Renal/Urinary System
Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions. 1200 2500 800 1800 500
1200
Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case? 99 mm Hg 84 mm Hg 69 mm Hg 30 mm Hg 24 mm Hg
24 mm Hg
Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg. 0 mm Hg 25 mm Hg 35 mm Hg 50 mm Hg
25 mm Hg
The average pH for normal urine is about __________.
6.0
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to A) excessive ADH secretion. B) absence of ADH. C) hematuric oliguria. D) overproduction of aldosterone. E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.
B
Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion? -Na+-H+ countertransport -Na+-glucose cotransporter -glucose carrier transporter -potassium ion channel
Na+-H+ countertransport
Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport. E) countertransport.
E
Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include A) hydrogen ions. B) penicillin. C) creatinine. D) potassium ions. E) All of the answers are correct.
E
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) the distal convoluted tubule. C) the collecting duct. D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.
E
Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium? ADH PTH aldosterone calcitonin
aldosterone
During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to osmose from the lumen into the interstitial space? -a decrease in the osmolarity of the interstitium -an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium -active transport of water
an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium
Agents that increase urine excretion are known as -muscarinic antagonists. -ADH agonists. -alpha-1 antagonists. -calcium channel blockers. -diuretics.
diuretics.
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the -vasa recta. -afferent arteriole. -renal vein. -interlobular arteriole. -efferent arteriole.
efferent arteriole
The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes? potassium sodium chloride
sodium
Agents that increase urine excretion are known as A) diuretics. B) muscarinic antagonists. C) alpha-1 antagonists. D) calcium channel blockers. E) ADH agonists.
A
Antidiuretic hormone A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. B) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. C) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine. D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary. E) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.
A
A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures? Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Renal sinus
Renal pelvis
In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine? ADH - low; 600 mOsm (urine) ADH - high; 600 mOsm (urine) ADH - high; 100 mOsm (urine) ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine)
ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine)
Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct? -ADH inserts water channels into the luminal membrane of the proximal tubules. -ADH is synthesized by the adrenal gland and works in the kidney. -ADH would increase urine volume. -ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.
ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.
Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct? -Aldosterone increases the number of passive sodium channels in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule and collecting duct, thus aiding sodium reabsorption. -Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex. -Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule. -Aldosterone is stimulated by decreased plasma sodium levels and increased plasma potassium levels.
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to -increased urinary loss of sodium. -reduction of blood pressure. -decreased sodium reabsorption. -less secretion of aldosterone. -All
All
Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains urea. water. hydrogen ions. nutrients. All
All
Functions of the urinary system include regulation of plasma -concentration of certain ions. -conservation of valuable nutrients. -regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. -helping to stabilize blood pH. -All
All
If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur? -presence of blood in urine -damage to the glomeruli -permanent kidney injury -presence of protein in urine -All
All
The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves -an increase in facultative water reabsorption. -aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. -the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis. -a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. -All
All
The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by -adjusting the volume of water lost in urine. -releasing erythropoietin. -releasing renin. -regulating NaCl levels in the blood. -All
All
Which of the following activities occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule? -reabsorption of 99 percent of organic nutrients -secretion of hydrogen ions -reabsorption of water -All
All
The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate. -The first statement is false but the second statement is true. -Both statements are false. -The first statement is true but the second statement is false. -Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine. -Both statements are true most of the time.
Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.
A decrease in blood albumin level will cause a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure. This will lead to a rise in the net glomerular filtration pressure. Are these two statements true or false? -Both statements are true. -Both statements are false. -The first is true; the second is false. -The first is false; the second is true.
Both statements are true.
If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true? A) Its pH is below normal. B) It will have the odor of ammonia. C) It will contain large amounts of urobilin. D) It will contain excess chloride ion. E) It will have a low pH.
C
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, A) a concentrated urine is produced. B) less urine is produced. C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases. D) permeability to water in the collecting system increases. E) water reabsorption increases in the loop of Henle.
