3.33. Domain 3: Marketing and Public Relations
Given the following information, find the Contribution Margin (CM): Average sales price per unit = $7.50 Average Variable Rate (VR) = 0.36
$4.80 First find the Variable Cost (VC). VC = Sales price per unit X Variable Rate (VR): $7.50 sales price per unit X 0.36 variable rate = $2.70 variable cost Then Contribution Margin (CM) = Sales price - Variable Cost (VC): $7.50 sales price per unit - $2.70 variable cost = $4.80 contribution margin Domain 3: Financial Management
The raw food cost of an item is $3.00. If you choose a 40% food cost, what will be the selling price?
$7.50 There are two ways of calculating the selling price of an item with this given information. Using the pricing factor method, you first need to find the pricing factor. To do this, divide the food cost percent into 100: 100 / 40 food cost percent = 2.5 pricing factor You would then multiply this factor by the raw food cost: $3.00 raw food cost x 2.5 pricing factor = $7.50 selling price of the item The simplified formula for selling price = food cost / food cost percent: $3.00 raw food cost / 0.40 food cost percent = $7.50 selling price Remember, the organization wants to make a profit, so the selling price would always be higher than the raw food cost. Domain 4: Menu Development
According to My Plate, what would count as a one ounce (1 oz) equivalent from the Protein group?
* 1/4 cup cooked dry beans * 1 oz meat, poultry or fish * 1/4 cup cooked dry beans * 1 whole egg (white + yolk) * 1 tablespoon of peanut butter * 1/2 ounce of nuts or seeds Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
What are the levels of LDL cholesterol ?
* A level of less than 70 mg/dL is ideal for people at very high risk of heart disease * Below 100 mg/dL is optimal for people at risk of heart disease * 100 - 129 near optimal * 130 - 159 is borderline high * 160 - 189 is considered high * 190 and above is a very high level
What is the function of a flavonoid?
* Act as antioxidants * Fight carcinogens * Bind to nitrates in the stomach and preventing the conversion to nitrosamines * Inhibit cell proliferation
What facilities receive a 7 day notice for a Joint Commission survey?
* Ambulatory care * Behavioral health * Disease-specific * Home care programs
When on a soft diet what foods should be avoided?
* Coarse, crusty and sticky, gummy foods * Foods containing nuts and seeds * Fresh fibrous fruits and vegetables * Dried fruits * Citrus juices and fruits * Gas-producing vegetables * Chocolate * Carbonated beverages * Alcohol * Foods with heavy seasonings * Fried foods * Tough meats
What are some common flavonoid?
* Flavones * Flavonols * Isoflavones * Catechins * Hesperidin * Proanthocyanidins * Quercetin * Rutin * Anthocyanin * Anthoxanthin Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
How is intestinal bacteria normally held to a minimum by the body?
* Gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzymes that have actions limiting bacterial growth * The normal propulsion action of the bowels helps to move bacteria into the distal bowel * The ileocecal valve helps prevent the migration of colonic bacteria back into the small intestine
One of your cooks suffered a burn during the dinner rush. How could this have been prevented?
* Insulating pipes on hot surfaces * Supplying employees with uniforms with sleeves * Requiring the use of hot pads * Using pots with handles * Providing a cooling area at the pot washing sink Domain 4: Sanitation and Safety
What are the functions of management?
* Planning * Organizing * Directing * Controlling * Staffing Domain 3: Functions of Management
What are the types of cohort studies?
* Prospective: Where none of the subjects have the disease being measured when the study begins. Data analysis happens after a period of time has elapsed * Retrospective: Where historical data for a group is evaluated. Some samples in the group have developed the disease, and some have not. Useful for determining who has the condition and when they developed it * Longitudinal: Involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time Domain 1: Research Applications
What molecules make up Sucrose, Lactose, Lactulose, Maltose, and Trehalose?
* Sucrose is made of a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose * Lactose is made of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule * Lactulose is made up of a galactose molecule and a fructose molecule * Maltose and trehalose are both made up of two glucose molecules joined together but differ in the bonding locations
Given the following information, find the contribution rate (CR): Sales price per unit = $7.25 Variable Cost per unit = $2.59
0.65 First find the Variable Rate (VR). VR = Variable Cost (VC) / Sales price per unit: $2.59 variable cost per unit / $7.25 sales price per unit = 0.35 variable rate Then find the Contribution Rate (CR): CR = 1 - VR: 1 - 0.35 variable rate = 0.65 contribution rate. Domain 3: Financial Management
A runner was hooked up to a metabolic cart to help determine his energy requirements, and he exercised for 30 minutes while hooked up. The cart illustrated his volume of oxygen consumed was 3.22 L/min, and his volume of carbon dioxide expelled was 2.78 L/min. What is the respiratory quotient (RQ)?
0.86 The respiratory quotient (RQ) is the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide exhaled to the volume of oxygen consumed. The formula for RQ is: RQ = volume carbon dioxide / volume oxygen Adding in the values: RQ = 2.78 / 3.22 RQ = 0.86 Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
When substituting 2% milk with skim milk, how many fat exchanges are omitted?
1 fat exchange Reduced fat milk, or 2% milk, contains about 5 grams of fat per serving. One fat exchange is equal to 5 grams of fat. Skim milk contains 0 grams of fat, so you would omit 1 fat exchange. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
About how much weight should a mother gain during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy?
1 pounds per week The mother should gain about 1 pound per week during her second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Half of this weight is dedicated to the baby, fluid, blood volume, and the placenta. The rest is the mom's weight, but not all is fat. Some of the weight gain is blood volume and breast tissue, along with some fat mass gained. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
What are common causes of a food borne illness?
1) Improper personal hygiene 2) Time-temperature abuse 3) Cross-contamination 4) Not purchasing from approved suppliers Food safety requires controlling time and temperature throughout the flow of food, practicing good personal hygiene, preventing cross-contamination, and purchasing food from approved suppliers. Time and temperature control begins at receiving, and moves through storage, preparation, cooking, holding, cooling, and reheating. With good hygiene, employees must wash hands properly after using the restroom, smoking, and touching dirty surfaces, hair, etc. prior to handling food. Clean clothing and routine bathing are mandatory as part of hygiene. And employees with cuts, burns, and sores should have these areas covered properly. With cross-contamination, again, employees must follow proper handwashing techniques after any of the scenarios mentioned above, raw or contaminated food should not come in contact or drip onto ready-to-eat foods, and food-contact surfaces must be cleaned properly before coming in contact with cooked or ready-to-eat foods. And approved suppliers should deliver goods at proper temperatures, use clean and refrigerated delivery vehicles (if applicable), have employees trained on food safety practices, and use protective, leak-proof, durable packaging. Domain 4: Sanitation and Safety
What are the protein needs for a patient on hemodialysis?
1.2 to 1.4 g/kg Protein needs are increased to about 1.2 to 1.4 g/kg as protein may be lost in the dialysate. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
A certain brand of yogurt is labeled as "light yogurt ". What must be true for this yogurt to be considered "light"?
1/3 fewer calories than regular yogurt Light →contains 1/3 fewer calories or 50% less fat Low Fat → 3g of fat or less Fat Free → contains less than 0.5 g of fat Domain 1 : Nutrition and supporting sciences
What percentage of a 4 year old's diet should be from protein?
10-30% Protein is essential in the early years of life as children are building a lot of bodily tissues. At 4 to 18 years old, the percentage increases to 10 to 30%. At 4 to 13 years, children's needs are about 0.95 g/kg. 13 + decrease to 0.8 g / kg Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
You determined a patient needs 2,570 calories and 80 grams of protein per day. How many grams of nitrogen is this patient receiving per day? Why?
12.8 grams The amount of calories in this patient's diet is unnecessary information for this question. One gram of nitrogen = 6.25 grams of protein. For this equation, divide the daily protein needs by 6.25: 80 grams of protein per day / 6.25 = 12.8 grams of nitrogen Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
What is the labor turnover rate if 6 employees in a department of 43 were terminated and replaced?
14% Employee turnover rate = number terminated / total number in the department: 6 employees terminated / 43 total number of employees = 0.139 This department has a turnover rate of about 14%. Domain 3: Human Resources
What are the minutes per meal yesterday if you had 6.3 full-time employees who served 190 meals?
15.9 Total labor minutes = number of employees X 8 hours per FTE X 60 minutes in one hour: 6.3 FTE's X 8 hours per FTE X 60 minutes per hour = 3,024 minutes of labor for yesterday Then take the total labor minutes and divide by the total number of meals served: 3,024 labor minutes / 190 meals served = 15.9 minutes to produce each meal Domain 3: Financial Management
How many net ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules are produced from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?
2 Initially, energy is required for this reaction. The cell uses two ATP molecules to begin the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate during glycolysis. There is a total gain of 4 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose, however, the net gain is 2 molecules of ATP. 4 total produced - 2 initially required = 2 net ATP Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
Which of the following pH levels indicates the highest acidity?
2 The pH scale ranges from zero to 14 with: * Zero being highest acidity * 14 being highest alkalinity * 7 considered neutral Out of these choices, a pH of 2 would be most acidic. Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
Beginning at what age are the Dietary Guidelines intended?
2 years The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are intended for Americans ages 2 years and older. The Guidelines are designed for these individuals and their families to consume a healthy, nutritionally adequate diet. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
Using the Harris Benedict Equation, what is the total energy requirements (TER) for a 135 pound man, 31 years old, 73 inches tall and is lightly active (use a 1.4 energy factor)?
2,300 calories The Harris Benedict equation is one of several methods to estimate a person's caloric needs. The standard equation for calculating resting, or basal, energy needs for men is: 66 + (13.7 X weight in kg) + (5 X height in cm) - (6.8 X age in years) When also calculating in an activity factor, the factor is multiplied by the end result of the basal energy needs, so the full equation will look like this for men: [66 + (13.7 X weight in kg) + (5 X height in cm) - (6.8 X age in years)] X activity factor Now we'll add in the variables: [66 + (13.7 X 135 pounds / 2.2) + (5 X 73 inches X 2.54 cm per inch) - (6.8 X 31 years)] X 1.4 = 2,272, or about 2,300 calories Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
Your fiscal year ends on December 31st. With the following information, what is your inventory turnover ratio? Annual sales for the year: $582,130 Year-end inventory value: $145,500 Annual cost of goods sold: $360,980
2.48 The inventory turnover ratio shows the number of times the inventory is used up and replenished during a period. A high ratio indicates that a limited inventory is being maintained by a company, and a low ratio shows that larger amounts of funds are tied up in inventory. The formula for determining the inventory turnover ratio is: cost of goods sold / average inventory value Plugging in the numbers: $360,980 cost of goods sold / $145,500 inventory value = 2.48 For this question, we do not need to account for the annual sales value. We can take this information a step further to see how many days it takes to sell the entire inventory with the equation below: (1 / inventory turnover ratio) X 365 days per year Plugging in the numbers: (1 / 2.48 turnover ratio) X 365 days per year = 147 days This means it would take approximately 147 days for your company to sell its entire inventory. Domain 3: Financial Management
A meal replacement bar provides 5 grams of fat, 23 grams of carbohydrates, and 12 grams of protein. What percentage of calories does the fat provide?
