Research Chapters 8,10,11,12,13
The researcher understands that which of the following would be an example of systematic error? A. A thermometer that indicates the body temperature as 0.1° higher than the accurate temperature. B. The rapport of the subject with the data collector. C. The playfulness or seriousness of the situation during data collection. D. Variations in fatigue in subjects when measures are taken
A. A thermometer that indicates the body temperature as 0.1° higher than the accurate temperature.
The research study has a threat to internal validity when which of the following occurs? A. A valid rival hypothesis exists. B. Findings are generalized beyond the target population. C. The results of statistical analysis are incorrectly interpreted. D. There is a mismatch between the conceptual and operational definitions
A. A valid rival hypothesis exists
The researcher understands that which of the following describes serendipity? A. Accidental discovery of something useful or valuable B. Keen sense of perception C. New understanding emerging from synthesis D. Unplanned meeting with a potential subject
A. Accidental discovery of something useful or valuable
Which of the following concern measurement reliability? (Select all that apply.) A. Accuracy B. Consistency of measurement C. Homogeneity D. Systematic error E. Heterogeneity
A. Accuracy B. Consistency of measurement
A nurse was conducting a critique of a quantitative study and identified that the study variables were linked to the study framework, and the conceptual definitions for the variables were consistent with the study framework. The conceptual and operational definitions for the variables were logical and consistent. This example demonstrates what step of a quantitative research critique? A. Analysis B. Comparison C. Comprehension D. Evaluation
A. Analysis
Which steps of the critique process focus on the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of a study? A. Analysis and comparison B. Analysis and comprehension C. Comparison and comprehension D. Conceptual clustering and evaluation
A. Analysis and comparison
Critiquing the methodological congruence of a study involves examining all the following types of rigor except: A. analytical. B. documentation. C. ethical. D. procedural
A. Analytical
. A publication in nursing that includes just cognitive clustering summaries of important areas of nursing research was initiated in 1983, with a volume being published each year since then. This publication is: A. Annual Review of Nursing Research. B. Applied Nursing Research. C. Nursing Research. D. Nursing Research & Health
A. Annual Review of Nursing Research.
Critically appraising the research includes which of the following? A. Broaden understanding B. Facilitate ethical practice C. Benefice D. Justice
A. Broaden understanding
The researcher understands that which of the following is not a characteristic of ANOVA? A. Can be used only with two groups B. Often requires post hoc tests to identify locations of differences C. Tests for differences between means D. F statistic used to report results
A. Can be used only with two groups ANOVA can be used with three or more groups.
During data cleaning, the researcher will perform which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Check the data for accuracy B. Correct all errors C. Identify missing data points and supply the data D. Organize according to responses E. Sort according to demographics
A. Check the data for accuracy B. Correct all errors C. Identify missing data points and supply the data
The critical appraisal process for quantitative studies includes which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Comprehension phase B. Analysis phase C. Introductory phase D. Comparison phase E. Evaluation phase
A. Comprehension phase B. Analysis phase D. Comparison phase E. Evaluation phase
Which skill in critiquing qualitative studies enables the researcher to shift perception to see things from a different perspective? A. Context flexibility B. Inductive reasoning skills C. Theoretical modeling D. Transformation of ideas across levels of abstraction
A. Context flexibility
The nurse understands that evidence of validity of measurement can be obtained from examining which of the following? A. Contrasting groups B. Dependability C. Equivalence D. Stability
A. Contrasting groups
Which of the following is not a descriptive statistic? A. Correlational analysis B. Frequency distribution C. Mean D. Standard deviation
A. Correctional analysis
A researcher studying the strategies for breast-feeding mothers to use to reduce, prevent, and manage nipple pain is best described by which of the following types of design? A. Descriptive B. Ex post facto C. Experimental D. Quasi-experimental
A. Descriptive
Recruiting subjects has become one of the difficult tasks of researchers. Which of the following strategies would be the most effective in obtaining the desired number of subjects? A. Direct contact B. Mail contact C. Small groups D. Telephone contact
A. Direct contact
dentify the response that indicates the type of limitations, if any, on manipulation of the independent variable that might influence the researcher to select a nonexperimental research design. . Does the use of certain tampons cause toxic shock syndrome? A. Ethical constraints limit manipulation B. Independent variable cannot be manipulated C. Manipulation is possible D. Practical constraints limit manipulation
A. Ethical constraints limit manipulation
The nurse understands that homogeneity includes which of the following? A. Examines the correlation of various items within a scale B. Is measured by Cronbach's β-coefficient C. Splits the items in a scale and examines only the first half of items D. Does all of the above
A. Examines the correlation of various items within a scale
Types of results from inferential statistical analyses include all except which of the following? A. Findings B. Not significant C. Significant D. Unpredicted