C
Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate? A) chloride ions B) water C) protein D) urea E) glucose
C
Which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion: A) water B) glucose C) hydrogen ions D) sodium ions E) All of the answers are correct.
C
____________ Usually zero because few, if any, plasma proteins enter the capsular space
Capsular colloid osmotic pressure
Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney. -Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter -Ureter, renal pelvis, medulla, cortex -Cortex, medulla, ureter, renal pelvis -Medulla, cortex, renal pelvis, ureter
Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by A) simple diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport with Na and K ions. E) countertransport for bicarbonate ion.
D
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce A) a larger volume of urine. B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. E) urine with less glucose.
D
Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport. E) countertransport.
D
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to A) less secretion of aldosterone. B) increased urinary loss of sodium. C) reduction of blood pressure. D) decreased sodium reabsorption. E) All of the answers are correct.
E
As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? A) 1 B) 38 C) 63 D) 74 E) 99
E
Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains A) hydrogen ions. B) water. C) nutrients. D) urea. E) All of the answers are correct.
E
The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis. B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. C) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. D) an increase in facultative water reabsorption. E) All of the answers are correct.
E
The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate. A) The first statement is true but the second statement is false. B) The first statement is false but the second statement is true. C) Both statements are true. D) Both statements are false. E) Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.
E
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except A) active transport. B) facilitated diffusion. C) cotransport. D) countertransport. E) stem cell movements.
E
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)? A) relies on countercurrent multiplication B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration C) enables production of hypertonic urine D) site of obligatory water reabsorption. E) All of the answers are correct.
E
Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: CsHP is capsular hydrostatic pressure.) FP = BHP + CsHP - BCOP FP = BCOP + (BHP - CsHP) FP = CsHP + BHP - BCOP FP = BCOP - BHP + CsHP FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney. True False
False
The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney. True False
False
Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney. Renal fascia Fibrous capsule Broad ligament Perirenal fat capsule
Fibrous capsule
Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule? Renal medulla Renal pyramid Renal pelvis Renal cortex
Renal cortex
What triggers the movement of water out of the descending limb? -Ions are transported out of the ascending limb, and the resulting concentration gradient in the peritubular fluid pulls water out of the descending limb. -Ions are actively transported out of the descending limb, and water follows. -Water is actively transported by cells of the descending limb. -There is a hydrostatic pressure gradient in the descending limb that allows water to filter out.
Ions are transported out of the ascending limb, and the resulting concentration gradient in the peritubular fluid pulls water out of the descending limb
Which of these is NOT an aspect of the micturition reflex arc? -CNS processing occurs in the sacral cord. -It involves sympathetic nervous system function. -It is stimulated by mechanoreceptors. -The effector is the detrusor muscle.
It involves sympathetic nervous system function.
Which of these is NOT a property of countercurrent multiplication? It exploits the structure of the nephron loop. It is opposed by the vasa recta. It creates a hyperosmotic peritubular fluid in the kidney medulla. It depends on active ion transport to function
It is opposed by the vasa recta.
Where are the renal columns located? Renal medulla Renal pelvis Renal cortex Renal pyramids
Renal medulla
Some patients with kidney failure regularly undergo a procedure called hemodialysis to cleanse their blood. This procedure thus effectively replaces which of the following kidney components. -Collecting ducts -Nephrons -Ureters -All
Nephrons
A diuretic drug called thiazide increases water loss by reducing ion reabsorption in the proximal and the distal convoluted tubules. Which of the following answer choices correctly pertains to this statement? -Facultative water reabsorption is thus reduced. -Obligatory water reabsorption is thus reduced. -Aquaporin II channels may be blocked. -All
Obligatory water reabsorption is thus reduced.
Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids? Renal papillae Renal columns Renal pelvis Ureter
Renal columns
Where does the kidney filter the blood? Renal corpuscle Renal pyramid Renal tubule Renal pelvis
Renal corpuscle
Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys? Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Renal pyramids
Renal cortex
Which of the choices below best describes the autonomic mechanism for regulating GFR? -Sympathetic fibers trigger the release of hormones from the heart. -Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR. -Sympathetic fibers trigger release of an enzyme to decrease the GFR. -Sympathetic fibers initiate the myogenic response to decrease the GFR.
Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR.
Which of the following statements about filtrate is INCORRECT? -The filtrate is collected within the renal cortex. -The filtrate is similar to blood plasma. -The filtrate has the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma. -The filtrate is produced within the proximal convoluted tubule.
The filtrate is produced within the proximal convoluted tubule.
Besides being very painful, a blockage in a ureter due to kidney stones or external pressure is serious because it leads to an increase in capsular hydrostatic pressure. What is the consequence of this increase in pressure? The glomerular filtration rate decreases because the net filtration pressure is a negative value. The glomerular filtration rate increases to the point where the nephrons do not have sufficient time to reabsorb vital nutrients and ions. The glomerular filtration rate increases to the point where damage to the filtration membrane occurs. The glomerular filtration rate decreases because the blood colloid osmotic pressure increases.
The glomerular filtration rate decreases because the net filtration pressure is a negative value.
How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development? -Growth factors from the kidney direct the growth the epiphyseal cartilage plate in the bone. -Injury to bone triggers a response in the kidney, which makes more rennin hormone. -Osteoblasts migrate from the kidney into the bone. -Growth hormone is produced by the kidneys. -The kidney produces calcitriol.
The kidney produces calcitriol.
Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways? -Transcellular -Paracellular
Transcellular
The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface. False True
True
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the calyx. proximal convoluted tubule. nephron loop (loop of Henle). distal convoluted tubule. papillary tubule.
distal convoluted tubule.
A glomerulus is -the source of erythropoietin. -a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. -attached to the collecting duct. -the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron. -the expanded end of a nephron.
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to -overproduction of aldosterone. -dilation of the afferent arterioles -hematuric oliguria. -absence of ADH. -excessive ADH secretion.
absence of ADH.
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is adjusting the urine pH. secretion of drugs. absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water. filtration. secretion of acids and ammonia.
absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is bulk transport. active transport. facilitated diffusion. osmosis. simple diffusion
active transport
Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________. renal arteries afferent arterioles efferent arterioles cortical radiate arteries
afferent arterioles
The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels? afferent arterioles systemic arterioles glomerulus efferent arterioles
afferent arterioles
Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane. Urea sodium ions glucose albumin amino acids
albumin
What is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? -autonomic regulation -renin-angiotensin system -autoregulation -natriuretic peptides
autoregulation
Which of these is NOT an organic waste found in urine? urea bicarbonate ions uric acid creatinine
bicarbonate ions
Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? -water and small solutes -nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea -ions, such as sodium and potassium -blood cells and large particles
blood cells and large particles
Her urine is deep yellow and low in volume. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism affecting this? -glomerular hydrostatic pressure -capsular colloid osmotic pressure -net filtration pressure -blood colloid osmotic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure
Which is the pressure that opposes the formation of filtrate by drawing water out of the filtrate and back into the plasma? -net filtration pressure (NFP) -glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) -blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) -capsular colloid osmotic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
______________ tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma; opposes filtration
blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
Renal columns are -internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. -bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. -the basic functional units of the kidney. -conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. -expanded ends of the ureters.
bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of venules. arterioles. veins. arteries. capillaries.
capillaries
_____________ tends to push water and solutes out of the filtrate and into the plasma
capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)
Which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? -glomerulus -proximal convoluted tubule -distal convoluted tubule -collecting ducts -glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
collecting ducts
What is the function of the renal pelvis? Collects newly formed urine Filters waste products out of the blood Changes the composition of urine Receives the glomerular filtrate
collects newly formed urine
The detrusor muscle -functions as the internal urinary sphincter. -surrounds the renal pelvis. -compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. -moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. -functions as the external urinary sphincter.