24% Fat provides 24% of the total calories in this meal replacement bar. First find out how many total calories are in this bar: * Fat: 5 grams X 9 calories per gram = 45 fat calories * Carbohydrates: 23 grams X 4 calories per gram = 92 carb calories * Protein: 12 grams X 4 calories per gram = 48 protein calories Then add these calorie levels together: 45 fat calories + 92 carbohydrate calories + 48 protein calories = 185 total calories Finally, divide the fat calories by the total calories : 45 fat calories / 185 total calories = 0.24, or 24% calories from fat Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
There are 29 employees on payroll for the month, and 8 were terminated before the end of the month. What is the employee turnover rate?
27.6% Turnover rate = number of separations / number on payroll: 8 terminated / 29 total = 0.2758, or 27.6% Separators can include employees who quit, were fired, or were laid off. Domain 3: Human Resources
A food label states there are 110 calories in 3/4 cup. A client tells you he ate 2 cups of this food. How many calories did he consume?
293 calories The client essentially consumed two full servings plus 1/2 cup of this food item. The easy method for calculating the calories is to divide the amount of food the client ate (2 cups) by the serving size (0.75 cup) to find how many servings he consumed: 2 cups / 0.75 cup serving = 2.67 servings Then multiply this by the amount of calories in one serving: 2.67 servings X 110 calories per serving = 293.7 total calories Here's another method for calculating the calories: * One 3/4 cup serving yields 110 calories * Two servings (or 1.5 cups) would equal 220 calories * To find the remaining 1/2 cup, we'll divide the calories in one serving by 3 to first find the amount of calories in 1/4 cup (there are 3 one-quarter cups in a 3/4 cup serving) * Multiply this number by 2 to find the calories in 1/2 cup, and then add to the two servings calories we found earlier: 110 calories in a 3/4 cup serving / 3 = 36.6 calories in 1/4 cup, or 73.2 calories in 1/2 cup * Now add this to the 220 calories in 2 servings: 220 calories in 1.5 cups + 73.2 in 1/2 cup = 293.2 calories in 2 cups Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
When developing a menu for school lunch, what is the maximum amount of total fat allowed over a school week?
30% of calories Similar to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, total fat may not exceed 30% of calories over a school week. Also, saturated fat must be less than 10% of calories over a school week. Domain 4: Menu Development
What is the body's homeostasis osmolality of the blood serum?
300 milliosmoles per kilogram (mOsm/kg) of water.
How many tablespoons are in 2 cups?
32 There are 16 tablespoons in 1 cup. To find the number of tablespoons in 2 cups, multiply by 2: 16 Tbsp per cup X 2 cups = 32 tablespoons Domain 4: Procurement, Production, Distribution and Service
How long does a facility have to submit an action plan after the Joint Commission issued a Requirement for Improvement (RFI)?
45 days At the end of a survey, the facility is issued a summary report from the surveyors. The final report will be provided in about 2 to 4 weeks. Any RFIs issued in the final report must have an action plan submitted no more than 45 days from the issue date of the final report. Domain 3: Quality Management and Improvement
How many units are required to be sold in order to meet your break-even point given the following information? Fixed costs = $30,000 Variable costs per unit = $4.00 Selling price per unit = $10.00 Desired profit = $18,000
5,000 units The formula for break-even point in units is: fixed costs / (selling price per unit - variable cost per unit) Adding in the variables into the formula: BEP units = $30,000 FC / ($10.00 selling price - $4.00 VC per unit) BEP units = $30,000 / $6.00 BEP units = 5,000 You will need to sell 5,000 to break even. The desired profit is not needed for this calculation as the question is asking how many units to sell to "break even". Domain 3: Marketing and Public Relations
1g of nitrogen =____________ g of protein.
6.25 g
You just bought a steak that weighed 1.5 pounds raw. After cooking it, the steak weighed 0.9 pounds. What was this steak's yield?
60% The raw steak is the As Purchased (AP) weight. The cooked steak is the Edible Portion (EP) weight. Yield percent = edible portion weight / as purchased weight: 0.9 pound EP / 1.5 pounds AP = 0.6, or 60% yield Domain 4: Procurement, Production, Distribution and Service
How much of the carrots were lost due to peeling and chopping if you started with 20 pounds and ended with 18.5 pounds to be served to customers?
7.5% This question is asking for the percent lost. You started with 20 pounds of carrots, which is the as purchased (AP) weight, and you ended up with 18.5 pounds, which is the edible portion (EP) weight. Divide the edible portion weight by the as purchased weight to first find the percent yield of the carrots: 18.5 pounds EP / 20 pounds AP = 0.925, or 92.5% yield, which means that 7.5% was wasted. Alternatively, you can first find the difference in weight: 20 pounds AP - 18.5 pounds EP = 1.5 pounds waste Then divide the waste by the starting weight: 1.5 pounds waste / 20 pounds = 0.075, or 7.5% Domain 4: Procurement, Production, Distribution and Service
How many milligrams are there in a solution of 19 mEq of potassium?
741 mg The atomic weight of potassium is 39. This is also how many milligrams are in 1 mEq of potassium (1 mEq K = 39 mg K). When calculating the mg from mEq, we also need to know the valence of the nutrient. Potassium has a valence of 1. Here is the formula to use: mg = mEq X atomic weight / valence mg = 19 mEq potassium X 39 atomic weight / valence of 1 mg = 741 mg of potassium Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
How many units must you sell to reach your break-even point (BEP) if your unit selling price = $7.00, the variable costs per unit = $4.50, and the total fixed costs = $2,000?
800 units The break-even point is the point at which the income and costs are equal and the business is not making or losing money. The equation for break-even point is fixed costs / contribution margin. We already know the fixed cost amount in this problem, which is $2,000. To find your contribution margin (CM), subtract the variable costs from the selling price: CM = $7.00 - $4.50 = $2.50 Now we can calculate the break-even point in units: $2,000 in fixed costs / $2.50 contribution margin = 800 You must sell 800 units in order to break even. Domain 3: Marketing and Public Relations
A research article states "the morbidity rate of children with anemia is 9 : 1,000". What does this mean?
9 children out of 1,000 were diagnosed with anemia Morbidity means a diseased state, a disability, or poor health in general caused by some factor. The morbidity rate can refer to the incidence rate or the prevalence of a disease or medical condition. In this example, 9 children out of 1,000 have anemia. Domain 1: Research Applications
A female patient is 5 foot 3 inches tall and has a full leg amputation (above knee amputation, or AKA). What is her adjusted Ideal Body Weight?
96.6 pounds It is estimated that a full leg makes up 16% of a person's total weight. Based on this woman's height, her ideal body weight is 115 pounds (before accounting for the amputation): IBW for women = 100 pounds for first 5 feet + (5 pounds for each inch over 5 feet X 3 additional inches) = 115 pounds To get her adjusted ideal body weight, we subtract 16% from her IBW: 16% of 115 pounds = 18.4 pounds 115 pounds - 18.4 pounds = 96.6 pounds adjusted IBW Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
You are counseling a family with an underweight 14 month old baby girl. Her current weight is 7.8 kg, current height is 76 cm, and you calculated her ideal body weight to be 9.2 kg. The DRI for calories for her age is 82 cals/kg/d. What is the amount of daily calories she needs for her catch-up growth?
97 cals/kg/d The formula for catch-up growth may be used to calculate energy requirements, protein requirements, and micronutrient requirements, and the equation is as follows: IBW in kg X DRI of the nutrient for age / actual weight in kg The question supplied all of the necessary data, so when we fill in the values, the formula is: 9.2 kg IBW X 82 calories per kg per day DRI / 7.8 kg actual weight = 96.7 This child needs about 97 calories per kg per day in order to catch up to her ideal body weight. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
How are styles of management determined using Blake's Managerial Grid?
A 1,1 has little concern for getting work accomplished and little concern for the employees A 1,9 style is little concern for work and a high concern for employees. A style of 9,1 is a high concern for work and little concern for employees. A 9,9 is a high concern for both work and employees. A style of 5,5 is in the middle and has moderate concern for both employees and work.
What is active transport?
A carrier is needed to pass the molecule through the lipid bilayer plus the use of energy is used to complete the process.
What qualifies a child for free or reduced price school lunch?
A child is eligible for free lunch if household income is at or below 130% of the Federal poverty level A child is eligible for reduced price lunch if household income is between 130% and 185% of the Federal poverty level
What are lignans ?
A class of Phytochemicals Lignans are phytoestrogens that block estrogen activity in cells possibly by reducing the risk of cancer of the breast, colon, ovaries, and prostate. Lignans are found in flaxseed and flaxseed oil and whole grains.
What is aroma?
A distinctive, pervasive, and usually pleasant or savory smell Aroma is defined as a distinctive, pervasive, and usually pleasant or savory smell. An aroma may come from a wide variety of items, such as foods, spices, plants, the process of cooking, or even perfumes. Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
Prior to establishing a new business, you may want to perform ___________, which gathers information such as market potential and location.
A feasibility study
Why is a food frequency questionnaire the best method for dietary data collection of a very large population?
A food frequency questionnaire is cheap and reliable. It does not require a trained interviewer or need training for the participant It is accurate and commonly used on large populations. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What is a Blake's Managerial Grid?
A graphical plot of a leader's assessment of the importance of a task versus the importance of employees, which can be used to determine leadership style. Domain 3: Functions of Management
What is facilitated diffusion?
A large nutrient loads onto a carrier outside the cell and is released inside the cell. Although a carrier is required for facilitated diffusion, energy is not needed.
What is a monosaccharides? What are the three monosaccharides?
A monosaccharide is a single unit of a carbohydrate, and it cannot be broken down into smaller particles. Galactose, Glucose, and Fructose Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
What is a null hypothesis?
A null hypothesis states there will be "no difference" between two groups.
What is the log phase of bacterial growth?
A period of exponential growth and reproduction. Foods can become unsafe to eat rapidly when bacteria are in the log phase.
What it Lag Phase
A period when bacteria adjust to the environment and prepare for the rapid growth in the log phase
What can cause negative nitrogen balance (NBAL)?
A person on a diet, the elderly, burn victims, and those starving, injured or the extremely ill This means the amount of nitrogen excreted is greater than the amount ingested. Nitrogen balance is calculate by subtracting nitrogen loss from nitrogen intake. A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test can be used in estimating a person's nitrogen balance. When a person is in negative nitrogen balance, they are breaking down more protein and excreting more nitrogen. A negative nitrogen balance can be used as part of a clinical assessment of malnutrition in a patient. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
What is associated with consuming approximately 5 ounces of nuts per week?
A reducing heart disease risk Consumption of approximately 5 ounces of nuts weekly is recommended. Nuts such as walnuts, almonds, peanuts, pecans, pistachios, and macadamia are associated with reducing heart disease risk. Walnuts, almonds, pecans, and pistachios are optimal as they are low in saturated fat.
What is retinol binding protein?
A small plasma protein which binds and transports retinol.
What is the marketing mix?
A strategic plan to attract customers, which includes: * Advertising * Promotions * Channels of distribution * Merchandising strategies * Brand name * Pricing
Cancer patients need about_________ grams of protein/day.
About 75 to 125 grams per day or 1.5 to 2.5 g/kg/d
Resistance-trained athletes need about ___________ grams of protein/day.
About 85.5 to 97 grams per day or 1.5 to 1.7g/kg/d
What are the guidelines for rapid post-exercise recovery for athletes?
