Reactions of acids with bases

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properties of bases

-bitter taste -dilute aqueous solutions feel slippery -change the color of dyes known as acid-base indicators -react with acids to form salts and water -electrolytes

neutralization

-reaction between H3O+ and OH- to form water molecules -all acid and base properties disappear

strong bases

-strong electrolytes -strength is based on the extent in which it dissociates and adds hydroxide ions to the solution

neutralization reactions

-traditional acid-base reactions -reaction in aqueous solution between an acid that produces hydronium and a hydroxide-producing base

Causes of controlling soil acidity

- acid rain - bacteria and fungi rotting the vegetation so that it releases acids - use of fertilisers containing ammonium salts

NaOH + H₃PO₄

3NaOH + H₃PO₄ → Na₃PO₄ + 3H₂O

Reacting ammonium sulfate with an alkali

- warm a solution of an ammonium salt w/ sodium hydroxide solution (gas given off) - test with damp red litmus paper - paper turns blue ( shows that an alkaline gas is present) ammonia

traditional definition for bases

-based on the observations of Arrhenius -substance that contains hydroxide ions and dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions

stronger acid

weaker conjugate base

Al₂O₃ + NaOH (hot, conc) + H₂O

Al₂O₃ + 2NaOH + 3H₂O → 2NaAl(OH)₄

Al₂O₃ + HCl

Al₂O₃ + 6HCl → 2AlCl₃ + 3H₂O

MgO + HCl

MgO + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂O

Na₂O + H₂SO₄

Na₂O + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + H₂O

SO₂ + NaOH

SO₂ + 2NaOH → Na₂SO₃ + H₂O

SiO₂ + NaOH

SiO₂ + 2NaOH → Na₂SiO₃ + H₂O

Define universal indicator

a mixture of indicators which shows a range of colour depending

Define alkali

a soluble base that releases OH- ions in aqueous solution e.g. NaOH, CA(OH) , NH

Define base

a substance that can react with an acid

Define acid

a substance that produces hydronium ions when it dissolves in water e.g. HCL, H SO , HNO

Al₂O₃ is an ___ oxide because

amphoteric, it reacts with both acids and alkalis

Lewis

an atom, ion, or molecule that is an electron pair donor and forms a covalent bond

amphoteric

any substance that can react as either an acid or a base

Define reversible reactions

chemical reaction in which the products reform the original reactants

alkaline solutions

contain OH-

H₃PO₄ reacts with NaOH in 3 stages because

it has 3 OH groups, each H⁺ in the OH⁻ group reacts in turn and is replaced

Bronsted-Lowry

molecule that is a proton acceptor

Define redox reactions

reaction in which reduction + oxidation have taken place together

Na/Mg oxide + acid --->

salt + water

Reaction of acids with carbonates

salt + water + carbon dioxide

conjugate acid

substance formed when a Bronsted base gains a proton

conjugate base

substance that remains after a Bronsted acid has given up a proton

Define oxidation

the gain of oxygen (loss of electrons)

Define reduction

the loss of oxygen (gain of electrons)

SiO₂ reacts as a ___ with ____

weak acid, strong bases

weak bases

weak electrolytes

stronger base

weaker conjugate acid


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