A. Findings The researcher, not the statistical procedures, must reach findings.
The nurse researcher understands that the risk of a type II error increases with which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Low levels of power B. Small effect sizes C. Results indicate a significant difference when in reality there is no difference D. Small samples
A. Low levels of power B. Small effect sizes D. Small samples
A qualitative research report should be sufficiently detailed to allow a second researcher, using the original data and the decision trail, to arrive at conclusions similar to those of the original researcher. This demonstrates the study's: A. auditability. B. ethical rigor. C. procedural rigor. D. descriptive vividness
A. auditability.
The nurse researcher understands that which of the following is related to inference? A. Conclusion or judgment based on evidence B. Logical movement from a general truth to a specific instance C. Researcher's guess about the outcomes of the study D. Theoretical application of study findings
A. conclusion or judgement based on evidence
The nurse understands that physiological measures are: A. described in detail in well-written research reports. B. easier to obtain than psychosocial measures. C. more valid than psychosocial measures. D. reliable when obtained from the patient's record.
A. described in detail in well-written research reports.
The purpose of a predictive correlation design is to predict the level of: A. the dependent variable versus the independent variables. B. the independent variable versus the dependent variables. C. no causal relationships among variables. D. None of the above
A. the dependent variable versus the independent variables.
The researcher understands that sensitivity of physiological measures is related to which of the following? A. Ability to distinguish the measure from other signals B. Amount of change that can be measured precisely C. Amount of variation in the equipment D. Evaluation of the adequacy of the operational definition
B. . Amount of change that can be measured precisely
The nurse researcher is critiquing a research article and is trying to determine the logical links that connect one study element to another. This is known as which phase of the critical appraisal process? A. Comprehension phase B. Analysis phase C. Comparison phase D. Evaluation phase
B. Analysis phase
A researcher wanted to conduct a study examining the relationship between gender and heart disease. The most appropriate statistical test to use would be: A. ANOVA. B. Chi-square. C. Pearson's r. D. regression analysis
B. Chi-square Chi-square is used to examine relationships between categorical data.
A practicing nurse critiqued the purpose statement of a study and found that the purpose: (1) identified the goal of the study; (2) included the variables, population, and setting of the study; and (3) was feasible to research. This example demonstrates what level of quantitative research critique? A. Analysis B. Comparison C. Comprehension D. Evaluation
B. Comparison
Critiquing the design in a quantitative study to determine if there were threats to the design validity is an example of what step in the critique process? A. Analysis B. Comparison C. Comprehension D. Evaluation
B. Comparison
A nurse critiqued the sample and site of a qualitative study and found it to be extremely detailed so that it was almost like being in the setting and experiencing interactions with the subjects. What standard of a qualitative research critique was being examined? A. Analytical preciseness B. Descriptive vividness C. Methodological congruence D. Theoretical connectedness
B. Descriptive vividness
A researcher wanted to study the elements or variables associated with fear. Which of the following would be an appropriate statistical measure? A. Chi-square B. Factor analysis C. Pearson's r D. T-test
B. Factor analysis Factor analysis is used to determine the relationships among large numbers of variables associated with a complex phenomenon.