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. calyces medulla cortex pelvis vasa recta
cortex
What process provides ammonia for buffering the pH of tubular fluid? -deamination of amino acids -breakdown of proteins in the urine -recycling of urea -the action of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme
deamination of amino acids
What is the primary site for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate? distal convoluted tubule nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle
distal convoluted tubule
The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of which three layers? -filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores -dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule -podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus -endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits -fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes
endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits
Chronic and acute renal failure impairs all of the functions carried out by the kidneys and, as a consequence, the functions of most other body systems. Which of the following renal functions is matched incorrectly? -calcitriol; calcium metabolism -erythropoietin; digestion -renin; blood pressure -None of the listed functions are incorrectly matched.
erythropoietin; digestion
The urinary system does all of the following except -regulating blood volume. -excreting excess albumin molecules. -eliminating organic waste products. -contributing to stabilizing blood pH. -regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes.
excreting excess albumin molecules.
The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient. -facilitated diffusion -active transport -simple diffusion -osmosis -bulk transport
facilitated diffusion
Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the filtrate are relatively high? countertransport pinocytosis facilitated transport active transport
facilitated transport
During filtration, anything that is small enough to pass through all three layers of the filtration membrane will become part of the filtrate. What is the name of the most porous layer of the filtration membrane? -filtration slits -capsular epithelium -visceral epithelium -fenestrated endothelium
fenestrated endothelium
The step in kidney function in which fluid is forced out of the blood includes moving fluid __________. -from PCT to DCT -from glomerulus to -glomerular capsule -from afferent arteriole to glomerulus -from glomerular capsule to PCT
from glomerulus to glomerular capsule
The process of filtration occurs at the -proximal convoluted tubule. -collecting duct. -distal convoluted tubule. -glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. -nephron loop (loop of Henle).
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
The first step in the formation of urine is the generation of filtrate from the blood plasma by filtration. In what part of the nephron does the formation of filtrate occur? -loop of Henle -proximal convoluted tubule -glomerular capsule -distal convoluted tubule
glomerular capsule
The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________. countercurrent multiplication vasa recta filtration rate glomerular filtration rate filtration pressure
glomerular filtration rate
Which of the following best describes the passive force that creates filtrate? -vasoconstriction -glomerular filtration rate (GFR) -autonomic regulation -glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
__________________ is the Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus. glomerulonephritis polycystic kidney diabetes cystitis renal calculi
glomerulonephritis
The medial indentation on the exterior of the kidney where the ureter exits is called the __________. pelvis calyx hilum pyramid
hilum
The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the -hilum. -calyx. -pelvis. -pyramid. -ureter.
hilum
Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney? Hilum Renal medullla Carina Renal cortex
hilum
What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? -hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure) -gravity -colloid osmotic pressure of blood
hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except -produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. -trigger renin release. -reduce blood flow to kidneys. -increase the glomerular filtration rate. -produce renal ischemia.
increase the glomerular filtration rate.
The renal veins drain into the segmental arteries. peritubular capillaries. inferior vena cava. renal arteries. abdominal aorta.
inferior vena cava
To regulate pH, all of the following are secreted into the fluid in the collecting system EXCEPT __________. iron All hydrogen bicarbonate
iron
The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the -filtration membrane. -nephron loop (loop of Henle). -juxtaglomerular complex. -afferent arteriole. -renal corpuscle.
juxtaglomerular complex.
Where is erythropoietin released?
kidney
Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine? amino acids large proteins urea hydrogen ions creatinine
large proteins
Which of the following activities is not related to kidney function? -regulation of blood pressure -lipid digestion -control of hydrogen ion and pH in the blood -maintenance of various blood ion concentrations -control of wastes in the blood
lipid digestion
Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called calyces. renal pelvises. pyramids. renal columns. nephrons.
pyramids
____________ is the average pressure forcing water and dissolved substances out of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space
net filtration pressure (NFP)
If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? -net filtration would decrease -net filtration would not be altered -net filtration would increase
net filtration would decrease
What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule? -number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane -number of transport carriers in the basolateral membrane -number of sodium-potassium ATPase pumps in the basolateral membrane
number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane
The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. papillary duct distal convoluted tubule ureter renal corpuscle nephron loop (loop of Henle)
papillary duct
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are -vasa recta capillaries. -corticoradiate capillaries. -peritubular capillaries. -proximal capillaries. -efferent arterioles.
peritubular capillaries
In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called -podocytes. -juxtaglomerular cells. -glomerulocytes. -tubular cells. -macula densa cells.
podocytes
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by -filtrate in the capsular space. -presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma. -constriction of the efferent arteriole. -protein in the filtrate. -blood pressure.
presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma.
