RECR 2530- Exam 2
Social Recreation
socializing for the purpose of having fun
What question does background materials answer?
Why are you doing what you are doing
Techniques for Active Listening
-Listen to yourself -Listen completely -Read body language -Listen courteously -Feedback -Accept different viewpoints
10 Characteristics of a Servant Leader according to Larry Spears
-Listening -Empathy -Healing -Awareness -Persuasion -Conceptualize -Foresight -Stewardship -Building community -Commitment to growth of people (ALL people)
What does the definition of communication NOT include?
-Listening -Talking
Physical Environment
-Location -Lighting -Decorations -Room size -Color -Layout
Types of Games
-Low organized games -Lead-up games -Team games -Table games -Mental games -Wide games -Simulation games -New games
Mixers
-Mingle -Socialize -Converse with others
Cooperative Games/Inactive Activities (New games)
-More about learning new things -Working together -Not about winning -Have fun
Transformational Leadership
-Motivation -Empowerment -Activate -Elevating -Transforming -Intrinsic motivation -Enthusiasm/Energy -Inspiring -Vision/Passion
What do you need to take into consideration when thinking about the Participants?
-Needs -Ages -Demographics -Lifestyles
Ways we perception check
-Okay -Yeah -Uh-huh
Tannenbaum and Schmidt's Leadership Continuum
-One end the leader is authoritarian and task oriented -On the other the leader is democratic and relationship oriented
What 3 components make up Details?
-Operations -Programs -Financial
Social Environment
-Opportunities: friendship, interaction, membership -Tangible rewards -Intrinsic motivation
Barriers to Communication
-Overload -Cultural differences -Jargon -Timing -Filtering -Perception sets -Hear what I want -Trust
What are the 2 models of collaborative leadership
-Partnership model -Dominator model
Ice Breakers
-People feel inhibited -Break the ice -Laughter -Make people feel comfortable
Psychological Environment
-Perceived freedom -Perceived competence -Providing leadership roles
Functions of Communication
-Persuade and influence -Information -Social and expressive relation -Conflict resolution
3 Things to Restructure to Help Motivation
-Physical Environment -Social Environment -Psychological Environment
Transitions
-Planning is necessary -Smooth and connected -Use group sizes, shapes, or locations -Create flow
What does inclusion mean?
-Recognize we are one yet different -Creative chances for others to experience freedom to participate -Value each person and value diversity -Support participation
Simulation Games
-Role playing -Decision making -Necessary trade offs -Need to know WHY you are doing this activity
Why join a group?
-Social reasons -Learn a new skill -Self enhancement -Significant other -Coercion -Make a statement -Self identity
Attitudinal Barriers
-Stigma -Stereotype -Discrimination -Segregation
Quiet Events
-Tone down excitement -Occur at the end of the event -Downside of the curve
Authentic Leadership
-Understand purpose -Practice solid values -Lead with heart -Establish connected relationships -Demonstrate self-discipline
What are the 4 styles of leadership based on Hitts' model?
-Victim -Dreamer -Doer -Leader Manager*
Group
-a collection of individuals -interact with each other -interdependence on one another (reciprocal support) -a collection of individuals who interact with each other and are interdependent on one another
Refreshments
-expected (not required) -combine with the theme
Decorations
-follow theme -create mood
Factors Leading to Conflict
-incompatible goals -status incongruencies -differences in perception -miscommunication
How would you promote an event?
-invitations -flyers -twitter -facebook -email -word of mouth
Why is it important to know WHY people joined a group?
-to keep them there -to meed their needs and goals
What 5 components make up Background Materials?
-type of activity -purpose -participants -date and time -theme
8 Individual/Anti-Group Goals
1. Aggressor 2. Blocker 3. Recognition seeker 4. Self-confessor 5. Clown 6. Dominator 7. Help seeker 8. Special interest pleader
Social Action Curve
1. Anticipation 2. Excitement 3. Conclusion
5 elements of communication
1. Communicator 2. Message 3. Medium 4. Receiver 5. Feedback
Facilities
1. Determine participants 2. Select facility -# of rooms -size of rooms/space -accessibility -transportation
Responsibilities of Group Leaders
1. Develop a sense of "we-ness" 2. Develop a positive group climate 3. Identify goals 4. Organize for goal achievement 5. Initiate action 6. Develop patterns of communication 7. Facilitate group structures 8. Develop and implement group philosophy
7 Group Building/Maintenance Roles
1. Encourager 2. Harmonizer 3. Compromiser 4. Gate keeper 5. Standard setter 6. Group-observer commentator 7. Follower
What are the squares on the New Managerial Grid and what do they men?
(1,1)- Impoverished Management: don't care at all about the people or the product (1,9)- Country Club Management: concern for people is greater than the concern for product (Spring into Statesboro) (5,5)- Organizational Man: product and people are equally cared for, but the leader doesn't care about either as much as they could (9,1)- Authority Obedience: cares a lot about the product and not at all about the people (factory) (9,9)- TEAM: product and people are equally important and the leader cares about both very much
Active Events
-Active -Consider risks -Typically outdoors -PEAK of SAC
What are some of the ways a leader can assume leadership?
-Appointment -Election -Emergence -Charisma (not an exhaustive list, and can all happen simultaneously)
Active Listening
-Attending -Paraphrasing -Clarifying -Perception checking
Potential Barriers
-Attitudinal -Consumptive -Temporal -Communicative -Social cultural and economic -Health -Experiential
What are the components of the Social Activities Pattern?
-Background materials -Details -Follow up
How can I motivate?
-Be passionate -Be clear on the goal -Reinforce positive behaviors -Be willing to get dirty/do what no one wants to do -Get their input -Ask for their opinions -Understand traditions -Work harder than the people you are leading
Attributes of a Leader (Handy & Hesselbein)
-Belief and doubt -Passion and awareness -Socializing and alone -Vision
Attribution Theory
-Cause is attributed to the leader -Leadership attributed to the one who looks like a leader -Good and bad attributions get attached to the leader
What components make up Follow Up?
-Clean up -Appreciation -Evaluation -Report
Collaborative Leadership
-Cooperate -More effective together (group theory) -Stronger commitment -Strengthened -Share in completion of tasks -Share in leadership roles
Overcoming Attitudinal Barriers
-Develop awareness of personal attitudes -Participate in simulations -Focus on similarities -View all people as part of humanity -Make direct contact
Activities to Avoid
-Don't meet goals of the group -Elimination games (cause disconnect and boredom) -Activities that cause embarrassment -Activities that are offensive
Leading Activities
-Draw people in (entice) -Make them WANT to participate (motivation) -Give directions in small digestible amounts -Practice (including transitions) -Should have a beginning and end (end on a positive note)
First Comers
-Early birds -Make welcome -Keep busy -Lasts until last person arrives
Partnership Model
-Empathy -Caring behaviors -Unconditional support -Mutual respect
Perception and Communication
-Environment -Personal goals -Values -Past experience -Personal evaluation -Social relationships
Transactional Leadership
-Exchange -Coercion and reward power -Extrinsic motivation -Leader does not care about the group member's growth and vice versa -Chain of command -Leader has authority -Do as told
What components make up the Financial part of Details?
-Expenses -Income
Setting/Situation (NoL)
-External forces -Group goals -Methods/processes -Type of environment
What would we need to evaluate?
-Facilities -Personnel -Program
What components make up the Operations part of Details?
-Facilities -Promotions -Decorations -Refreshments
Barriers to Inclusion
-Financial -Lack of qualified staff -Lack of transportation -Inaccessible facilities -Poor communication -Negative attitudes
What components make up the Program part of Details?
-First comers -Ice breakers -Mixers -Active events -Quiet events
Activity Selection
-Fun -Practice -Fit category/theme -Previous experience -Non-offensive -Comfortability -Never ask someone to do something you wouldn't consider doing
3 General Roles Group Members Fill
-General task roles -Group building/maintenance goals -Individual/Anti-group goals
What are ways to communicate besides talking/listening?
-Gestures -Body language
What is the purpose of social recreation?
-Get people together -Work, play, learn -Have fun together -Different people (leader, participant, sponsor) have different purposes
Dominator Model
-Hierarchy -Coercion -Control (try to avoid)
Why does inclusion matter?
-Human right -Quality of life -Development of self -Social development -Community development -Positive empirical outcomes
Power Resources
-Ideas -Reputation -Personality -Interpersonal skills -Choices
Mental Games
-Involve strategy -Bluffing -Thinking -Guessing -Brain teasers
Leader (NoL)
-Knowledgable, skills, and abilities -Needs disposition -Experience -Flexible style -Sources of power
Group Members (NoL)
-Knowledgable, skills, and abilities -Needs disposition -Experience -Task relevant maturity
Leadership and Ethics
-Leader sets moral tone -Leaders are mimicked -Personal ethics -Organizational ethics -Professional ethics
Leadership and Influence (Hesselbein&Cohen)
-Leadership is a matter of how to be, not how to do -Leaders succeed through the efforts of their people -Leaders build bridges
Types of Power (French & Raven)
-Legitimate -Reward -Coercive -Referent -Expert
14 General Task Roles
1. Initiator 2. Information Seeker 3. Opinion seeker 4. Information giver 5. Opinon giver 6. Elaborator 7. Summarizer 8. Coordinator-integrator 9. Orienter 10. Disagreer 11. Evaluator-critic 12. Energizer 13. Procedural technician 14. Recorder
Hitts' Model of Leadership
Described 4 styles of leadership based on vision and implementation
Why is facilities important?
Do our resources match our participants
Recreation Inclusion
Empowering people w/ disabling conditions to become valued and active members of their community
Reward Power
I have power b/c I can give you something you want
Coercive Power
I have power b/c I can punish you
Expert Power
I have power b/c I know things
Referent Power
I have power b/c people like me
Legitimate Power
I have power b/c someone gives me power
Why is understanding motivation important for recreation professionals?
If we can understand WHY then we can create programs people WANT to participate in
Nexus of Leadership
Leadership style is dependent upon the leader, the group, and the setting
Motivation Process
Needs --> Drives --> Attention to relevant stimuli --> goal directed activity --> reward/goal attained/needs met --> drive reduced
Soft Skills
People skills
Hard Skills
Technical skills
What indicates successful communication?
a change in behavior
Communication
a process of exchange that leads to a change in behavior
What is the #1 barrier to inclusion?
attitudes
Medium
how I send the message -easiest thing to change
Task List
list stating who will do what by when
Extrinsic Motivation
motivated for external reasons
Intrinsic Motivation
motivated for internal reasons
Goals
participant will... evidence of accomplishment how will you measure? justify each goal
Communicator
person sending the message
Feedback
subtle, tells whether communication was successful
Describe the elements of communication in a sentence
the communicator sends a message through a medium to the receiver who give feedback
Motivation
the psychological feature that arouses organisms to action towards a desired goal -the reason WHY people act -different for everyone
Filters
things that keep the messages from getting to the receiver -Maslow's hierarchy of needs -hungry, tired, language barrier etc.
Message
what I am trying to convey -we can receive LOTS of them
When is conflict likely to arise?
when things are going poorly
Receiver
who I am trying to communicate with