In recruiting subjects for a study, the researcher needs to: A. Avoid difficult or unpleasant individuals. B. Follow the sampling criteria. C. Obtain large groups rather than individual contacts if direct contact is necessary. D. Use the telephone or mail whenever possible rather than direct contact
B. Follow the sampling criteria.
Identify the response that indicates the type of limitations, if any, on manipulation of the independent variable that might influence the researcher to select a nonexperimental research design.. Does a nurse's gender affect salary and rate of promotion? A. Ethical constraints limit manipulation. B. Independent variable cannot be manipulated. C. Manipulation is possible. D. Practical constraints limit manipulation
B. Independent variable cannot be manipulated.
The nurse understands that reliability includes which of the following? A. Can be generalizable B. Is concerned with the consistency of measurement C. Measures the amount of systematic error D. Meets all of the above criteria
B. Is concerned with the consistency of measurement
he nurse researcher is evaluating a correlational design. All of the following would be included except? A. Large sample B. Low response rate of subjects C. Sample representing all elements of the population D. A wide range of values on each measure
B. Low response rate of subjects
Which of the following elements is found in every experimental study? A. Absence of a control group B. Manipulation of the independent variable C. Random assignment of subjects to groups D. Random selection of subjects for the study
B. Manipulation of the independent variable
Which of the following statements about cause is incorrect? A. The effect cannot occur unless the cause first occurs. B. Most phenomena in nursing can be clearly pinned down to a single cause and a single effect. C. The greater the proportion of causal factors that can be identified and explored, the clearer the understanding of the phenomenon. D. The greater the understanding of cause, the greater the ability to predict and control the effect or outcome
B. Most phenomena in nursing can be clearly pinned down to a single cause and a single effect.
Who updates their nursing knowledge base by critiquing the research literature for findings to use in the classroom and clinical agencies? A. Administrators B. Nurse educators C. Nurse researchers D. Practicing nurses
B. Nurse educators
The researcher understands which of the following pertains to using focus groups? A. Larger groups are desirable. B. People feel free to express their views. C. Recruitment of subjects is easily obtained. D. Segmentation is undesirable
B. People feel free to express their views.
When the nurse is critiquing a study, it is important to identify which of the following possible sources of bias? A. Establishing a control group B. Purposive sampling C. Random assignment D. Timed intervention
B. Purposive sampling subjects may be selected in a biased way
The research study has a type I error that may occur when which of the following occurs? A. Researcher concludes that there is no difference between groups when there is a difference B. Researcher concludes that there are differences between groups when in reality there is no difference C. Sample size is large, thus increasing the applicability of the study D. Study contains multiple extraneous variables increasing the likelihood of error
B. Researcher concludes that there are differences between groups when in reality there is no difference
The nurse researcher understands research designs that test causality should include an intervention that is: A. an experimental test of the treatment as it is commonly provided. B. carefully developed to provide the most effective treatment possible. C. designed to minimize the differences between groups. D. unknown to increase knowledge of its usefulness