All of the following processes are functions of the urinary system EXCEPT __________. -elimination of urine -regulation of blood volume -production of urea -excretion of excess ions such as sodium or potassium
production of urea
One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________ protein creatinine uric acid urea
protein
Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate? urea potassium ions chloride ions water protein
protein
Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged? protein glucose chloride creatinine
protein
Sixty to 70 percent of the water is reabsorbed in the __________. renal corpuscle collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the nephron loop (loop of Henle). proximal convoluted tubule. distal convoluted tubule. minor calyx. collecting duct.
proximal convoluted tubule.
In the event of a severe increase in systemic blood pressure, what mechanism would increase GFR? -constriction of afferent arterioles due to myogenic mechanism -dilation of efferent arterioles -increased autonomic stimulation of afferent arterioles -release of ANP and BNP
release of ANP and BNP
During an analysis of renal blood flow, clinicians look for an administered compound called para-aminohippuric acid (PAH). In a healthy kidney, this compound is filtered by the nephrons and ends up in urine. In which part of the nephron does filtration occur? -distal convoluted tubule -renal corpuscle -proximal convoluted tubule -ascending limb of the loop of Henle
renal corpuscle
The filtration of plasma takes place in the -nephron loop (loop of Henle). -papillary duct. -ureter. -renal corpuscle. -distal convoluted tubule.
renal corpuscle
Which region of the kidney is the most superficial? Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Renal column
renal cortex
The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is glomerulonephritis. renal failure. polycystic kidney disease. hematuria. calculi.
renal failure
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the renal sinus. renal pelvis. renal medulla. renal papilla. renal cortex.
renal pelvis
The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the renal corpuscle. renal calyx. renal sinus. renal hilum. renal pelvis.
renal pelvis
What enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to regulate GFR? renin angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) angiotensin I angiotensin II
renin
Which of the following GFR-regulating mechanisms is initiated by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex? renin-angiotensin system natriuretic peptides myogenic mechanism autonomic regulation
renin-angiotensin system
The kidney does all of the following EXCEPT __________. -secrete excess albumin -help stabilize blood pH -regulate plasma electrolytes -regulate blood volume
secrete excess albumin
The area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the __________. renal pelvis rugae detrusor trigone
trigone
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except countertransport. active transport. stem cell movements. cotransport. facilitated diffusion.
stem cell movements
What internal kidney structures funnel the urine into the renal pelvis of the ureter? -renal pyramids -renal tubules -the calyces -juxtamedullary nephrons
the calyces
The urinary filtrate first enters __________. the proximal convoluted tubule the renal papilla the collecting tubule the glomerular (Bowman) capsule
the glomerular (Bowman) capsule
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, -water reabsorption increases in the loop of Henle. -less urine is produced. -permeability to water in the collecting system increases. -a concentrated urine is produced. -the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms? -passive sodium channels -the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane -sodium-glucose cotransporter -the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the luminal membrane
the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by -the urethra. -blood vessels. -the ureters. -the calyces. -lymphatics.
the ureters
Which of the choices below best describes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? -the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute -the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute -the blood pressure within the glomerulus -the volume of urine that leaves the kidneys per minute
the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. pseudostratified columnar simple cuboidal stratified squamous transitional simple columnar
transitional
Which of the following organic wastes is generated from the catabolism of amino acids? uric acid urea creatinine None of the listed responses is correct.
urea
Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the -urethra. -ureter. -glomerulus. -collecting duct. -convoluted tubule.
urethra
Urine is eliminated through the -ureter. -urinary bladder. -urethra. -liver. -kidney.
urethra
Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal hilum? renal artery ureter urethra renal nerves
urethra