According to the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines for post-exercise, if the athlete is in need of rapid recovery, they should plan to consume 1.0 to 1.5 liters per kilogram of weight lost (16 to 24 fluid ounces per pound of weight lost) of fluids. The fluids and snacks/meals should contain sodium to help with fluid retention as well as to aid in the stimulation of thirst. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
What needs to be done if a food contain a "Big 8" allergen?
According to the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA), any processed foods containing any of these common allergens must be clearly listed on the label. This can be accomplished by an allergen statement declaring the allergens contained in the product or if the product is made on equipment as an allergen, or listed in clear language in the ingredients list. For example, the ingredients list may state "whole oats (contains wheat)". Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
What is the suggested percentage of calories from protein for children 1 to 3 years old?
According to the Institute of Medicine, children 1 to 3 years old are suggested to take in approximately 5 to 20% of their daily calories from protein or 1. 1 g / kg
What energy-yielding substance is absorbed in the stomach?
Alcohol Energy-yielding substances are those which provide calories. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are energy-yielding nutrients. While alcohol is technically not classified as a nutrient, it does in fact provide energy, roughly 7 calories per gram. Fats, carbohydrates and protein are all absorbed in the small intestine. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
"Subjects weight (kg) = 81.9 +/- 11.3". What does this mean?
All the subjects' weights fell into the range of 70.6 to 93.2 kg Researchers often give a range that all the data falls between. In research articles you read, or research you do on your own, you may see something like this: "Subjects' weight (kg) = 81.9 +/- 11.3" All this simply means is a range of the research participants' body weight in kilograms. * The 81.9 is the midpoint of the range of their weights * The "+/- 11.3" means you will add and subtract from this midpoint 11.3 kg to find the full range of 70.6 kg to 93.2 kg In this case, all the subjects weighed between 70.6 and 93.2 kg. Domain 1 Research Applications
What is variable cost ratio?
An expression of a company's variable production costs as a percentage of sales, Variable Cost / Sales"
What is responsible for colorless or white to yellow fruits and vegetables?
Anthoxanthin and Flavones
What is an antioxidant and what do they do?
Antioxidants are natural substances that exist as vitamins, minerals, or other compounds in food. Antioxidants, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene (and other carotenoids) combat the free radicals that may cause cellular damage to the body. the free radicals that may cause cellular damage to the body.
A parking lot for a business must have accessible parking for handicapped patrons. How wide must the access aisle be for each car accessible parking space in the lot?
At least 5 feet According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, accessible parking spaces for cars must have an access aisle that is at least 5 feet wide. For van accessible parking spaces, the width of the access aisle must be at least 8 feet wide. The aisle space is designed to accommodate for patrons using a wheelchair, electric scooter, or other mobility devices for room to get out of the car or van. The space should also have a sign with the international symbol of accessibility prominently displayed and mounted high enough so the sign is not hidden by a vehicle parked in the space. The number of accessible parking spaces that should be provided is based on the total number of parking spaces provided. As a general rule, for every 25 parking spaces, there should be one accessible parking space Domain 4: Equipment and Facility Planning
Which program assists hospitals in giving new mothers the information, confidence, and skills needed to successfully initiate and continue breastfeeding or feeding infant formula safely?
Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is a global program launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nation's Children Fund (UNICEF) in the early 1990s. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What is benchmarking?
Benchmarking is about comparing. Benchmarking identifies best practices and approaches and compares results to that of other companies in the same industry. This is an element of the Total Quality Management (TQM). You can collect numerical and qualitative data to measure performance, see what works well with other companies, and come up with new ideas for improving the business by thinking outside of the box. Domain 3: Marketing and Public Relations
Grapefruit is ok to eat with what type of medication?
Beta Blockers like Metoprolol (Lopressor) Metoprolol is in the medication family of beta blockers. The only dietary recommendations when taking metoprolol is to take it with a meal or right after a meal and to avoid using the medication with natural licorice. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What do glycogen and starches have in common?
Both are compounds of glucose which can be used as a source of energy by the body Glycogen and starches are common in a few ways, including: * They are both compounds of hundreds of glucose units which can be easily broken down by the body and used as a source of energy * They are both a form of glucose storage * Glycogen contains hundreds or thousands of glucose molecules in long, highly branched chains, and starches may also be branched but can also be unbranched Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
Which cut of beef is typically used for soups and sauces?
Brisket and shank Because it is a tough cut and contains lots of fat and collagen, it is usually best to use the brisket and shank in soups or stocks. This will bring out the meat's flavor. Chuck is also commonly used when making soups and sauces. The marrow from beef bones can be boiled in water to make a flavorful stock for the soup. Domain 4: Procurement, Production, Distribution and Service
What is the ideal cooking methods for tough cuts of meat?
By moist heating methods, such as poaching, simmering, boiling, braising, stewing, pot roasting, and steaming.
What is the age range for catch-up growth
Catch-up growth usually begins between the ages of 12 to 24 months and may go up to 3 years of age and beyond if necessary.
Who are least likely to see a prevalence of lactose intolerance?
Caucasians Caucasians are least likely to be lactose intolerant (~20%). Lactose intolerance is most prevalent in people of East Asian descent, in which nearly 90% are affected. Lactose intolerance is also common among people of West African, Arab, Jewish, Greek, and Italian descent. This disorder may occur in infants as a result of a gene mutation. Commonly, lactose intolerance develops later in adulthood. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
Why is aged meat more tender?
Changes in the muscle protein brought about by enzymes which increases the water holding capacity of the muscle
What would be an appropriate snack for a diabetic? Why?
Cheese and crackers There is a balance of carbohydrates to protein and fat, which will cause only a moderate rise in blood sugar. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
What fruit naturally give off the least amount of ethylene gas?
Cherries and blueberries Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
A patient who just underwent a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication procedure should initially be placed on which diet or feeding regimen?
Clear liquids The diet following this procedure typically begins with clear liquids only for a few meals. The diet will be advanced to a full liquid diet for a few more meals, and then advanced to a soft, bland diet. This regimen is commonly followed for most GI surgical procedures.
What happens to Anthoxanthin and Flavones in an acid solution? In an alkaline solution?
Colorless in acid (bleaching effect) Yellow in alkaline or when cooked in an aluminum pan
Stan exercised this morning for 90 minutes of strenuous endurance activity. He lost 2 kg of bodyweight from sweat during this workout. Stan has another similar workout planned in the late afternoon. What recommendation would you give to Stan to help him best recover for his next workout?
Consume 2 to 3 liters of a carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink Stan lost a total of 2 kg of bodyweight (about 4.4 pounds). Since he is planning on another workout later today, he should consume a total of 2 to 3 liters, or about 70 to 100 fluid ounces of a carbohydrate plus electrolyte sports drink after his morning workout. The fluids he consumes may be water, but he should be encouraged to get in a good amount of sodium in his snacks to replace those lost in sweat. It's usually much easier to drink as opposed to eat following a rigorous workout, so the sports drink will be his best option. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
What would be your recommendation for a 125 pound female athlete during her first century ride (100 mile bike ride, expecting to last 6 to 7 hours)?
Consume 30-60 grams of carbs per hour plus fluid to match her sweat rate During exercise lasting longer than 60 minutes, the nutrients to focus on include carbohydrates and fluid. There is mixed data showing benefits of protein during exercise. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends about 30 to 60 grams of carbohydrates per hour of activity for muscle energy and maintenance of blood glucose levels plus fluid to match the athlete's sweat rate to prevent dehydration. New research shows this range can be up to 90 grams of carbohydrates per hour when consumed in a 2:1 ratio of glucose to fructose (Currell, Jeukendrup. Superior Endurance Performance with Ingestion of Mulltiple Transport Carbohydrates. 2008). Carbohydrates may be in the form of sports drinks, bars, gels, chews, or other easy-to-tolerate foods, like pretzels. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
Which dietary or supplementary recommendation would be most effective in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease?
Consume antioxidant-rich fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts daily Antioxidants combat the free radicals that may cause cellular damage to the body. Part of the cellular damage may lead to the oxidation of cholesterol in the development of heart disease. This may lead to a buildup of fatty plaque on the artery walls, eventually slowing or blocking the blood flow to the heart. Antioxidants from fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts is linked to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Extra info about Vitamins and heart disease The supplemental form of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene should not be recommended for the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular disease. According to research, high doses of these antioxidants do not provide cardiovascular benefit and may even be harmful in patients with heart disease. B vitamins, such as folate and vitamins B6 and B12 have been shown to reduce homocysteine levels in patients with elevated serum homocysteine. However, sources of these vitamins should be met through food, meeting the DRIs. Supplemental forms in excess may be harmful to the patient. Vitamin D intakes should be consumed in order to meet the DRI. It is unclear if vitamin D was any significant heart health effect. There is insufficient evidence for the association between coenzyme Q10 and heart disease. Patients should consult with their physician for more information prior to using this supplement. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
How much plant sterols and stanol ester-rich food should be consumed? What does it have an effect on?
Consuming 2 to 3 grams of plant sterols and stanol ester-rich foods 2 to 3 times per day can help reduce total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels.
If a mother has a cold, what should you tell her about breastfeeding?
Continue breast feeding even when you are sick. Continuing to breastfeed while mom is sick could pass on helpful antibodies to the baby. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
What happens when a green vegetable is cooked in an alkaline solution?
Cooking the vegetables in an alkaline solution (such as baking soda) can result in a bright-green color, and the chlorophyll changes to chlorophyllin.
What is hemodialysis?
Dialysis is a method of removing excess waste and water from the blood, such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and uric acid from patients with renal failure. In hemodialysis, a blood vessel is tapped into, and the blood is directed through a dialysis machine where excess waste and fluids are removed. The filtered blood is then returned to the patient. This process can take several hours and may be done a few times per week.
"Have you recently lost or gained more than 10 pounds?" This is an example of which type of historical data?
Diet history This question would be asked to give leads on their recent dietary history. Information such as nutrient intake excesses or deficiencies and the reasons for imbalances could be found in the diet history. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is when the solute as the substance in motion. Small molecules (electrolytes and waste products) are moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. In diffusion, the same goal is being achieved: equilibrium of water and solutes
What is a disaccharides? What are the common disaccharides?
Disaccharides are simple carbohydrates made up of two monosaccharides. Common disaccharides include: Sucrose, Lactose, Lactulose, Maltose, and Trehalose
With a tender cut of meat, what is the most appropriate method of cooking that should be used in order to achieve the best end product?
Dry heat, such as frying Tender cuts are best cooked by dry heat cooking methods, such as broiling, roasting, grilling, baking, sautéing, pan-frying and deep-fat frying.
Where are transport proteins like Retinol-binding protein (RBP), Prealbumin, transferrin, and albumin synthesized?
Each of these transport proteins are synthesized in the liver and
What must be avoided with galactosemia?
Galactose, the monosaccharide found in dairy products. Any dairy foods, foods made with dairy, or foods made on the same equipment as dairy would need to be eliminated from their diet. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
What is the recommendation on dietary cholesterol consumption in the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
Eat as little dietary cholesterol as possible Dietary cholesterol is a nutrient people should limit in the diet. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend no more than 300 mg dietary cholesterol per day as a means of preventing heart disease. While this recommendation was not carried over in the 2015 edition of the Dietary Guidelines, this does not suggest that dietary cholesterol consumption is no longer important when building a healthy eating pattern. Instead, the Institute of Medicine recommends individuals should eat as little dietary cholesterol as possible when following a healthy eating pattern. Dietary cholesterol is obtained from consuming animal foods only, such as meats, fish, poultry, dairy, and eggs. Some of these foods are also higher in saturated fats, which is also recommended to limit in the diet. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
A patient's labs show the following: low albumin, transferrin within normal limits, and high sodium. What do you suspect?