B. carefully developed to provide the most effective treatment possible.
In any study in which the data are numerical, data analysis begins with: A. correlational statistics. B. descriptive statistics. C. hypothesis-testing statistics. D. predictive statistics
B. descriptive statistics
The nurse researcher understands that a one-tailed test of significance: A. increases the risk of a type II error. B. indicates that extreme scores on only one tail are considered significant. C. is referred to as no directional. D. is weaker than two-tailed tests
B. indicates that extreme scores on only one tail are considered significant
All of the following are examples of a scale, except: A. Likert. B. questionnaire. C. rating. D. semantic differential
B. questionnaire
Which of the following best describe why the nurse researcher critically appraises a study to determine if the treatment in the study is clearly described? A. This will help identify variables B.This will be helpful in determining the study design C. This will be helpful for data analysis D. This will help determine if the hypothesis is proven or disproven
B.This will be helpful in determining the study design
The expected level of expertise in the critique process for baccalaureate degree graduates includes which of the following steps? A. Analysis, comprehension, and evaluation B. Analysis, conceptual clustering, and evaluation C. Analysis, comparison, and comprehension D. Evaluation and conceptual clustering
C. Analysis, comparison, and comprehension
The nurse researcher is critiquing a quantitative research article and is trying to determine if the researcher followed the rules for an ideal study. This is known as which phase of the critical appraisal process? A. Comprehension phase B. Analysis phase C. Comparison phase D. Evaluation phase
C. Comparison phase
A nurse was conducting a critical appraisal of a quantitative study and noted that a sample size of 100 was obtained with simple random sampling. This example demonstrates what level of a quantitative research critique? A. Analysis B. Comparison C. Comprehension D. Evaluation
C. Comprehension
The nurse researcher understands that which of the following is the purpose of exploratory data analysis? (Select all that apply.) A. Check the data for accuracy B. Correct all errors C. Determine the nature of variation in the data D. Identify outliers E. Obtain a better understanding of the data
C. Determine the nature of variation in the data D. Identify outliers E. Obtain a better understanding of the data
The nurse researcher understands that bias is a serious problem in a study because of its effect is to which of the following? A. Change the setting of the study B. Control the study findings C. Distort the study findings D. Reduce chance of error
C. Distort the study findings
Which of the following is considered the most powerful design a researcher can use to examine causality? A. Correlational B. Descriptive C. Experimental D. Quasi-experimental
C. Experimental
The nurse researcher is explaining the purpose of control in a study design. This would include which of the following? A. Establish the credibility of the researcher. B. Highlight design flaws. C. Increase the probability that the results are true to reality. D. Interfere with the validity of the findings.
C. Increase the probability that the results are true to reality.
Identify the response that indicates the type of limitations, if any, on manipulation of the independent variable that might influence the researcher to select a nonexperimental research design. Does assertiveness training affect psychiatric nurses' job performance? A. Ethical constraints limit manipulation. B. An independent variable cannot be manipulated. C. Manipulation is possible. D. Practical constraints limit manipulation
C. Manipulation is possible
Identify the response that indicates the type of limitations, if any, on manipulation of the independent variable that might influence the researcher to select a nonexperimental research design. Select all that apply. Does the use of procedural touch by nursing staff affect patient morale? A. Ethical constraints limit manipulation. B. An independent variable cannot be manipulated. C. Manipulation is possible. D. Practical constraints limit manipulation.
C. Manipulation is possible. D. Practical constraints limit manipulation.
To judge statistical suitability while critiquing a study, you need to know all except which of the following? A. Level of measurement B. Number of groups C. Reliability of the measures D. Whether the groups are dependent or independent
C. Reliability of the measures
The nurse is critiquing an experimental research study. Which of the following is not a requirement for an experimental study? A. Random sampling B. Control group C. Repeated measures D. Control of the intervention
C. Repeated measures
The researcher understands that the t-test is used to? A. Describe relationships between two variables. B. Examine differences among three or more groups. C. Test for a significant difference between the means of two samples. D. Test the power of a statistical procedure.
C. Test for a significant difference between the means of two samples.
The nurse understands which of the following is an example of direct measurement? A. Compliance B. Coping scale C. Weight D. All of the above
C. Weight
The nurse researcher understands that the five standards for evaluating qualitative studies are: A. conceptual clustering, analytical preciseness, methodological congruence, theoretical connectedness, and contribution to nursing knowledge. B. descriptive relevance, theoretical connectedness, conceptual clustering, methodological congruence, and heuristic relevance. C. descriptive vividness, methodological congruence, analytical preciseness, theoretical connectedness, and heuristic relevance. D. descriptive vividness, analytical preciseness, theoretical connectedness, methodological congruence, and contribution to nursing knowledge.
C. descriptive vividness, methodological congruence, analytical preciseness, theoretical connectedness, and heuristic relevance.
