Reformation Study Guide

Differences between Protestant and Catholics

1. Sacraments- Protestant- 2 sacraments (baptism and communion) because they're the only two in the bible Catholic- 7 sacraments (baptism, communion, confession, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, anointing of the sick) 2. Bible/Scripture- Protestant- everyday language (vernacular language)/authority Catholic- in latin/clergy members are the only ones who should interpret it. 3) Church Hierarchy- Catholicism- pope has power, believe in the church hierarchy Protestant- they do not believe there is a hierarchy, no power in the pope Lutheran believed in the priesthood of all believers (everyone with faith is equal) 4) Salvation- Catholicism- 7 sacraments to do + charity Protestant and Lutheran- Faith alone will save you Icon/Idol Worship- Protestant- No Catholicism- Yes for saints and other religious figures.

Catholicism

7 sacraments (baptism, communion, confession, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, anointing of the sick) Bible is in latin. Clergy members are the only ones who should interpret it. Pope has power, believe in the church hierarchy. 7 sacraments to do + charity will get you to heaven. Protestant- Faith alone will save you. Idled saints and other religious figures.

Diet of Worms/Edict of Worms

A council of German Princes. Required Luther to renounce his ideas. Luther declined.

Who is in charge of the Presbyterian church?

A group of elders that are in charge

Martin Luther

A lawyer who was struck by lighting and became a monk; wrote the 95 theses; criticized the church for selling indulgences. Started the Lutheran Religion

-What is the "95 Theses"?

A list of problems Luther has with the church. He nails it to a church door.

Johann Tetzel

A monk in charge of raising funds for the rebuilding of St. Peter's basilica in Rome. Sold Indulgences for the Church.

Zwingli

A vicar at a cathedral in Zurich who was influenced by Erasmus and had similar ideas to Martin Luther

What does the Act of Supremacy and what does it have to do with the Anglican Church?

Act of Supremacy says the pope isn't the king of church. Monarch is head of church and state.

What is the difference between Anabaptists and Lutherans?

Anabaptists said you can't be baptized as a baby. Anabaptists were more socially active and had more social cases. Lutherans were more based on religion. Lutherans fought in wars, anabaptists did not.

Where did the Anabaptists originate?

Augsburg, Germany.

Calvinism (& Huguenots)

Calvin was a French lawyer. He Got into studying theology and classical era. Ends up studying roman law. Religion called to him. Became a priest. Heavily influenced by Luther and Zwingli. Zwingli starts the reformation in Switzerland but dies when fighting breaks out between religious groups. Years later Calvin revives reformation in Switzerland. Huguenots are his followers.

What do Calvinists believe?

Calvinists believe that all people are sinful and the only way for them to "approach god" is through faith. What is also believed by these people is that the New Testament and baptism were created in order to guide divine people when they are seeking faith. They thought that salvation could only be achieved through God's will and not merit or faith. Was against sacraments and separation of church and state. Predestination. Hell people are called reprobates. Heaveners are called elect. Institutes of Christian religion is their book. Men and women are all flawed and corrupt. Men had no part in salvation. French Calvinist called Huguenots. They were persecuted in France and that's why Calvin moved religion to Switzerland.

What are Calvinists not allowed to do?

Calvinists cannot dance, gamble, drink, or act in the theatre, adultering, no bright colors, All known as Blue Laws. Also, what they eat and what they wear (color) is also monitored. Live a humble life.

Order King Henry's wives: (King Henry VIII)

Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr.

What do the "old lights" and "new lights" disagree on?

Church doctrine. Doctrine is a set of beliefs held by the church. Old Lights were more conservative and New lights were more about reforming.

Lutheranism

Created by Martin Luther. Religion has 2 sacraments (baptism and communion) because they're the only two in the bible. Bible has everyday language/authority. They do not believe there is a hierarchy, no power in the pope. Lutheran believed in the priesthood of all believers (everyone with faith is equal). Faith alone will save you is how you will get to heaven. No icon or idol.

