Reformation 3.1 & 3.2

John Calvin

French/Swiss protestant reformer who preached predestination and founded another protestant church (Calvinism)

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who proved Copernicus correct with his Heliocentric Theory

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer and mathematician who came up with the Heliocentric Theory (first major victory of science over religion)

Teresa of Avila

Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the Reformation period.

Ignatius of Loyola

Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation

theocracy

a government ruled by religious leaders who claim God's authority

Council of Trent

a meeting of church leaders in the 1500s whose purpose was to clearly define Catholic doctrines for the Catholic Reformation

Christian humanism

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church

Protestant Reformation

a religious movement in the 1500s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches

ghetto

formerly a district in a city in which Jews were required to live

Heliocentric Theory

idea supported by observation by Copernicus and Galileo that the earth and the other planets of the solar system orbit the sun

Geocentric Theory

idea supported by the Catholic Church that the sun orbits around the earth

Divine Inspiration

if one questioned a leader's rule (could be a king or the Pope), one was questioning God

Henry VIII

king of England who separated his kingdom from the Catholic Church solely for the reason of obtaining a divorce to have a son as an heir

Jesuits

members of a Catholic religious order, the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534

indulgence

pardons issued by the pope of the Roman Catholic Church that could reduce a soul's time in purgatory

Martin Luther

person who led to calls for reform and to the movement known as the Reformation

Lutheranism

religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith

Counter Reformation

the Catholic Church's series of reforms in response to the spread of Protestantism in the mid-1500s to the early 1600s

predestination

the belief that at the beginning of time God decided who would gain salvation

justification

the process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God

salvation

the state of being saved through faith alone or through faith and good works

annul

to be declared invalid by the Church (annulment - to have one's marriage be declared null and void by the Catholic Church for some good reason)

Desiderius Erasmus

wrote about the need for a pure and simple Christian life - fanned the flames of discontent in the Catholic Church