Edema due to acute sodium toxicity A patient with a diagnosis of dehydration can have a high blood sodium level. However, we need to look at the whole picture of the patient's labs. This patient also has a low albumin level, which could indicate low body protein stores. However, the transferrin levels are within normal limits. If transferrin levels were also decreased, this could indicate possible protein deficiency. A dehydrated patient would show increased albumin levels due to a decrease in plasma water. Since albumin levels are low, and transferrin is within normal limits, we can rule out dehydration. Sodium overload in the body can cause edema and result in hypoalbuminemia. Acute sodium toxicity can be a cause of this patient's edema. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
Eating fish containing ________ , a beneficial nutrient, may offer several health benefits including reducing LDL cholesterol and be beneficial for cardiovascular health.
Eicosapentaenoic acid Omega 3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are polyunsaturated fats and have had research on their beneficial effects on blood cholesterol and heart disease. Cultures such as Japanese and Alaskan consume high amounts of fish rich in omega 3 and have low heart disease rates. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
Why is an elderly man recovering from a fractured hip likely to experience chronic constipation?
Elderly individuals generally have poor food intakes, and their fiber and fluid intakes may be inadequate. With the fact that he is recovering from a hip fracture, we can assume he may be taking pain medications, which can have a side effect of constipation. Also regarding the fractured hip, this will limit his physical activity. These are three possible components of constipation: * Inadequate fluid and fiber intakes * Side effect of constipation of pain medications * Inactivity
Which type of enteral formula should be used for a patient with a J-tube?
Elemental/hydrolyzed protein formula Much of the nutrient breakdown occurs in the stomach and the duodenum (first segment) of the small intestine with the help of digestive enzymes. Since a J-tube bypasses the stomach, the patient is missing this critical step. Often, an elemental formula with hydrolyzed protein or free amino acids is the best choice. Though, few patients may tolerate a standard formula well. Clinical judgment is key. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
What is the formula for calculating employee turnover in a department?
Employee turnover rate = total number of employees terminated / total number of employees in the department. A terminated employee is one who was either fired or left on his or her own free will. Domain 3: Human Resources
What are the steps of glycolysis?
Energy-requiring phase. In this phase, the starting molecule of glucose gets rearranged, and two phosphate groups are attached to it. The phosphate groups make the modified sugar—now called fructose-1,6-bisphosphate—unstable, allowing it to split in half and form two phosphate-bearing three-carbon sugars. Because the phosphates used in these steps come from ATP, two ATP molecules get used up. The three-carbon sugars formed when the unstable sugar breaks down are different from each other. Only one—glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate—can enter the following step. However, the unfavorable sugar, DHAP, can be easily converted into the favorable one, so both finish the pathway in the end Energy-releasing phase. In this phase, each three-carbon sugar is converted into another three-carbon molecule, pyruvate, through a series of reactions. In these reactions, two ATP molecules and one NADH molecule are made. Because this phase takes place twice, once for each of the two three-carbon sugars, it makes four ATP and two NADH overall. The net products of this process are two molecules of ATP (4 ATP produced − 2 ATP used up) and two molecules of NADH.
What are good sources of folate?
Enriched grains and leafy greens, dried beans
What accelerates the ripening of fruits during storage?
Ethylene gas
What is ethyene gas?
Ethylene gas (CH2) is a plant hormone and is accredited with the acceleration of the ripening process in fruits. This gas is useful when ripe fruits and vegetables are desired, but it can also lead to the decay of the fruit or vegetable eventually.
Where are flavonoids found?
Flavonoids are commonly found in berries, black and green tea, celery, citrus fruits, olives, onions, oregano, purple grapes and grape juice, wine, soybeans and soy products, whole wheat, vegetables
___________ are examples of tougheners in a cake.
Flour, milk, water, whole eggs, and egg whites are tougheners. Milk, juice, water, and egg add moisturizer to the batter, and flour, starch, and milk solids are dry ingredients.
How can an athlete prevent dehydration ?
Fluids also need to be consumed to match the athlete's individual sweat rate. During exercise, fluid is lost in sweat and needs to be replaced to prevent dehydration.
what is the common fluid restriction for HD patients ?
Fluids are restricted to match urine output plus an additional 500 to 750 ml may be allowed to cover water losses, such as through the skin, lungs and perspiration.
What is the equation for calculating the selling price of an item?
Food Cost / Food Cost Percent There are two ways of calculating the selling price of an item. If you are given the raw food cost of the item and the food cost percent, the simplified method is: food cost / food cost percent. To make this more challenging, you can use the food cost percent to find the markup factor, or you may already be provided with the factor. To find the markup factor using the food cost percent, divide the food cost percent into 100. For example, if the food cost percent is 40%: 100% / 40% = 2.5 markup factor Multiply this factor by the raw food cost to reach the selling price of the item. Domain 3: Marketing and Public Relations
Who developed the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and what do they represent?
Food and Nutrition Board The RDAs are the amounts of selected nutrients considered to be adequate in order to meet the known nutrient needs of nearly all healthy people. The RDAs are based on scientific knowledge and are prepared by a committee of the Food and Nutrition Board. There are RDAs set for: * Calories * Protein * Vitamins (such as vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and K, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate) * Minerals (such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium) Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
Who produces the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI's)?
Food and Nutrition Board The organizations on the committee who periodically revise the Dietary Reference Intakes include the Food and Nutrition Board, the Institute of Medicine, the National Academy of Sciences, and Health Canada. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
What is the best method of determining the nutritional needs of a community?
Food frequency questionnaire Screenings, such as with a food frequency questionnaire, would be an easy and inexpensive way to determine various needs of a community. The questionnaire is inexpensive and reliable and does not require a trained interviewer, nor require training for the participant. Food frequency questionnaires are commonly used on large populations. Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
Why are cured meats pink?
From nitrites, which are added to inhibit botulism
What are non-climacteric fruits?
Fruits that ripen before harvest Grapes, melons, citrus
What are climacteric fruits?
Fruits that ripen post harvest Peaches, pears banana apples tomato
Which piece of equipment may be restricted for use by local law? Why?
Garbage disposal Disposal of waste may need to be handled differently, depending on the region. Some areas of the country may prohibit the use of garbage disposals because the waste produced from a disposal can result in clots, backups, overflows, and property damage. Domain 4: Equipment and Facility Planning
What is the carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscles?
Glycogen These glycogen stores provide energy to the body and maintain blood glucose levels when dietary carbohydrates are not available. Glycogen is limited, so for extended bouts of physical activity (lasting over one hour), it is recommended to consume carbs during exercise to spare muscle glycogen stores.
What is the CHO storage form in animals?
Glycogen is the carbohydrate storage form in humans and animals
What is glycolysis and where does it occur?
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of a cell
What is the formula to estimate Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Harris-Benedict For men, BMR = 66 + (13.7 x wt in kg) + (5 x ht in cm) - (6.8 x age in yrs); For women, BMR = 655 + (9.6 x wt in kg) + (1.8 x ht in cm) - (4.7 x age in yrs). The Harris-Benedict equation is used to determine a person's basal metabolic rate (BMR) and, by working in activity factors or other variables (such as a need to lose/gain weight or calculating for an obese individual), their total energy requirements (TER). Harris-Benedict equation is one of several equations that may be used. No equation should be used as a one-size-fits-all, but rather as a guide. Harris-Benedict is more popular because it also factors in height and age as variables in addition to weight plus a constant value, where others may only use bodyweight and a constant value.
A client at an out-patient visit tells you she has been developing a small skin rash on her upper chest when she eats certain foods. What would be an ideal option for her initially?
Have her do an elimination diet The elimination diet is an easy method for patients to try and "rule out" the possibility of a food allergen if suspected. The diet is typically recommended and monitored by a physician or nutrition professional, though patients can try this on their own prior to their scheduled visit to the healthcare provider if the food reaction is not too severe, such as they do not experience anaphylaxis after consuming a food. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
A level of 189 mg/dL of serum LDL cholesterol is considered _________ .
High Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) is the "bad" cholesterol. Cholesterol is measured in milligrams of cholesterol per deciliter of blood, or mg/dL. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What is the Somogyi effect?
Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia * Counter-regulatory hormones (glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone) are released after a period of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) * The hormone glucagon stimulates the conversion of stored glycogen in the liver to glucose, and the glucose is released into the blood * The stress hormones, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone, cause insulin resistance for several hours, keeping blood sugar levels elevated Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What is Retrogradation?
If a starch is allowed to cool after it gelatinizes, it becomes more dense and expels moisture. If the gelatinized solution is allowed to cool, the molecules, amylose and amylopectin, rearrange to form a more crystalline structure. Retrogradation can also expel water, which can be seen on the top of the starchy gel.
What is a directional hypothesis?
If the researcher hypothesizes "there will be a positive correlation" between two groups.
Using the Exchange List, how many grams of protein is in a serving of meat?
In each of these meat categories, the amount of protein is about 7 grams per serving.
How is riboflavin used by the body?
In energy metabolism and also supports normal vision and skin health.
How much dietary tryptophan is required to make 1 mg of niacin?
In order to make 1 mg of niacin, about 60 mg of dietary tryptophan is required. Niacin can be expressed in milligrams or niacin equivalents (NE). A food containing 1 mg of niacin and 60 mg of tryptophan may also be expressed as 2 mg niacin or 2 niacin equivalents.
How many additional calories per day does a normal weight pregnant woman need during the second and third trimester?
In the second trimester, an additional 340 calories per day is recommended. In the third trimester, it is recommended to increase by about 450 calories per day.
Charlie has elevated total cholesterol and above normal LDL cholesterol per recent labs. He is at risk for cardiovascular disease based on his labs, current lifestyle, and family history. Which recommendation would you recommend as part of his heart-healthy meal plan?
Incorporate up to 5 oz unsalted peanuts or tree nuts per week As long as Charlie has no major food allergies to nuts and tree nuts, unsalted peanuts and tree nuts may be isocalorically incorporated into his healthy meal plan. Isocalorically, meaning the nuts are not intended to be eaten in addition to his daily caloric goal, rather to be part of his daily goal. Consumption of approximately 5 ounces of nuts weekly is recommended. Nuts such as walnuts, almonds, peanuts, pecans, pistachios, and macadamia are associated with reducing heart disease risk. Walnuts, almonds, pecans, and pistachios are optimal as they are low in saturated fat.
The Nutrition Care Process provides clients with ________________ care.
Individualized The Nutrition Care Process is a standardized process which illustrates a consistent structure for use, but it must be individualized to the client. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What information is found in the Planning Section?
Information found in Planning includes: * Diagnostic studies needed * Suggestions for gaining further data * Further work-up * Data gathering * Consultations * Medical nutrition therapy goals * Recommendations for nutritional care * Referrals to other professions
What information about the patient is found in a nutrition screening?