Peace of Augsburg

Each German ruler had the right to choose the religion for his state. Also, citizens can choose where they leave.

Queen Elizabeth I

Elizabeth's reign was called the "Golden Age" of England (Economy Grows, Unifies Religion, Funds the arts, Makes sure England is Free.) Helped found the Anglican church with her father Henry VIII. He started it but Elizabeth continued it and really got things going. She establishes laws and rituals.

Pope Leo X

Encouraged the sale of indulgences to raise money for war and building projects. Went against Luther.

Where did the Anglican Church originate?

England

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Jesuits in 1534. Loyola was a Spanish soldier who walked with a limp because his leg had been shattered fighting for Charles V against the French.

Hans Denk

Founder of Anabaptists

Founder of Anabapists

Hans Denck

-In Luther's later life, what were some "radical" beliefs held by the monk?

He said the pope was the anti-christ. Hates the jews.

Catherine of Aragon

Henry VIII's first wife. Child: Mary I. She was Catholic. Engaged to henry's brother. As queen, she was well educated, she's beloved by the people of England. Takes her queenship very seriously. Her and Henry loved each other. Married due to alliance between Spain and England. Ended up falling in love. Friend of Anne Boleyn. She dies of cancer, poor and alone.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who opposed Martin Luther and tried to stop the spread of Protestantism

Act of Supremacy

In 1534, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, which consecrated the break with Rome and formally established Henry as Head of the Church and Defender of the Faith. The Act of Supremacy says the Monarch is head of Church and State.

-What were two reasons Luther began to question issued within the Church?

Indulgences-a piece of paper issued by the pope, get to heaven free card, absolved people of their sins. Catholic church sells indulgences for money. The way church officials run the church-he says priests are uneducated and are being unethical.

Where did Calvinism originate?

It started in France but trained missionaries travelled to Netherlands, Scotland, Germany, etc. It then went to Switzerland.

John Calvin

John Calvin was a French lawyer. He was the son of a cathedral solicitor and accountant, and he himself had an excellent classical education. He was very influenced by Luther's work. Calvin originally planned to be a preacher but he became a lawyer in 1528. In 1532 he stopped practicing law and start studying classics. He converted to Protestant ideas. He later fled Paris to Switzerland fearing prosecution. He later published his Institutes of the Christian religion. Lawyer turned priest. Heavily influenced by Zwingli and Luther. Started Calvinism.

Women in Protestantism

John Knox-He thought women should not have a higher authority than men in church of anywhere else. Women are subservient to men. William Gouge- Women are inferior to men in marriage. Quakers- Men and women are equal but not viewed that way in society. Political Petition to English Parliament- Men and women are equal in the household. Because they're equal women should be able to attend parliament meetings. Should be a part of government.

What are 2 ways they support there answer about their opinions for Women in Protestantism?

John Knox-It goes against nature. God says women are not allowed to have any important role in society or church. (interpretation of the bible) Pope is a man. William Gouge-When you enter into marriage as a woman, you put your husband first and he is now above you. A woman's job in marriage is to lift up the men to see how great he is. God, no matter how horrible a man is, he has made men better than women. If your husband is bad, it does not take away the god given right that he is better than his wife. Quakers-In the bible women played significant roles, similar to those as a clergy member. Both men and women are equal in god's eyes. God created men and women. Political Petition to English Parliament- There are laws surrounding marriage. Because mem and women both in the marriage they're both affected. Women feel like prisoners because they are not given equal rights as men.

King Henry VIII

King (had six wives) who caused the break between the English and the Roman Catholic church by wanting to divorce his wife Catherine. Started the Anglican church.

Who founded the Anglican Church?

King Henry VIII & Queen Elizabeth I (Hicouncis daughter) Henry VIII started it but Elizabeth continued it and really got things going. She establishes laws and rituals.

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

King and Queen of Spain. Parents of Catherine of Aragon. Supported the Spanish Inquisition

Importance of Printing Press

Led to bible being translated into new languages, allowed more people to read it and interpret it for themselves. Helped religion spread. This made it so the Church couldn't burn the other books because there would be other copies.