When critiquing a study, it is important for the nurse researcher to: A. apply the findings in the practice. B. determine if the study is applied or basic research. C. discuss the feasibility of replicating the study. D. focus mainly on the results to determine the value of the study
C. discuss the feasibility of replicating the study.
A critique of a qualitative study indicated the researchers had been very cautious to protect the privacy of the informants, and their data were kept confidential. This indicates the study has: A. analytical preciseness. B. auditability. C. ethical rigor. D. procedural rigor.
C. ethical rigor
Examining a qualitative study's findings in relationship to the existing body of knowledge in nursing involves critiquing a study's: A. analytical preciseness. B. descriptive vividness. C. heuristic relevance. D. theoretical connectedness
C. heuristic relevance.
The nurse researcher understands that measures of dispersion are measures of: A. differences among samples. B. homogeneity, which indicates wider dispersion. C. individual differences of the members of the sample. D. the central tendency of the sample
C. individual differences of the members of the sample.
The careful, complete examination of a study to judge its strengths, weaknesses, meaning, and significance best describes a/an: A. analysis of a research article. B. creative critique. C.intellectual research critique. D. synthesis of knowledge for the profession.
C. intellectual research critique
The statement that heart disease is caused by stress, high cholesterol, gene expression, and dietary patterns reflects the perspective of: A. causality. B. effect. C. multicausality. D. probability
C. multicausality
Observational measures are used most commonly in _______________ research. A. correlational B. intervention C. qualitative D. outcomes
C. qualitative
As an undergraduate student, you are encouraged to critique published studies on relevant clinical topics for which of the following reasons? A. Determine whether the findings are ready for use in practice B. Increase your understanding of the research process C. Promote your interest in reading research articles D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Design validity is a determination of: A. presence of threats with serious biases. B. study integrity. C. whether the study design tests the framework propositions. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
In a published study, which of the following information should be provided about the data collection process? A. Number of potential subjects who declined to participate B. Strategies used to approach potential subjects C. The timing and settings in which measurements were taken D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The nurse researcher understands that a type II error may occur as a result of which of the following? A. A small sample B. Recently developed scales C. Minimal controls D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The nurse researcher understands that it is important to describe the sample because of which of the following? A. Allow readers to determine if the sample is similar to persons in their clinical setting B. Determine if groups being compared are equivalent C. Determine if the sample is representative of the target population D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The nurse researcher understands that the purpose of replication studies is to: A. decrease the acceptance of erroneous results. B. establish the credibility of findings. C. extend the generalizability of findings. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The nurse researcher understands that the tails of the normal curve are: A. defined by the level of significance selected by the researcher. B. representative samples that may not belong to the same population. C. the extreme statistical values on the peripheral ends of the normal curve. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The nurse understands that measurement errors can be related to which of the following? A. A theoretical framework B. Survey tools C. The difference between the true score and what is actually measured. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The nurse understands that test-retest reliability includes which of the following? A. Assesses the consistency of repeated measures B. Assumes that the variable to be measured will remain the same at two testing times C. Assumes that variability in values is a result of measurement error D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The researcher understands the following to be true when data collection forms are used to record: A. data from the patient record. B. demographic data. C. information provided orally by subject or family. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The researcher understands the precision of physiological measures is related to which of the following? A. Maintained by recalibration of instruments B. Part of quality control testing C. The degree of reproducibility of measurements D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The researcher would like to produce trustworthy data from measurements used in a study. Which of the following would the researcher ensure? A. Measurement error is reduced. B. Rules are provided to guide measurement. C. Values are assigned consistently from one subject to another. D. All of the above are correct
D. All of the above are correct
The nurse researcher is evaluating the relevance of a study to determine if the research from the study can be used in practice. This is known as what dimension of the study? A. Inductive reasoning B. Deductive reasoning C. Analysis D. Critical appraisal