Information found in the nutritional screening step includes: * Any data provided by the patient or family * Nutritional history * Socioeconomic and cultural data * Level of physical activity * Current dietary intake
What is the mode?
Mode is a measure of central tendency and is simple stated as the most frequently found number in a data set The mode may be used to identify the most popular or common category in a set. Disadvantages there could be 2 or more modes in a data set the mode may not be the best representation of the data set. Domain 1: Research Applications
The piece of paper that comes with a food order and lists what is being shipped and the expected payment is known as a (an):
Invoice An invoice is a paper document provided by the supplier of the goods that state the items being shipped and the expected payment for the order. The invoice should be checked against the purchase order for quality, quantity, and price. If the buyer notices any differences with the invoice compared to the purchase order, they need to bring the discrepancies up with the supplier as soon as possible. Domain 4: Procurement, Production, Distribution and Service
Why are acids like vinegar and salt usually used as a marinade for meat?
It increases tenderness by increasing the water holding capacity of the muscles
What is the stationary phase of bacterial growth?
Just as many bacterium are growing as there are dying.
What nutritional management is recommended for patients with small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)?
Limit refined carbohydrates and starches, such as lactose, fructose, and sugar alcohols, similar to following a low FODMAP diet. For a normal, healthy individual, consuming these foods does not cause SIBO. However, a person with SIBO may experience symptoms more regularly when these foods are consumed, hence the suggestion to limit these in the diet.
Bile is made in the _______ and stored in the ________ .
Liver : Gall bladder Bile is made by the liver from cholesterol and bilirubin (which gives it the distinct dark green to yellowish brown color). It is stored in the gall bladder and secreted into the duodenum of the small intestine, when dietary fat is present. Bile acts as an emulsifier by breaking fat and forming micelles. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
A patient who has undergone an ileostomy should follow which diet when oral intake is allowed?
Low fiber, bland In an ileostomy, the entire colon, rectum and anus are removed. A stoma is formed from the ileum. A low fiber, bland diet can prevent obstructions, promote healing and prevent GI upsets. New foods should be introduced in small amounts and one at a time. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
Compared to whole milk, breast milk is:
Lower in protein, but higher in carbohydrates and fat Breast milk carbohydrates are higher and are in the form of lactose, which enhances calcium absorption. Fat is also higher in breast milk, providing the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid. Protein content is lower, but this is good for the infant's immature kidney - less stress on the kidney.
What contributes to the red color in fruits and vegetables?
Lycopene Tomatoes, watermelon, and apricots
________ is the combination of activities, strategies and elements used to attract customers.
Marketing Mix A combination of these marketing strategies can help attract new customers. Variables, such as product, price, place, and promotion are components to the marketing mix to which the company has control over. Domain 3: Marketing and Public Relations
Using the Exchange List, how many grams of fat are in a medium fat meat?
Medium Fat Meat contains about 5 grams of fat. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
You are the leader of a group of dietitians in a company that offers effective weight loss services to clients. You see your company's competitor is running new services, and this is taking business away. According to Kotter's 8-Step Change Model, what is the first step you should perform in order to initiate your plan for change to regain the market share?
Meet with your colleagues to discuss an urgency for change During the meeting, you can identify potential threats and develop scenarios to show what could happen in the future with no change and with a necessary change. The first step in John Kotter's 8-Step Change Model is to develop a sense of urgency for the need to change with others in the company. This step is more than just showing them poor sales records or the increase in competition. It is about having an open and honest discussion about what is happening in the marketplace and with the competition. Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
What is considered a normal lab value of CRE for an adult?
Men - 0.6 to 1.2 mg / dL Women - 0. 5 to 1.1 mg/dL Levels increase with renal disease, muscle disease (gigantism, Acromegaly , muscular dystrophy), congestive heart failure and hyperthyroidism. Levels decrease with protein -energy malnutrition, decreased muscle mass, small stature advanced or severe liver disease, during pregnancy. Domain 2 : Screening and Assessment
What are inorganic elements?
Minerals Contrast to vitamins, which are organic, minerals on the other hand are inorganic (inorganic meaning not carbon-containing). Similar to vitamins, we need minerals in small amounts in the body for various functions. and a few others.
In the Nutrition Care Process model, where would you find this? "Sodium levels appear to be improving as per labs. Patient diet advanced to Regular and tolerating well."
Monitoring This information is part of the monitoring and evaluation step of the process. Although we're looking at the patient's lab values (could think this is to be part of the assessment), this patient is having an improvement in the sodium level, meaning in their baseline lab values from the initial screening, the level was either too high or too low to begin with. Also, this patient's diet has been advanced to regular, indicating they are meeting the goal of advancement in the diet. Domain 2: Monitoring and Evaluation
What nutrients in fruits and vegetables are effected least by processing?
Most other nutrients, including minerals, B-complex vitamins, and fiber aren't lost after cutting or peeling the fruits and vegetables.
What is a good source of prebiotics?
Natural sources of prebiotics include: * Fruits (berries and bananas) * Vegetables (garlic, artichokes, some greens, and onions) * Grains (flax, legumes, barley, and whole grains, like oatmeal) There are no specific guidelines as to how many grams of prebiotics we need to consume, but some research suggest between 3 and 8 grams per day. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
What is the following statement an example of? "A child who regularly skips breakfast in the morning may not function at his greatest capacity in school."
Negative correlation This statement is an example of a negative correlation. A correlation is a relationship between two variables. In this statement, the frequency of the child skipping breakfast is one variable that is increasing. The child's performance at school is the other variable, which decreases. When the one variable occurs, this can result in the other variable moving in the opposite direction. Domain 1: Research Applications
How much protein is need for CKD not on HD ? On HD?
Non dialysis patients require only about 0.5 to 0.8 g/kg/day Dialysis patients need about 1 to 2 g/kg/d
About how many additional calories per day do normal weight pregnant women need in the first trimester?
None According to the National Research Council, pregnant women in the first trimester do not need any additional calories as long as the woman is at a healthy weight. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
As the sports nutrition counselor for the men's lacrosse team, you had all athletes weigh before practice and then again after. This practice was one hour in length. Mark's pre-workout weight was 172 pounds, and his post-workout weight was 170 pounds. What does this mean?
Nothing, this is a safe level of fluid loss Weight loss as a result of strenuous exercise is common. This slight reduction in his weight is that of fluid loss. According to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), a loss of 2 to 3% of body mass is indicative of dehydration. Mark lost only 2 pounds, or 1.1% of his body mass, so by definition, he is still within his fluid zone. To compensate for these losses, you can recommend he drink 16 to 24 oz fluid for every pound lost during exercise. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
Which step in the Nutrition Care Process is an ongoing process and is continually analyzing client's needs?
Nutrition Assessment In the Nutrition Assessment, the dietitian continually reviews the client's needs and goals, and this step is initiated by the Nutrition Screening for nutritional risk factors. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
A woman is diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). What is an appropriate nutrition therapy recommendation for PCOS?
Nutritionally, women with PCOS should be encouraged to consume a well-balanced diet including fruits and vegetables, nuts, beans, and whole grains. Refined and simple carbohydrates should be avoided since PCOS may also affect the woman's insulin production (hyperinsulinemia, resulting from insulin resistance) and impaired glucose tolerance. High-fiber foods are recommended to help with glucose tolerance. Some foods, such as tomatoes, kale, spinach, almonds and walnuts, olive oil, blueberries and strawberries, and fatty fish high in omega 3 fatty acids can help with inflammation, which may be beneficial in women with PCOS. Additionally, consuming small, frequent meals may be recommended. Lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and weight loss can help with glucose tolerance. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
What would equal 1 medium fat meat exchange?
One medium fat meat exchange is equal to: * 1 egg * 1 oz cheese containing 4 to 7 grams of fat (such as feta, mozzarella, processed cheese) * 2 oz ricotta cheese * 1 oz of each of the following: pork chop, fried fish, fried chicken, chicken with skin, and lamb. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
"How does skipping breakfast in the morning make you feel later on in the day?" What is this a question an example of?
Open-ended question This is an open-ended question.
What is an open ended question?
Open-ended questions are questions used by interviewers during a session with a client that allows the client to elaborate. Questions beginning with "Why" and "How" are good probing questions. Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
What are some characteristics of carotenoids?
Orange color, fat soluble, color does not change in heat Here is a way to remember: what do you usually think of when you hear carotenoid? Carrots. Carrots are orange. Their major vitamin is vitamin A, which is a fat soluble vitamin, and they usually stay the same color when heated (cooked). Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
__________ is a hormone that stimulates milk to move through the duct system of the breast.
Oxytocin Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that stimulates the movement of milk in a lactating woman's breast from the mammary glands down to the nipple. This is known as the "letdown reflex". Oxytocin is also responsible for the contraction of the uterine muscles after childbirth. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
What EN regimen would be best for this patient? Why? * Male weighing 160 pounds * Diagnosis of CHF, Crohn's disease, and aspiration pneumonia * Consumes less than 25% of meals
Partially hydrolyzed enteral formula providing 1.5 calories per ml at a rate of 67 ml per hour for 18 hours This patient may benefit from an enteral nutrition formula since he has a diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia and has poor oral intakes of less than 25% of meal completions. Because of his congestive heart failure diagnosis, he should be on a fluid restriction, so a higher calorie formula will satisfy this need. With his other diagnosis of Crohn's disease, he has a more difficult time absorbing nutrients and would do well with a partially hydrolyzed enteral formula. In some cases of Crohn's disease, a standard enteral formula may be tolerated and is likely to be a starting point for a patient to see if they can tolerate it. However, the regimen for the 2.0 calorie per ml standard formula falls short in meeting his caloric needs, so this choice would not be appropriate. Note, this software uses multiple answers, and the 2.0 cal/ml standard formula choice may not be present for you at this time. Taking his weight of 160 pounds, we can find how many calories he needs and determine the most appropriate formula. First, convert his weight in pounds into kilograms: 160 pounds / 2.2 = 72.7 kg Next, use the factor of 25 calories per kg to find his estimated caloric needs: 72.7 kg X 25 calories per kg = 1,817.5 calories We want the formula that is partially hydrolyzed and calorie-dense, so we will choose the one that is 1.5 calories per ml. Take his daily calories and divide by the 1.5 calories per ml: 1,817.5 calories / 1.5 calories per ml = 1,211.67 ml needed Finally, choose an amount of time for the feeding to run to arrive at the rate. The correct answer has the total hours of 18 hours. The actual rate to use for any patient in this scenario may differ. You want the rate to be high enough to be able to administer the whole volume in one day, yet not too high where the patient might not tolerate it. If we use the 18 hours as selected: 1,211.67 total volume / 18 hours = 67.31, or 67 ml/hr To sum it all up, this patient would do well with a calorie-dense partially hydrolyzed enteral nutrition formula, providing 1.5 calories per ml and running at a rate of 67 ml per hour for 18 hours. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
The Equal Pay Act
Passed by Congress in 1963 and is an amendment of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The act is enforced when different wages are paid to employees of the opposite sex. In order to be valid, the employees must perform substantially equal work on jobs requiring equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and the jobs must be performed under similar working conditions. Domain 3: Human Resources
___________ is a niacin deficiency which produces the "4 D's": Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea, and Death.