-What event made Luther change his career path?

Lightning strikes right next to him. And he says that if he survived the storm he would become a monk.

What is the difference between Calvinism and Luther's teachings?

Lutheran theology states that salvation is separate from merit and worthiness, arguing that it is a gift of God's sovereign grace. Calvinism salvation talks of a chosen few or a decided fate and Lutheranism believes that anyone can attain salvation through faith. Luther wanted Government and church separate.

Torquemada

Nicknamed the Black Legend. Spanish Inquisition. A Dominican Monk/head of the Spanish Inquisition. Grand Inquisitor. He worked together with the monarchs and influenced the queen and shared an obsession with religious purity. He hunted heretics down and Tortured them. Appressed and extermination. Torquemada's named referred to "to burn". Created Blood Laws to make sure anyone with Jewish blood didn't get into public office. Torquemada had a Jewish ancestry. The Jews were accused of kidnapping and killing a Christian child. This story was distributed and the men were found guilty of cutting the child's heart out and they were burned at the stake. 4 conversos. It is a false story that Torquemada made up to make Jews seem even more evil. Torquemada forces Fernand and Isabella to make a rule telling Jews to convert or leave Spain. Went after Muslims and Jews. Used Toture methods.

What do Anabaptists believe?

No infant baptism, only as adult baptism. Pacifists, opposed war, do not swear oaths to government, they think the secular government is evil. Church and state are separated. Also encourage women's participation in the church. Women and men were viewed as equal. Anti slavery, anti-war, and anti-church hierarchy.

Pope Paul IV

Pope Paul IV established the Index of Prohibited Books. The book forbade Catholics from reading certain books. This had played an important role in spreading the Reformation. Before the printing press was created, it was easy for the church to burn manuscript copies of heretical work, but it became far easier to prohibit what people read. They maintained the book for many years later. Paul IV also introduced another method of combating heresy.

Sacraments

Protestant- 2 sacraments (baptism and communion) because they're the only two in the bible Catholic- 7 sacraments (baptism, communion, confession, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, anointing of the sick)

Pope Paul III

Reigned as Pope from 1534-1549, began the deliberate policy of reviving a more spiritual outlook in the Catholic church; he required bishops to live and work in their home dioceses.

Where does the Presbyterian religion start?

Scotland

Problems with the Church

Selling Indulgences just for money. Luther thought the popes and monarchs had too much power. Luther thought that priests had no special role in reaching salvation. Two major issues facing the Catholic Church were the selling of indulgences and the fact that the priests in the Church were unqualified. Priests are unqualified, selling of indulgences, war, problems of fighting within the church hierarchy.

Jane Seymour

Son: Edward VI. She was Catholic. Marries Henry the same day that Anne was executed. Had an affair with Jane for months before he killed Anne. Not well educated, well liked by people, gets along with Henry's children. Died of Childbirth, died two weeks after childbirth because of an infection.

What is the difference between Anglicans and Lutherans?

Start for different reasons. Secular-Anglicans, religious-Lutheran. Luther says church and state are separate. Anglicans believe the opposite. Anglicans say you can do 7 sacraments but the lutherans say only 2. Lutheranism began in Germany and Anglicans started in England.

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent was a council of church leaders in the Italian city Trent that met to discuss complicated doctrines that they often disagreed on. They met in three sessions from 1545 to 1563, and defined official church doctrine; no more indulgences; in order to go to heaven, you must complete good works and have faith First Conference- 7 sacraments, church and bible are the authority, priest's responsibility is defined, original sin, latin is the language of the church. Second Conference- communion is literal (transubstantiation), clergy has to be more disciplined Third Conference- Saints remain important, church hierarchy members are more significant than general public. Pope is the head of the church. Jesuits were formed at this meeting. (3rd Council Meeting).

Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)

The Edict of Nantes gave the Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights. This was issued by King Henry IV

Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes was a decree that gave the Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights. It was issued by King Henry IV in 1562

Jesuits

The Jesuits became the most disciplined and effective agents in spreading Catholicism. Within 16 years, they had 1,500 members. They founded some of the best colleges in Europe and they opposed killing heretics because they believed that, given a chance to discuss religion with a Protestant, they could convert the person and thus gain a soul. Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits.

-What are two main beliefs held by Luther regarding religion/God?

The bible is the authority-do what jesus says Faith alone will save you-the catholic church says to do 80 things to do to get into heaven. Luther says faith alone will save you.

-What happened to Luther as a result of publishing his document and speaking out against the Church?

The church puts him on trial and excommunicates him. They said that he recants, takes back, what he said or gets excommunicated. Excommunicated-gets kicked out of the church. Back then everything was tied to the church. Luther didn't recant his beliefs.

What is predestination?

The knowledge that god has already planned and chosen who will go to heaven and who will go to hell, no matter their behavior.

What is unique about the Anglican church compared with other ones?

They placed the king at the head of the church instead of the pope. They could divorce. Religion was started because King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife. King Henry VIII needs a divorce so he started religion. Henry needs to find a real wife that will give him kids. (son to take his throne) He asks the pope to give him a divorce. Pope says no and he starts his own church. When Henry married he switched his religion depending on what religion his wife is. He had six wives.

What do Anglicans believe?

Vernacular language for bible. 7 sacraments but the first two are stressed (important). Less formal ceremonies and churches. Book of Common Prayer is the book they will use. Mix of catholic and Protestant views.

Spanish Inquisition

Very Severe. Punished People for Witchcraft Used Torture Methods Sought to remold popular culture in accordance with current religious ideals. Created to keep religious unity. Monarchs are involved in supporting both inquisition. In spain King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella supported it. Torquemada was the grand inquisitor. Mostly went After Jews and muslims. When a suspect admitted guilt or was convicted, penalties ranged from prayer to imprisonment; occasionally a condemned prisoner would be turned over to the secular authorities, who alone could impose a death penalty. Sometimes imprisonment was a light affair, with plenty of freedom. Other prisoners were bound in chains and forced to sleep on the ground. Often the state would confiscate the condemned person's property. Created to Keep unity within the Catholic church. To combat heresy and to put fear into people that may consider converting.

Anne Boleyn

Wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Elizabeth I. Was a Protestant. Had an affair with Henry while he was still with Catherine of Aragon. She's well educated, knows a lot about royal court. Knew about being around royalty. Her family had new money. People of England hated her. When Henry started divorce proceedings for Anne Boleyn she is hated. She promises him a male hair. She says that she won't make him a baby until they're married. She becomes queen. She doesn't like Henry's best friend, thomas moore. She convinces Henry to execute Moore. Getting tired of Anne and needs a reason to get rid of her. There were rumours she had an affair with her brother. Henry decapitates her. Executed by the King

Based on the background section, what were 2 reasons women's roles are being questioned?

Women in the Renaissance were not cared about-stuck in the homes. People saw classes emerge in society. Structured dinner, different activities, complex household roles, women lead and planned. Rise of commerce, growing prosperity, different economic roles being created, With more trade, etc. more jobs were created and men were filling jobs and women were pushed out and into the home and planned, etc. Women don;t leave the home men buy them things and bring them back. Men seem more important because they are out in society. Women are tied to children because of nursing.

Why can't you get baptized as a baby? (According to Anabaptists)

You don't have a say whether or not you want to or not. Only want true believers. You have no say as a baby. No free will. Also, babies don't know the difference between good and evil. If they don't understand the difference then they can't sin. Sinning is when you know you did something wrong. Also, they don't believe in original sin. They don't believe in Adam and eve's apple situation. This was the most radical group at the time. Because, you could have a choice in religion. (i.e. being baptised as an adult)

John Knox

brought Calvinism to Scotland; Scottish Calvinism became known as Presbyterianism.