D. Critical appraisal
A nurse was conducting a critique of a quantitative study and observed that the findings from the study being critiqued were comparable with findings from other studies. Thus the nurse thought that the findings were ready to use in his or her practice. This example demonstrates what level of a quantitative research critique? A. Analysis B. Comparison C. Comprehension D. Evaluation
D. Evaluation
The researcher understands that exploratory analysis is used for all but which of the following? A. Become familiar with the data B. Examine measures of central tendency and dispersion for each variable C. Identify outliers D. Generalize to a larger population
D. Generalize to a larger population
The reliability and validity of physiological measures: A. are acceptable in data obtained from the patient record. B. should not be included in research reports. C. can be assumed to be accurate. D. None of the above
D. None of the above
Using decision theory, if the level of significance was set at 0.05, which of the following probability levels from statistical analyses would indicate the greatest significant difference? A. 0.04 B. 0.01 C. 0.001 D. None of the above
D. None of the above
The nurse understands that which of the following is an example of random measurement error? A. Actual measures smaller than the true measure B. Including elements of hope in our measure of self-concept C. Measuring blood sugar immediately after breakfast D. Punching the wrong key when entering data into the computer
D. Punching the wrong key when entering data into the computer
The nursing student understands that grades on a multiple choice final exam are an example of which level of measurement? A. Ordinal B. Interval C. Nominal D. Ratio
D. Ratio
The theoretical schema or conceptual framework that was developed from the study is examined during which phase of a qualitative research critique? A. Analytical preciseness B. Descriptive vividness C. Heuristic relevance D. Theoretical connectedness
D. Theoretical connectedness
One serious threat to the validity of mailed questionnaires is that: A. Quantitative statistics cannot be generated. B. Questionnaires present a greater opportunity for bias than interviews do. C. A slim spectrum of information can be obtained. D. Thirty percent of potential subjects return them.
D. Thirty percent of potential subjects return them.
The nurse researcher is attempting to identify the characteristics of a factorial design. Which of the following would be included in this design? A. Data from multiple studies. B. One dependent variable. C. Probability hypotheses. D. Two or more levels of a treatment
D. Two or more levels of a treatment
Control techniques are used in studies by researchers to increase: A. applicability. B. generalizability. C. reliability. D. validity.
D. Validity
A researcher wanted to compare the results of two tests completed on the same group. The most appropriate method to use would include: A. ANOVA. B. Chi-square. C. T-test. D. Z-score.
D. Z-score
The nurse researcher understands that the chi-square test of independence: A. determines whether two variables are independent or related. B. has a high risk of a type II error. C. is a very weak statistical test. D. All of the above
D. all of the above
The nurse researcher understands that power is the: A. amount of variance allowed in the measured scores. B. capacity of the computer to run complex statistical analyses. C. degree to which the null hypothesis is false. D. probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference that exists.
D. probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference that exists.
A critique of a qualitative study indicated that insufficient data were gathered and insufficient time was spent gathering data. This means the study has a threat to: A. analytical preciseness. B. documentation rigor. C.ethical rigor. D. procedural rigor.
D. procedural rigor.
The researcher understands the most common purpose of a Pearson' s correlation is to examine: A. differences between groups. B. differences between variables. C. relationships among groups. D. relationships among variables
D. relationships among variables
The nurse researcher understands that confirmatory analyses are designed to: A. compare the results with the researcher's expectations. B. justify the study results. C. recheck results to confirm their correctness. D. test objectives, questions, and hypotheses.
D. test objectives, questions, and hypotheses
An example of a comparison group intervention in a study focused on pain management of migraine headache sufferers would include: A. a treatment designed to vary considerably from one subject to another. B. complementary or alternative therapies. C. no treatment for any of the subjects. D. the standard treatment or protocol for migraine headaches
D. the standard treatment or protocol for migraine headaches
The nurse researcher understands that the normal curve is a/an: A. distribution of the values of a single sample. B. illustration of scores from several samples. C. real distribution of the values of a population. D. theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population
D. theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population
The nurse understands that a pain scale with facial expressions instead of numbers is referred to as a: A. Likert scale. B. rating scale. C. semantic differential scale. D. visual analogue scale.
D. visual analogue scale