Pellagra Pellagra is a niacin deficiency that is known for the cause of the "4 D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and possibly even death. Other symptoms of pellagra include an inflamed, swollen, smooth tongue, irritability, loss of appetite, weakness, dizziness, and confusion. Meeting the daily value of 20 mg/day can help protect against this deficiency. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
In the Trantheoretical Model, what is Contemplation?
People are intending to start the healthy behavior in the foreseeable future (defined as within the next 6 months). People recognize that their behavior may be problematic, and a more thoughtful and practical consideration of the pros and cons of changing the behavior takes place, with equal emphasis placed on both. Even with this recognition, people may still feel ambivalent toward changing their behavior.
In the Trantheoretical Model, what is Preparation (Determination)?
People are ready to take action within the next 30 days. People start to take small steps toward the behavior change, and they believe changing their behavior can lead to a healthier life.
In the Trantheoretical Model, what is Precontemplation?
People do not intend to take action in the foreseeable future (defined as within the next 6 months). People are often unaware that their behavior is problematic or produces negative consequences. People in this stage often underestimate the pros of changing behavior and place too much emphasis on the cons of changing behavior.
In the Trantheoretical Model, what is Termination?
People have no desire to return to their unhealthy behaviors and are sure they will not relapse. Since this is rarely reached, and people tend to stay in the maintenance stage, this stage is often not considered in health promotion programs.
In the Trantheoretical Model, what is Action?
People have recently changed their behavior (defined as within the last 6 months) and intend to keep moving forward with that behavior change. People may exhibit this by modifying their problem behavior or acquiring new healthy behaviors.
In the Trantheoretical Model, what is Maintenance?
People have sustained their behavior change for a while (defined as more than 6 months) and intend to maintain the behavior change going forward. People in this stage work to prevent relapse to earlier stages.
The need for water, food, air and sleep are examples of which level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Physiological Needs Of the five levels of Maslow's Hierarchy (Physiological, Security, Social, Esteem, and Self-Actualizing), the most basic needs vital for survival fit into physiological needs, which are survival needs. From an employment perspective, physiological needs can include an employee's pay, benefits, and working conditions. Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
In the Nutrition Care Process model, where would you find this? "Recommend add supplement 3x/d with meals. Will monitor meal completions for adequacy and how well supplement is tolerated."
Planning This information is the in the Planning section of the model, which is part of the main category of Nutrition Intervention. This step includes discussing with the patient and the interdisciplinary team realistic goals and creating a plan to achieve that goal. Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
What are symptoms of PCOS?
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that affects a small percentage of women, causing an imbalance of a woman's hormones. PCOS may result in: * Amenorrhea or other menstrual irregularities * Anovulation * Enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts * Infertility * Acne * An excessive or abnormal distribution of hair growth (hirsutism) * Male-patterned baldness * Obesity * Sleep apnea
What are some reasons that different population could experience constipation?
Pregnant women may experience constipation if their fiber and fluid intakes are low. A child with a diet low in fruits and vegetables is missing the fiber component. An adult male failing to meet his fluid needs can also be at risk. Dehydrated athletes and other non-athletes may not have adequate amounts of fluid to soften up their stool. Adults exceeding their fiber intakes may experience constipation. Domain 2: Diagnosis
How much protein is needed during pregnancy ?
Pregnant women need about 75 to 100 grams of protein per day. Protein needs during pregnancy are dependent on weight.
After speaking with you, Tony knows he has to follow the carbohydrate-restricted diet and is ready to make the change because his blood sugars are out of control. At what stage is he in?
Preparation Tony is in the Preparation stage of the Transtheoretical Model. He has thought about the consequences of not following this restricted diet and also knows that if he does not follow the diet, he will end up in the hospital again. The preparation stage means Tony is ready to make the change. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
A dietitian is performing a research study to identify whether pre-pregnancy dietary patterns (with respect of fiber, energy, and saturated fat consumptions) are associated with increased blood lipid levels throughout pregnancy. A total of 299 women were enrolled in the study. A food frequency questionnaire was administered at baseline and had blood tests taken at all trimesters measuring total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. The laboratory data was compared to the initial baseline data. What is this type of research known as?
Prospective cohort study This question is referring to a prospective cohort study because: * The samples are of the same classification (women of childbearing years) * The samples are free of the disease (or in large part) at the beginning of the study * The study looks at a group of individuals * There is baseline data collected and repeat follow-up markers measured Domain 1: Research Applications
What type of packaging helps extend the storage life of meats?
Sous vide an oxygen impermeable film modified atmosphere packaging - air is removed and replaced with gases (carbon dioxide or nitrogen) to prevent deterioration by slowing down respiration
What is a close-ended question?
Questions that lead the client to answer with a "Yes/No" response, or those where the answer can be a few words. For example, "What is the first time you eat during the day?" The answer may be "8 am". That question does not open the client up to disclose more information. Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
Which method of sampling would each person in the population have an equal chance of being selected?
Random selection In random selection, each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected. For example, this can be accomplished by taking all the social security numbers, put the numbers into a bowl, and randomly choose subjects. Domain 1: Research Applications
If a patient says, "I just don't want to do this anymore," and you say, "You sound caught up in other priorities and that this diet just gets in your way." This is an example of:
Reflective listening This is an example of the counselor expressing reflective listening, or also may be referred to as active listening. Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
What is reflective/active listening?
Reflective listening is a communication strategy where the professional expresses empathy to a client during a session on how the client is feeling. The client shares her thoughts and feelings with the nutrition professional, and the nutritionist reflects back the understanding. Being a good listener is a key role of the nutrition professional. Sometimes clients just need to talk about their problems in their lives, and part of our responsibility is to reflect these feelings and offer comfort. The professional should encourage the client to speak freely in a non-judgemental atmosphere. Providing nonverbal cues, such as a nod, shows the client you have her full attention. Also summarizing what the client says is a way for the client to hear what she is actually saying.
What is Contribution Rate?
Reflects the amount of revenue that remains after variable expenses are deducted from the overall sales amount. 1 - Variable Rate
As a manager, what can you do if a union member is constantly late when reporting to work?
Report infraction to management Union members are treated like any other employee when it comes to their direct duties. Employees, union and non-union, are expected to arrive at their shifts on time. While you may not be able to get directly involved with this, you can report this action to management. Domain 3: Human Resources
You notice that patients are not receiving the supplements you sent up on the food cart. What do you do?
Speak to the Director of Nursing (DON) Whenever there is a problem in another staff position, such as nursing, you cannot discipline that staff yourself. This could cross a boundary. You should speak to the Director of Nursing and let them handle the problem appropriately. Domain 2: Monitoring and Evaluation
What is the CHO storage form in plants?
Starch is the carbohydrate storage form in plants.
If p<0.05, what does this mean in statistical terms?
Researchers are willing to be wrong 5 times out of 100 cases The p-value is short for "probability value". The p-value is used by researchers to decide whether the results observed are likely to reflect real differences between the groups. The p-value for the study helps determine whether the null hypothesis will be rejected. It is common to use a significance value of p<0.05, which means the researcher is willing to have the data be wrong 5% of the time (95% certainty the sample data reflects the whole population). In a sample set of 100 subjects, the researcher is willing to be wrong 5 times out of 100 cases. A statistical test with a result that is in the 5% of most extreme cases, expected by chance, will result in the rejection of the null hypothesis. Using a p-value of 0.01 (1% uncertainty, 99% certainty) or 0.001 (0.1% uncertainty, 99.9% certainty) makes it more difficult for an experiment to find a statistically significant result that would warrant the rejection of the null hypothesis. On the other hand, using a higher p-value, such as 0.1 (10% uncertainty, 90% certainty) makes it more likely the test will yield a statistically significant result. We'd be much more confident and certain the sample data is accurate about the whole population with a p-value of p<0.001. Domain 1: Research Applications
Which of the following hepatic transport proteins has the shortest half-life?
Retinol-binding protein Retinol-binding protein (RBP) has the shortest half-life of approximately 12 hours.
What makes up approximately 3% of total body protein?
Retinol-binding protein (RBP), Prealbumin, transferrin, and albumin
When starch molecules cool and become more dense, this is known as:
Retrogradation Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
Cracks and redness at the corners of the mouth and a painful, smooth, purplish-red tongue are characteristics of which vitamin deficiency?
Riboflavin (B2) Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What foods contain riboflavin?
Riboflavin can be found naturally in milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, meat, leafy green vegetables, and whole grain or enriched breads and cereals.
Riboflavin is part of what coenzymes?
Riboflavin is part of coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Which oil is solid at room temperature?
Saturated Fats Animal fats and coconut oil are high in saturated fat, therefore, a solid at room temperature. In order to make coconut oil liquid, simply submerge it in warm water. The saturation of a fat refers to the amount of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon chain. Saturated fatty acids contain the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms. Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
You learn a patient is to be discharged within an hour. What should you do regarding his diet education?
Schedule him to come in for an outpatient visit You can give him some literature to read while he is at home, but you should also schedule an outpatient visit. This way you can provide ample time for his education and address any follow up questions he may have. Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
In the Nutrition Care Process model, where would you find this statement? "Patient states she only eats 2 meals/day and is allergic to peanuts."
Screening This information is part of the screening process. Nutritional screening is the process of identifying patients who are already malnourished or at risk of becoming malnourished. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
If you see the client is becoming restless during your nutrition counseling session with them, what can you do?
Shorten the sessions Some people naturally have a short attention span. The length of the current sessions may be too long for the client to continually keep his attention. Shorten the sessions in order to make the time you have together worthwhile. Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
Why is not appropriate to test the body mass index of athletes?
Since athletes more commonly carry greater proportions of muscle mass, their overall weight can be higher, indicating an overweight status, which is usually not necessarily the case. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What is small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)? What are potential causes SIBO?
Small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO, or also known as blind loop syndrome) is a condition of an over-proliferation of bacteria within the small intestines. There are several potential causes of SIBO, including: * The chronic use of medications which may limit or suppress gastric acid * Liver disease and chronic pancreatitis can decrease the production or flow of bile and pancreatic enzymes to the intestines * Gastroparesis or bowel dysmotility disorders limit the natural peristalsis of the bowels, leading to the inability to move bacteria to the distal bowel * Surgical resection of the distal ileum and ileocecal valve may increase the risk of bacteria back-flowing from the colon to the small intestine Domain 2: Diagnosis
What is the common sodium restriction for patients on HD? Why?
Sodium is restricted to about 2 to 3 grams per day as excess sodium can make the patient more thirsty and retain fluid.
What is the atomic weight and valance electron numbers for common electrolytes?
Sodium mass = 22.99 valance electron = 1 Magnesium mass = 24.30 valance electron = 2 Phosphorus mass = 30.97 valance electron = 5 Chloride mass = 35.45 valance electron = 8 Potassium mass = 39.09 valance electron = 1 Calcium mass = 40.07 valance electron = 2
When _________ are heated at 150 - 212 degrees F, this material gelatinizes.
Starches Starches are sometimes used as a thickening agent in sauces, soups, and gravies. When starches are heated to 150 - 212 degrees F and in the presence of water, they absorb the water, swell, and the end product becomes thicker, which is the desired outcome in the foods mentioned above. This process is known as gelatinization. Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
How do glycogen and starches differ?
Starches can be obtained by the diet from plants or grain-based foods and digested to be used as a source of energy by the human body. Glycogen can be obtained from eating meats, but this glycogen is not a significant source of carbohydrates. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in humans and animals Starches are the storage form of glucose in plants.
What are the steps to Kotter's 8-Step Change Model?
Step 1: Getting others to buy into the need for change - Get them talking and thinking about it outside of the meeting. Step 2: Form a coalition - This is the visible support from other key people who can help drive the need for change Step 3: Create a vision for change - Create the strategy and develop a short summary for what you see as the company's future Step 4: Communicate the vision - Talk about the change often and address any concerns openly and honestly Step 5: Remove any obstacles - Including any barriers, find those who resist the change and see how to make them see the need, and recognize and reward people for accomplishing even small changes Step 6: Create short-term wins - Mini goals to help achieve the end result Step 7: Build on the change - Set goals to continue building, and evaluate what is going right and what needs to be improved upon Step 8: Anchor the changes - Talk about the progress, success stories, and publicly commend those who helped bring the change to reality
What organ secretes gastrin?
Stomach Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells in the stomach. Gastrin also assists with gastric motility. The presence of food (specifically peptides from proteins) stimulates gastrin to be released by the stomach. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
What is collagen? How does it react in heat?
Structural part of the tendon that surrounds the muscles Hydrolyzed to gelatin and becomes tender
A two month old infant has been showing signs of profuse vomiting and diarrhea. The symptoms show up shortly after the baby consumes his standard infant formula. The doctor first suspected an IgE mediated food allergy, but the results from the allergy tests came back inconclusive. The doctor then performed an oral food challenge with milk and soy and now suspects the baby has FPIES. What recommendation can you give to the mother as the next action to try?
Switch the formula to an extensively hydrolyzed casein formula The vomiting and diarrhea episodes may be noted shortly after the problematic foods are introduced, and this may be misdiagnosed as the flu or a stomach bug. The symptoms may pass, but will show up again after the food is consumed later on. Infants and children who are showing extreme signs of dehydration should have IV therapy. If the signs are not too severe, simple oral electrolyte rehydration measures may be performed at home. For infants who are formula-fed, they should be switched to an extensively hydrolyzed casein formula at first. If the symptoms continue after this switch, then they may require a specialized elemental formula (free amino acid containing little to no milk or soy protein fragments). FPIES usually resolves after a few weeks to months once the problematic protein is removed from the diet. Domain 2: Diagnosis
What is the The Maillard reaction?
The Maillard reaction is a browning effect of meat, it does not release volatile flavors. Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
What has the largest impact when making a purchase on equipment?
The Menu Ultimately, the menu will have the largest impact on this decision. The types of foods offered on the menu will determine the needs of the kitchen equipment. Domain 3: Financial Management
What is included in a Nutrition Assessment?
The Nutrition Assessment includes data obtained from lab values, information in the client's chart, or information from the client or their family. For example, Client eats at a fast food restaurant (once, sometimes twice daily) In this case, the client consumes a high fat diet when he eats out, which could be coupled with a high triglyceride level. Both facts are indicating the client is at nutritional risk for his medical diagnosis of heart disease. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
In the NCP model, what is included in the Nutrition Intervention?
The Nutrition Intervention is the third step of the NCP model which includes the planning and implementing of a plan focused on the nutrition problem identified in the nutrition diagnosis.
What is a Nutrition Assessment?
The Nutritional assessment is a detailed investigation to identify and quantify specific nutritional problems. the dietitian continually reviews the client's needs and goals, and this step is initiated by the Nutrition Screening for nutritional risk factors.
What does the respiratory quotient (RQ) help to determine?
The RQ is useful in determining the mixture of fuel (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) being metabolized.
What do respiratory quotient (RQ) values represent? If an athlete had an RQ of 0.86 what can be determined about their diet?
The RQ values are as follows: 1 = Carbohydrates 0.85 = Mixed diet 0.82 = Protein 0.7 = Fat Less than or equal to 0.65 = Ketones This athlete is consuming a well-balanced diet of carbohydrates, protein and fat.
Why should frozen vegetables be cooked for a shorter time?
The blanching and freezing process makes them more tender
What is body mass index?
The relationship of the measurement of height and weight and is used to assess a person's weight status classification as underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese.
What is the relationship between niacin and tryptophan?
The body can manufacture niacin from tryptophan Niacin, a B vitamin, is a unique nutrient in that it can be made by the body from tryptophan, an amino acid. Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
What is a clear liquid diet?
The clear liquid diet is as the name states. Only liquids, gelatin, and popsicles may be consumed. These liquids do not contain any fat, have minimal amount of nutritional value, and should not be consumed as the sole diet for an extended period of time.
What is the desired smoke point for frying? What oil has the highest smoking point and the lowest?
The desired smoke point for frying is greater than 374°F. Safflower oil has the highest at 513°F and butter is the lowest at 350°F.
What is the cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis?
The effect of sales volume and product costs on the operating profit of a business Profit is included as part of the equation: Revenue Needed = (fixed costs + desired profit) / [1 - (variable costs / sales)]
You are invited to dinner and were suddenly greeted with a food aroma. You ask the host where such a nice aroma is coming from. The host informed you that the classic aroma is from the chicken being cooked, and:
The exposure of volatile compounds which gives a distinctive, typically pleasant smell When the chicken is cooked, its volatile flavors are released into the air, which gives off a pleasant, savory smell. Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
What is the process to an elimination diet?
The first step for the patient is to stop consuming known foods that cause the reaction. Then, with a list of the known foods, the patient should read all food labels should to look for any common ingredients, and they should be instructed to keep a journal of foods consumed and if any reactions surface. If the identified allergen is removed from the diet, and the symptoms are no longer present, the patient should consult with their healthcare provider, where a blood test to positively identify the cause can be performed. The potential allergen may be slowly reintroduced back to the diet to see if the allergic response presents itself, again, assuming the reaction from the food is not too severe.
What would cause a positive nitrogen balance ( + NBAL)
The following would be in a positive nitrogen balance: * Growing children * Babies * Pregnant women People in positive nitrogen balance (+ NBAL) are building tissue from growth, tissue repair, or pregnancy, and they are holding on to nitrogen.
What can cause a patient to experience loose stool when on a tube feeding formula?
The formula's osmolality is 745 mOsm/kg The osmolality of a formula refers to the number of particles in the solution. When there is an imbalance of the osmolality between the gut and the surrounding blood, water will move from the area of lower concentration of particles (serum) to the area of higher concentration of particles (gut) to correct the imbalance, thus increasing the water content in the gut and potentially resulting in loose stool. Just because an enteral formula's osmolality can exceed 300 mOsm/kg, this does not mean every patient will experience osmotic diarrhea. The higher the formula's osmolality reaches, the greater the risk of some patients experiencing loose stools. Domain 2: Monitoring and Evaluation
What is a full liquid diet?
The full liquid diet contains all items on the clear liquid diet plus more calorically dense liquids, such as milk, nutritional drinks, pudding/custard, strained creamed soups, yogurt, and ice cream/sherbet. Some patients may not tolerate dairy products well, which may cause diarrhea, so some foods may need to be avoided on a case-by-case basis.
What is the half life of albumin?
The half life of albumin can range from 18 to 21 days.
What is the half life of transferrin?
The half-life of transferrin is about 8 days
Is inspection for wholesomeness of meat / poultry mandatory or voluntary.
The inspection for wholesomeness is mandatory, and this is paid for by public funding
What is the purpose of searing meat?
The purpose of searing meat is to keep the flavors and juices inside the meat. This does produce a smell but is not the contributor of the pleasant aroma. The odor would be more smoky Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
What indicates that an oil has a higher risk of rancidity?
The more double bonds the higher the risk. A mono unsaturated fat like olive oil is less likely to become rancid than a poly unsaturated fats like soybean oil.
What is the most definitive test for diagnosing FPIES?
The most definitive test is a medically supervised oral food challenge, where the suspected food is given to the child in a controlled clinical environment.
According to the Nutrient Standard Menu Planning (NSMP), what nutrients DO have a target goal for school lunch menus?
The nutrient standards set target goals for the following nutrients: * Protein * Vitamin C * Vitamin A * Calcium * Iron * Calories
What nutrients in fruits and vegetables are effected most by processing?
The nutrient that suffers the most is vitamin C, although some vitamin A and vitamin E get lost as well. Each of these vitamins are antioxidants, which means they react to oxygen.
How many grams protein/kg is needed for nutritional management of pressure ulcer?
The nutrition management for pressure ulcers is about 1.25 to 2.0 g/kg/d. This patient needs about 91 to 146 grams of protein daily. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
What is the best indicator that the education on healthy eating was beneficial to participants?
The participants chose more whole grain foods on their next shopping trip Education is worthwhile when the participants can practice what you preached. With the attendees making healthier grocery shopping choices, this indicates your message on making healthy food choices was received and is being followed. Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
How do the peels of fruits and vegetables protect the nutrients?
The peels and coverings naturally protect the antioxidant vitamins inside. Once you break through the protective coverings, the flesh inside is exposed to air and the oxygen reduces the antioxidant vitamins.
What is a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and what does it treat?
The procedure involves the wrapping of the top of the stomach around the lower esophagus, which reinforces the lower esophageal sphincter, making it less likely that acid will back up in the esophagus. The laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication procedure is commonly performed to treat severe gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD.
What is work simplification?
The process of obtaining the participation of workers in simplifying their work. Studies may be conducted to find easier workflow for the employees. Reconfiguring the kitchen layout is an example of work simplification. If the current layout is a straight line, the cook would have to walk the length of the table areas to perform different tasks. Changing the layout into a U-shape could simplify his work and improve productivity. Domain 4: Equipment and Facility Planning
What is an anthocyanin?
The riboflavin responsible for the color of red, blue and purple foods. It is greatly affected by changes in pH, and is soluble in water
What is a soft diet?
The soft diet contains foods bland in flavor, soft in texture and are easily digested. The patient should eat small, frequent meals, drink plenty of fluids, and sit upright when eating and about 30 minutes after meals.
What happens to the starch in potatoes as they get older?
The starch changes to sugar making them taste sweeter They cook to a darker brown (Millard Reaction) They are softer in texture
What are the steps of the SMOG formula?
The steps to conduct the SMOG Index are as follows: 1. Take the entire text to be assessed 2. Count 10 sentences in a row near the beginning, 10 sentences near the middle, and 10 more near the end, totaling 30 sentences 3. Count every word with three or more syllables in each group of sentences 4. Calculate the square root of the total number arrived at in step 3, and round to the nearest whole number 5. Add 3 to the number in step 4 to reach the SMOG grade The SMOG grade is then compared to a chart of numbers and the associated grade level.
What is the smoke point of oils?
The temperature to which fats can be heated before puffs of smoke occur
What is a cohort study?
The term "cohort" refers to a group of people followed through time. A cohort study is a study design where one or more samples (cohorts) are followed through a period of time. The subjects share similar characteristics, such as sex, age, race, geographical area, etc. An initial survey is conducted to determine the baseline exposure and disease status of the participants. One or more follow-up assessments are performed to see how many participants have developed a new incident (or disease) since the initial baseline evaluation. Domain 1: Research Applications
When would enzymes be used when preparing a meat dish? What enzymes are used?
The use of enzymes is more commonly used/needed for tougher cuts of meat. Papain from papaya Bromelain from pineapple Actinidin from kiwi
What are the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)?
There are three branched-chain amino acids: * Leucine * Isoleucine * Valine Remember this saying: You need branched-chain amino acids to LIV (live). These amino acids are essential for life, in that they make up the energy requirements for skeletal muscle, the heart and brain when glucose is not present. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
A patient is admitted to the hospital. He is found to be at nutritional risk. You collect the following data: "Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, weight 276 pounds, HbA1c 8.1, 'Poor sugar control at home' per wife." Which step in the Nutrition Care Process would this data be found?
This data would fall into the Nutrition Assessment step. Data in this step includes: * Pertinent diagnoses and medications * Lab values * Height * Weight * Body mass index * Previous nutrition education * Any information obtained from the patient or family Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What is a purpose of using methylene chloride in the food industry?
To decaffeinate coffee and tea Methylene chloride is indeed a chemical that is commonly used as a potent paint stripper and paint thinner. However, it can have a useful effect in the food industry. The chemical is used as an extraction solvent in the food industry. Coffees and teas are an example of this use. Methylene chloride can be used to remove the caffeine from unroasted coffee beans and tea leaves. Another solvent chemical that may be used by coffee and tea manufacturers is ethyl acetate. Although methylene chloride is a powerful solvent, it is not considered a health risk when present in residual amounts below FDA guidelines. The FDA allows up to 10 parts per million (ppm) and considers this a "safe" level of residual methylene chloride. Coffee and tea manufacturers attempts to keep any residual methylene chloride to less than 1 ppm. Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
What is the main purpose of the Nutrition Assessment?
To obtain data in order to identify nutrition-related problems In the first step of the Nutrition Care Process, the Nutrition Assessment, pertinent information is gathered in order to identify any nutrition-related problems. This is the foundation for the next step, the Nutrition Diagnosis. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
For a heart healthy meal plan how much of calories should come from fat? How much saturated and trans fats be consumed?
Total fat intakes between 25 and 35% of calories with less than 7% from saturated fat and trans fat and less than 200 mg cholesterol
*****True or false. The listing of a Percent Daily Value for protein on a food label is only required when the food label includes any claim regarding protein.
True If a food label includes any claim regarding protein (such as "High Protein"), the nutrition label must include protein expressed as a Percent of Daily Value. Otherwise, unless the food is meant for use by infants and children under 4 years, no Percent Daily Value for protein is needed. Protein intake is not a public health concern for adults and children over 4 years of age. Should the food label contain a health claim for protein, and the Percent Daily Value is present, the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) requires that the Percent Daily Value used on the nutrition label must be determined by using the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) method. The formula below is used to calculate the Percent Daily Value for protein using the PDCAAS method: %DV = grams of protein per serving X the PDCAAS value / 50 grams of protein daily value X 100 to convert to percent For example, if a food item contains 15 grams of protein, and the PDCAAS value was determined as 0.95, then the Percent Daily Value would be 28.5%: %DV = 15 grams of protein X 0.95 PDCAAS / 50 grams protein DV X 100 %DV = 14.25 grams / 50 grams protein DV X 100 %DV = 0.285 X 100 %DV = 28.5% The 50 grams of protein in the equation above refers to the daily value for protein. The PDCAAS is a method for determining the quality of protein in a food. The PDCAAS is a value between zero and 1.0 and is determined by a lab, or it may be calculated. Casein and egg whites have a PDCAAS value of 1.0. PDCAAS is calculated by multiplying the amino acid score of the recipe by the protein digestibility of the recipe: PDCAAS = amino acid score X protein digestibility of recipe Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
True or false. The desired profit is not a variable to be taken into account when calculating break-even point.
True Profit is not one of the variables needed when calculating break-even point. The variables which are used include fixed costs, variable costs, and sales. The formula for break-even point looks like this: BEP = fixed costs / [1 - (variable costs / sales)] Domain 3: Marketing and Public Relations
When produce begins to wilt, it loses its _________ (another name for its crispness).
Turgor Turgor is defined as the distention of the protoplasm and cell wall of a plant by its fluid content. During heating or aging of a plant, the cell walls become permeable, which causes a loss of water and a plant to lose its crispness. Domain 1: Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Food
How does an anthocyanin react to an acidic solution? In an alkaline solution?
Turns bright red Turns bluish
What can be added to make a diet more heart healthy?
Two or more servings of fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids Consume 5 to 10 servings of fruits and vegetables daily Soy protein foods may be incorporated into the healthy diet to help reduce the saturated fat intakes, but it is not necessary to omit all animal sources of protein
Which error in statistics is considered to be the most serious when deciding whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis?
Type 1 error A type 1 error, also known as an error of the first kind, is an incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis. In other words, the null hypothesis is true, but it was rejected. Type 1 errors are considered to be more serious than type 2. Domain 1: Research Applications
What agency is responsible for the grading of fruits and vegetables?
USDA
What does a round purple stamp indicate?
USDA inspected and passed
If a woman is underweight, how much weight should she gain during pregnancy?
Underweight women could expect to increase these levels by an additional 100 to 300 calories per day.
When writing a plan for an in-service on proper hand washing techniques, how should objective be written?
Use verbs in the objectives that can be measured like * Compare * Demonstrate * Write/say * Perform A score on a test is another measurable item that can be included in an objective. "Understand" is a descriptive term that cannot be measured. Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
You are taking a test in a Basic Nutrition class, but this test is asking questions about computers. This test is not _________.
Valid This test is not valid. It is not testing you on material that you have been studying. In order for it to be reliable, a student would achieve roughly the same grade each time he takes the test. A scale is reliable when measuring weight (20 pounds is always 20 pounds) but not valid when measuring body fat. Domain 1: Research Applications
Macrocyclic anemia may be seen with which vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin B12 Macrocytic anemia (large cell) can be seen in a folate or vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 is naturally found in animal products, including fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and milk products and fortified breakfast cerels. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
Microcytic anemia may be seen with which vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin B6 Microcytic anemia (small cell) can be seen in a vitamin B6 deficiency. Good sources of vitamin B6 include green and leafy vegetables, meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, legumes, fruits, and whole grains. Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
What helps iron absorb?
Vitamin C orange juice and cherries help absorb iron, as well as what is known as a factor found in meat, fish, and poultry (MFP Factor).
The inside of a cell has a higher concentration of sodium than the outside of the cell. What do you expect to happen?
Water will flow from the outside to the inside of the cell The ratio of solute to water always wants to be equal. To correct this imbalance, water will flow across the semipermeable cell membrane to the inside of the cell. The concentrations will be equal, but the cell will be larger in volume. In this case, the sodium (the solute) is at a higher concentration inside of the cell. Water will move from the outside of the cell (where there is a lower concentration of sodium and a higher concentration of water) to the inside of the cell (where there is a higher concentration of sodium and a lower concentration of water). Domain 1: Nutrition and Supporting Sciences
What is the best way to cook tough cuts of meat?
Well done because they have more collagen which needs more time to be softened
What are the steps of deamination?
When amino acids are broken down, perhaps to be used in energy production, the amino group is first stripped off, or deaminated. In deamination, ammonia is produced, which is released into the bloodstream. The ammonia is taken to the liver, where it is converted into urea, and the urea is then returned to the blood. The kidneys filter the urea out from the blood, and this nitrogen-containing compound is excreted in the urine. The remaining carbon fragments from the initial amino acids can enter several metabolic pathways and be used as a source of energy or converted to fat for long-term storage.
What is the break-even point?
When total revenue is equal to total costs, both fixed and variable costs. It is at the point where you "break even". No profit is made at this point, and the costs are all covered by the amount of income made. The formula for break-even point looks like this: BEP = fixed costs / [1 - (variable costs / sales)]
What factors need to be considered when planning a nutrition program for the elderly population?
Where is the program location? How will they get to the location? Is it wheelchair accessible? Are there stairs the participants need to climb? Is it in a safe neighborhood? Domain 1: Education, Communication and Technology
What is a positive correlation statement?
With a positive correlation, when one variable increases (or decreases), another variable increases (or decreases).
What does an respiratory quotient (RQ) greater than 1 indicate? Less than 0.82?
With a result higher than one, this is associated with overfeeding. With a result lower than 0.82, this is often associated with underfeeding.
What are characteristics of carotenoids?
Yellow orange foods Little effect in acid or base solutions Acts as an antioxidant Phytochemical
You need to communicate with a German-speaking patient about her lab results. A volunteer at the hospital also speaks German. Are you able to utilize the volunteer to assist with communicating with the patient?
Yes, and no written consent is needed from the patient According to HIPAA laws, medical professionals are permitted to share a patient's health information with an interpreter, and no written consent is needed to be obtained by the patient, in certain circumstances: * An interpreter who works for the same facility, such as a bilingual employee, a contract interpreter on staff, or a volunteer * An interpreter who is acting on the facility's behalf (not working directly for the facility and may include private companies, community-based companies, or telephone interpreter service lines) as long as there is a written contract or agreement in place that meets HIPAA's business associate contract requirements * A family member, friend, or other person identified by the patient as their interpreter. The patient must agree to this, or the medical professional may use professional judgment that the patient does not object Domain 3: Quality Management and Improvement
Is Retrogradation reversible?
Yes, with the use of heat
Upon the initial assessment of a patient, you read in the chart that she is "lactose sensitive". Which dairy food could you try with the patient before giving in to supplementation in order to meet her calcium needs?
Yogurt Lactose intolerance or sensitivity varies depending on the person. Of all calcium-rich dairy products, one of the most tolerated in some people with lactose intolerance is yogurt, providing about 450 mg of calcium in a one cup serving. Domain 2: Screening and Assessment
What best describes a type 1 error in statistics?
You say there was a difference when there is none In statistics, a type 1 error occurs when you say there was a difference when really there is none. In other words, you reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true. A type 1 error is a false positive. If the probability is set at p<0.05, we are willing to be wrong 5 times out of 100 in rejecting the null hypothesis. If we are wrong, we have a type 1 error.
You are screening a patient and notice her hair is dull and thin, her skin is rough and dry and slow to healing. Which deficiency do you suspect?
Zinc These are some of the visible symptoms of a zinc deficiency. Other symptoms of a zinc deficiency can include: * Night blindness * Weak sense of smell and taste * Weight loss * Diarrhea * Nausea * Low white blood cell count * Enlarged liver
What are the minimum requirements for fat, saturated fat, vitamins and minerals for meals served in the National School Lunch Program?
the school lunch program must: * Contain less than 30% total fat * Contain less than 10% saturated fat * Provide at least 33% of the RDA for protein, vitamins A and C, iron, calcium and calories Domain 2: Planning and Intervention
What are forbidden foods according to Jewish dietary laws?
forbidden foods include foods that contain blood, fish with scales and fins, and mixing meat with dairy. Beef is allowed, but not pork, and fish is allowed, but not shellfish. Domain 4: Menu Development
Is grading for meat / poultry quality mandatory or volunteery.
grading for quality is voluntary, and grading is paid for by the meat/poultry producers/processors.
How many units are required to be sold in order to meet your desired profit given the following information? Fixed costs = $30,000 Variable costs per unit = $4.00 Selling price per unit = $10.00 Desired profit = $18,000
to determine the number of units needed to sell to reach the desired profit, the equation would look like this: (fixed costs + desired profit) / (selling price per unit - variable cost per unit) (30,000 + 18,000) / (10.00 - 4.00) 48,000 / 6.00 8,000 units This formula is known as the cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis.