Research Design Final
Which popular press headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used? Select one: "Drinking coffee is associated with greater work productivity." "Cuddling is an important factor in marital satisfaction for men." "Daughters are happier when their mothers are happy working outside the home." "Vacations are important for life satisfaction, even after correcting for length of vacation."
"Vacations are important for life satisfaction, even after correcting for length of vacation."
Which of the following is NOT an example of applied research? Select one: An industrial-organizational psychologist who implements and exercise program to see if it increases job satisfaction at her company A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure A educational psychologist who examines the effectiveness of a character building program in decreasing bullying at his school A sports psychologist who uses quotes from speeches made by famous coaches to see if he can increase team wins
A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure
The mathematical way to describe an interaction is: Select one: A difference in differences A qualified main effect A patterned pattern A caveat
A difference in differences
Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for five minutes and the other half to play for seven minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What might be to blame for this null effect? Select one: A weak manipulation An insensitive measure A reverse confound Ceiling effect
A weak manipulation
According to the TED Talks video by Ben Goldacre on Battling Bad Science, how is it that the pharmaceutical industry is demonstrating the effectiveness of their own pharmaceuticals as better than competing drugs on the market? Select one: All of these are how industry markets new drugs. Industry tests the new drug against a placebo rather than other, competing pharmaceuticals, which demonstrates it works, but is not necessarily better. Industry uses extreme doses of the competing drug to show either higher side effects or lower effectiveness. Industry fails to report negative or insignificant findings on their own pharmaceutical.
All of these are how industry markets new drugs.
Participants in a research study are given a list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, following a delay, are asked to recall the list. The length of the delay is manipulated between participants to be either 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Which of the following scenarios would present a design confound in this experiment? Select one: The three groups are run simultaneously in three different rooms, and the room for each condition is randomly chosen before each group arrives. All participants in the 2-minute condition are tested at 8:00 a.m.; those in the 5-minute condition are tested at noon; and those in the 10-minute condition are tested at 4:00 p.m. Three different experimenters are in charge of administering the task, and they rotate which condition they are administering. The same list is used for each condition and is randomized for each participant.
All participants in the 2-minute condition are tested at 8:00 a.m.; those in the 5-minute condition are tested at noon; and those in the 10-minute condition are tested at 4:00 p.m.
Hilda is studying the effects of a major natural disaster on people living nearby. She finds that many of the victims are depressed and show stress-related symptoms. Why can't Hilda conclude that the natural disaster caused the depression and stress-related symptoms? Select one: Because she hasn't done enough background research Because she doesn't have a theory Because she is relying on intuition Because she doesn't have a comparison group
Because she doesn't have a comparison group
In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug? Select one: Beneficence Informed consent Respect for persons Justice
Beneficence
How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling similar? Select one: Both identify subgroups that need to studied. Both result in nonrepresentative samples. Both result in representative samples. Both randomly sample subgroups to be studied.
Both identify subgroups that need to studied.
Which of the following statements is falsifiable? Select one: There is intelligent life on other stars. Children in the north are significantly less happy than those in the south. Loch Ness contains a giant, monster-like reptile. The US government placed bombs in the World Trade Center.
Children in the north are significantly less happy than those in the south.
Dr. Alfonse, a developmental psychologist, conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs. A group of 45 first-graders are shown two copies of a book (Little Red Riding Hood) at the same time. Although the story is the same, one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos. Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer. This is an example of which of the following designs? Select one: Concurrent-measures design Posttest-only design Longitudinal design Repeated-measures design
Concurrent-measures design
Which of the following is NOT required to establish causality? Select one: Temporal precedence Manipulation of the IV Convergent validity Random assignment to different levels of the IV
Convergent validity
Using the above information from Oswald's study, Matt, Dr. Oswald's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet? Select one: Internal validity Covariance External validity Temporal precedence
Covariance
According to the theory-data cycle, which of the following would be a good first step once you've determined your theory regarding, for example, why children exhibit aggressive behaviors? Select one: Determine if you are going to perform a frequency, association, or causal study (study design) Refine your theory Determine questions that you would like to investigate related to your theory Collect data on your theory
Determine questions that you would like to investigate related to your theory
Which of the following is the second step necessary when determining a mediation variable? Select one: Determining a correlation between the mediator and the variable considered the outcome of interest (criterion variable) Run a regression Determining a correlation between the original variables of interest Determining a correlation between the predictor variable and the mediator
Determining a correlation between the predictor variable and the mediator
Another term for observer effects is: Select one: Unobtrusive observation Observer bias Interrater reliability Expectancy effects
Expectancy effects
What is the main disadvantage of using Google Scholar if you're citing only primary sources in a paper? Select one: Google Scholar does not include scholarly books. Google Scholar does not provide empirical research. Google Scholar does not indicate if an article is peer reviewed. Google Scholar can be expensive to use.
Google Scholar does not indicate if an article is peer reviewed.
Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time Gamblers Anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? Select one: He finds that the measure he used is also associated with people's past diagnoses of pathological gambling. He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered. He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people. He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees.
He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people.
For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets, so Hiro decides to study hamster owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a purposive sampling technique? Select one: He recruits his hamster owners by e-mailing members of the National Hamster Owners Association and asking for participants. He asks hamster owners to give him the names of other hamster owners. He is interested in hamster owners and not pet owners in general. His participants are all the people who have purchased hamsters at his local pet store in the past year.
He recruits his hamster owners by e-mailing members of the National Hamster Owners Association and asking for participants.
Which of the following questions addresses construct validity? Select one: To what populations, settings, and times can we generalize this claim? What is the effect size? Does the study control for alternative explanations? How well has the researcher measured or manipulated the variables in the study?
How well has the researcher measured or manipulated the variables in the study?
When using multiple regression, what is the term for the variable that the researcher is most interested in explaining or predicting? Select one: I. independent variable II. criterion III. response IV. predictor
II. criterion
Kathryn wants to control for intelligence in her study. She has a list of all of the participants for her study and their IQ scores. She sorts the list of participants according to their IQ scores and then forms groups making sure that the groups are balanced in terms of IQ scores. Finally, she randomly assigns each group to one of the conditions of her study. What kind of design is Kathryn using? Select one: I. concurrent measures II. within-groups III. matched-groups IV. independent groups
III. matched-groups
Basing our conclusions on personal experience is faulty because experience has confounds. In this context, a confound means Select one: We will have trouble thinking of counterexamples. There is no comparison group. In real-world experiences, there are other possible explanations for the outcome. The conclusion we draw from the experience has left us puzzled, or confused.
In real-world experiences, there are other possible explanations for the outcome.
Dr. Friedman suspects that women who work outside of the home might be frustrated with the balance of responsibilities in their household. She devises a survey to give to married women employed outside the home that includes the question Does your spouse bother to help you around the house? What is the problem with Dr. Friedman's approach? Select one: It is an example of faulty thinking. It reflects the present/present bias. It is an example of confirmatory hypothesis testing. It is cherry-picking the evidence.
It is an example of confirmatory hypothesis testing.
Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: Select one: Make sure participants are not lying Cancel out measurement error Allow participants to skip questions Ensure validity
Make sure participants are not lying
Dr. Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal. She wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to read. Which of the following would most likely increase the honest feedback? Select one: Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown Give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers Increase the number of peer reviewers Use reviewers from fields other than psychology
Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown
A participant's score on a dependent variable is a combination of which of the following: Select one: Their mean score and their standard deviation Measurement error and their true score Systematic variance and error variance Manipulation effect and observer bias
Measurement error and their true score
Mischel (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers: Children were offered a special reward if they could wait or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. A follow-up study was done years later, looking at the same children as adolescents. The researchers found an association between the waiting times of the preschoolers and parents' reports of the same children's behaviors as adolescents. Overall, a positive relation between waiting time as a preschooler and self-control in adolescence emerged. Can a causal relationship be inferred? Select one: No, because covariance was not established. Yes, because temporal precedence was established. No, because temporal precedence was not established. No, because internal validity was not established.
No, because internal validity was not established.
A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? Select one: Self-report operationalization Observer effects A masked study design Observer bias
Observer effects
Professor Law wants to construct a survey to assess involvement with computer games. Which question uses a Likert-type scale? Select one: What computer games have you played? On a scale of 0 (Not at all) to 5 (Very much), rate how much you like and play your favorite game. Which is truer of you? a) I have little interest in computer games or b) I would miss computer games if I couldn't play anymore. On a scale of 1 (Strongly agree) to 5 (Strongly disagree) scale, rate the following statement: Computer games are a great pastime.
On a scale of 1 (Strongly agree) to 5 (Strongly disagree) scale, rate the following statement: Computer games are a great pastime.
Which of the following is not a place where psychological scientists publish their research? Select one: Scientific journals Full-length books Chapters in books. Popular magazines
Popular magazines
The ability for a study to reveal a statistically significant difference between the levels of an IV when one truly exists is known as: Select one: Power Covariance Statistical validity Effect size
Power
In class, we talked about Elliot's experiment, that looked at the influence of red on withdrawing effort. Although this is a good example of all five processes that shape psychological science, it was the best example given to demonstrate which of the five processes? Select one: Psychological scientists test their theories. Psychological scientists dig deeper to pursue answers. Psychological scientists make their findings public. Psychological scientists tackle basic, applied, and areas in between.
Psychological scientists dig deeper to pursue answers.
All of the following can decrease accurate responses EXCEPT: Select one: Acquiescence Nay-saying response sets Fence-sitting Reverse-worded questions
Reverse-worded questions
Emma is planning an experiment to examine whether reading to children increases their vocabulary size. She plans to measure the vocabulary size of a group of 18-month-olds, read to them three times a week for three months, then measure their vocabulary size again. How could Emma change the design of the study to remove a major threat to internal validity? Select one: She could counterbalance her conditions. She could add a manipulation check. She could add a comparison group. She could make it a double-blind placebo control study.
She could add a comparison group.
What does the author of your textbook mean when she writes, "we don't live in a main effect world"? Select one: She means that main effects are not important. She means that psychologists do not like to examine main effects. She means that interactions are common in everyday life. She means that studies that produce interactions are the only studies worth conducting.
She means that interactions are common in everyday life.
Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and whether they complete extra credit in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course on the y-axis. He finds that r = 0.28. What does this correlation tell him about which students take advantage of the extra credit option? Select one: All students are equally likely to do extra credit work. Students with lower grades are more likely than students with higher grades to do extra credit work. Students with higher grades are more likely than students with lower grades to do extra credit work. The correlation is supported but very weak.
Students with higher grades are more likely than students with lower grades to do extra credit work.
Which of the following outcomes of Milgram's studies is untrue? Select one: Studies were not conducted to examine other conditions, such as whether or not having the research conducted at Yale University vs. in a community college made a difference in outcomes. Most believed only 1% of participants would administer shocks to the maximum possible level. Approximately 2/3 of both men and women chose to administer shocks at the maximum possible level. Milgram's first study looked at men only.
Studies were not conducted to examine other conditions, such as whether or not having the research conducted at Yale University vs. in a community college made a difference in outcomes.
Which of the following criteria is NOT necessary for a causal claim? Select one: The independent variable came first and the dependent variable came later. The independent variables and dependent variable are correlated. There are no other explanations for the relationship. The correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable is strong.
The correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable is strong.
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .32 and reports p < .05. The p value indicates which of the following? Select one: The correlation is not statistically significant. The correlation is negative. The correlation is unlikely to be due to chance. The effect size is medium.
The correlation is unlikely to be due to chance.
If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true? Select one: The association should be rejected as inconclusive. The findings should be replicated in another population. The effect size should be considered, but tests of statistical significance should not. The study must be done again using the same participants.
The findings should be replicated in another population.
The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. When the observations began, the observers noticed that bicyclists slowed down when they neared the observers. How could this reactivity be avoided? Select one: The observers could use random assignment. The observers could use a masked design. The observers could use a blind study design. The observers could make unobtrusive observations by hiding.
The observers could make unobtrusive observations by hiding.
Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? Select one: The study's internal validity The study's external validity The study's construct validity The study's statistical validity
The study's construct validity
Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? Select one: The theory needs to be completely revised. Susan must have collected the data incorrectly. Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly. The theory may need to be amended.
The theory may need to be amended.
For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true? Select one: The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association. The third variable must be a categorical variable. The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association.
The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association.
Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability? Select one: Whether participants used insight or trial-and-error techniques to solve the problem The time spent solving a math problem The type of puzzle solved (Sudoku puzzle or a crossword puzzle) The report of a teacher about whether a student is a good or bad problem solver
The time spent solving a math problem
The pattern and parsimony approach to causation is a good example of which cycle in research? Select one: Journal-journalism cycle Basic-applied cycle Theory-data cycle Peer-review cycle
Theory-data cycle
Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that home life satisfaction measured at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but there is no correlation between job satisfaction measured at the first time point and home life satisfaction measured at the second time point. Why can't Dr. Horvat conclude that home life satisfaction causes job satisfaction? Select one: There are potential third variables that might explain the relationship. Home satisfaction did not occur before life satisfaction. Home satisfaction and life satisfaction are too highly correlated with each other. Home satisfaction is not related to life satisfaction.
There are potential third variables that might explain the relationship.
A multiple-regression analysis is run to examine third variables as a follow-up to the study indicating that boys with unusual names are more likely to commit crimes. Unusual names, ethnic backgrounds, and geographical regions are all included as predictor variables. Even after controlling for all of these variables, unusual names still predict criminal activity. Why doesn't this study establish causation? Select one: The beta values are not shown, so there isn't enough information to conclude causation. No cross-lag correlation was done. Temporal precedence isn't established. There may be some other third variable.
There may be some other third variable.
Which of the following is the essential feature of studies that support association claims? Select one: They involve a correlation between one measured variable and one manipulated variable. They involve a correlation between one quantitative variable and one categorical variable. They involve two measured variables. They involve a correlation between 0 and 1.
They involve two measured variables.
Which of the following is true about open-ended questions? Select one: They are more efficient than asking forced-choice questions. They completely lack construct validity. They are the most common format for psychologists to ask questions. They provide rich data, but they can be time-consuming for researchers because the responses need to be coded.
They provide rich data, but they can be time-consuming for researchers because the responses need to be coded.
Which of the following is NOT true of scatterplots? Select one: They can be used to examine internal reliability. They are the preferred method for examining all types of reliability. They can be used to examine inter-rater reliability. They should not be used for examining stability.
They should not be used for examining stability.
Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. How many variables are mentioned in this study/headline? Select one: Three Two Five Four
Two
Dr. Fletcher is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? Select one: Using reverse-worded questions Using scales with an even number of response options Using a Likert-type response scale Providing a "no opinion" option
Using scales with an even number of response options
In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important? Select one: When the finding is also statistically significant When the sample is very large When the study has life-or-death implications When external validity is high
When the study has life-or-death implications
Using a matched-group design is especially important in which of the following cases? Select one: When you do not have a control group When you have a small number of people in your study When you have at least three levels/conditions of the independent variable When you have a complex dependent variable
When you have a small number of people in your study
Which of the following is an example of you being a producer of research? Select one: You apply a new therapy technique. You sign up to have a researcher perform a brain scan on you. You administer an anxiety questionnaire to college participants in your study. You write an opinion article about a psychological study.
You administer an anxiety questionnaire to college participants in your study.
Dr. Kim is researching treatments for childhood cancer. There is some risk that patients who undergo Dr. Kim's new therapy may be harmed by the procedure. However, based upon preliminary lab testing, the patients might benefit substantially from his treatment. If you were on the IRB evaluating Dr. Kim's research proposal to test his new treatment, what would make you more likely to approve the proposal? Select one: There are few other treatments for this type of cancer. You decide that the potential risks of the study outweigh the potential benefits. You decide that the potential benefits of the study outweigh the potential risks. Dr. Kim is a very smart and well-respected scientist.
You decide that the potential benefits of the study outweigh the potential risks.
Judy writes a survey to assess how much people worry. Her survey has 20 questions that people can rate their level of agreement to on a seven-point Likert scale. All of the questions are worded so that higher responses will indicate a higher level of worry. After having 100 people complete her survey, she finds that a lot of respondents often respond to all of the questions by choosing only the "strongly agree" option. What is this kind of responding called? Select one: faking bad fence sitting acquiescence faking good
acquiescence
Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following is a participant variable in this study? Select one: amount of alcohol consumed during the movie amount of alcohol consumed by the young adult during the week type of commercial shown the movie shown
amount of alcohol consumed by the young adult during the week
On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. When Professor Mutola rechecks her data, she finds that the five students with the lowest scores on the first exam have dropped the class. What threat to internal validity is this? Select one: attrition regression to the mean maturation history
attrition
Dr. Aarons does a study that finds that having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years, but only among men, not among women. In her findings, gender is a _________ in the relationship between having a cognitively demanding job and cognitive benefits later in life. Select one: non-linear cross-lag autocorrelation cross-sectional
autocorrelation
In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. How does Theo control for selection effects? Select one: by using a pretest/posttest design by using a control group by using matched-groups design by using random assignment of participants
by using random assignment of participants
The superintendent of schools in a small town in Ohio made a lot of policy changes to the way school administration worked in his district. A researcher at a nearby university wanted to look at what teachers in his district thought about the changes. The researcher made a list of all of the schools in the district and used a random number generator to select a sample of five schools from the district. Then the researcher interviewed every teacher at each of those five schools. What sampling method did the researcher use? Select one: purposive sampling systematic sampling simple random sampling cluster sampling
cluster sampling
A professor tells his students that, in part, their grade is based on whether or not they participate in his research studies. This undue influence is called Select one: special protection. informed consent. coercion. debriefing.
coercion
Which of the following is the term used in psychology to describe a person who is an actor playing a specific role as part of an experiment? Select one: research assistant control subject confederate imposter
confederate
Dr. Russell did a study that found that praise provided by supervisors is associated with higher levels of work productivity only because more motivated employees are praised more often, and highly motivated people are more productive. In her findings, employee motivation is a ___________ in the relationship between praise from supervisors and work productivity. Select one: confounding third variable mediator moderator criterion variable
confounding third variable
Dr. Rhodes is interested in how differing levels of light affect how people perceive color. He finds participants for this research study by making an announcement in several psychology classes at his university. What kind of sampling method is Dr. Rhodes using? Select one: convenience sampling cluster sampling systematic sampling snowball sampling
convenience sampling
When authors of a research article are describing just the results of a factorial study, which of these terms would you NOT expect to see? Select one: main effect interaction effect correlation significant
correlation
Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of students. He is planning to have all of the students who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee then rate their enjoyment of the coffee, then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea, and finally drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. Eric tells Theresa about the plans for his study and she says she is concerned that he could have a problem with order effect in his study. How can Eric fix this problem? Select one: random assignment random sampling counterbalancing matched groups
counterbalancing
Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable? Select one: blood pressure reading declared major in college IQ score current age
declared major in college
Lucia is interested in studying discrimination in hiring. She designs an experiment in which the participant takes the role of an employer looking at job candidates for a specific position. Each participant is given two very similar resumés—one of a candidate with a female name and one of a candidate with a male name—and is then asked to rate the suitability of each candidate for a job. Lucia finds no difference in participants' ratings of male and female candidates. What threat to internal validity should she be concerned about? Select one: observer bias demand characteristics selection placebo
demand characteristics
A _______ design is one in which there are two or more independent variables. Select one: pretest-posttest concurrent measures repeated measures factorial
factorial
Professor Meyer gives the students in his class a mid-semester feedback survey asking them how stressed out they are by the assignments in his class. The majority of his class report that they feel "extremely stressed." What might explain this? Select one: faking bad faking good socially desirable responding reactivity
faking bad
Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. What is the criterion variable? Select one: perceived self-worth foreign language anxiety academic achievement foreign language achievement
foreign language achievement
A city in California has asked Professor Rodriguez to conduct an experiment on earthquake preparedness. Professor Rodriguez will assess the preparedness of a random sample of residents in the city and the city will mail out their annual brochure on earthquake safety. Then, two weeks later, he will again assess the preparedness of those residents. Right after the brochures are mailed, a large earthquake is reported in Japan. What threat to internal validity does this pose? Select one: maturation testing history selection
history
Which of the following pieces of information should be provided to potential research participants as part of the informed consent process? Select one: information about the risks and benefits of participating in the research study information about the researcher's history and background information about the other participants in the study information about where the researcher plans to publish the results of the study
information about the risks and benefits of participating in the research study
For an association claim, you should interrogate all of the following validities EXCEPT Select one: construct validity. statistical validity. internal validity. external validity.
internal validity.
Dr. Kamran studies domestic violence and has designed a self-report scale that is meant to assess men's negative attitudes toward women. To validate her scale, she administers it to two groups of recently incarcerated male prisoners: prisoners convicted of domestic violence and prisoners convicted of other crimes. Dr. Kamran finds a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the two groups. What technique is Dr. Kamran using to validate her scale? Select one: test-retest technique interrater reliability test known-groups paradigm physiological measurements
known-groups paradigm
In an experiment, researchers: Select one: manipulate one variable and measure another. measure two variables. measure more than two variables. manipulate two variables.
manipulate one variable and measure another.
On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. Professor Mitchell points out that in her classes, students always do better on the second exam because they are more used to her tests. What threat to validity is she suggesting? Select one: testing attrition regression to the mean maturation
maturation
Susan designed a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. What kind of study design is this? Select one: concurrent measures design independent-groups factorial design within-groups factorial design mixed factorial design
mixed factorial design
Dr. Aarons does a study that finds that having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years, but only among men, not among women. In her findings, gender is a _________ in the relationship between having a cognitively demanding job and cognitive benefits later in life. Select one: criterion variable moderator mediator confounding third variable
moderator
Professor Lee is curious if there is any pattern to who earns extra credit in her course. She examines this question by graphing a scatterplot of her students' exam grades and the number of extra credit points earned. She finds that the students with the lowest exam grades tend to have the most extra credit points. What type of association is this? Select one: positive negative curvilinear causal
negative
In a study of aggression in children, a researcher has his undergraduate research assistants watch a group of children on the playground and record the number of instances of physical or verbal attacks. Which category of measured variable is this researcher using? Select one: self-report measures observational measures physiological measures neuropsychological measures
observational measures
Dr. Keller wants to test the effect of a new anti-anxiety medication. He recruits a group of anxious patients and randomly assigns them to two groups. One group will receive his new medication and the other will receive a sugar pill. What is the second group called? Select one: experimental group treatment group control group placebo group
placebo group
What type of research misconduct involves representing the ideas or words of others as one's own? Select one: deception data fabrication data falsification plagiarism
plagiarism
A ________ is the entire set of people in which the researchers are interested. Select one: population biased sample representative sample quota sample
population
Which of the following is most important for enhancing external validity? Select one: using measures that are valid and reliable random assignment a large sample size random sampling
random sampling
Students in one room were taking the ACT, however, they were often distracted because it was field day for students in another class and they were outside the window playing games and running relay races. Therefore, this class' scores may be different from other groups based on Select one: individual differences. ceiling effects. floor effects. situation noise.
situation noise.
Which of the following is an example of a physiological measure? Select one: skin conductance responses to a questionnaire on exercise speed in solving a puzzle ratings by an observer on distance between during conversations between two individuals
skin conductance
Which of the following is considered a representative sampling method? Select one: convenience sampling systematic sampling self-selected sampling snowball sampling
systematic sampling
The Department of Motor Vehicles receives a complaint that some of their employees who administer the road test pass a much higher percentage of test-takers than other employees. In this example, what aspect of the road test is being questioned? Select one: the internal reliability of the road test the measurement validity of the road test the inter-rater reliability of the road test the test-retest reliability of the road test
the inter-rater reliability of the road test
Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. What is the dependent variable? Select one: personality of the person in the picture the number of pictures accurately identified race of the participant race of the personality in the picture
the number of pictures accurately identified
The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. Initially, the observers can't agree about what is dangerous behavior. Professor Ibrahim refines his codebooks to clearly define the rating scales and retrains the observers. What is he addressing by doing this? Select one: reactivity the validity of the measure socially desirable responding the reliability of the measure
the reliability of the measure
Which of the following are two ethical issues raised by Milgram's studies of obedience? Select one: the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers the pain of the electrical shocks experienced by the learners and the stress experienced by the teachers targeting of a disadvantaged group and the disrespectful treatment of participants the distress felt by the experimenter who had to order the teacher to shock the learner and the pain of the electric shocks experienced by the learners
the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers
Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. Which of the following is the independent variable in this study? Select one: the length of the list studied the time spent studying the list the number of words correctly recalled the type of word list
the type of word list
In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, what are all the possible effects to test? Select one: three main effects and three-way interaction two main effects and a two-way interaction three main effects, three two-way interactions, and three three-way interactions three main effects, three two-way interactions, and a three-way interaction
three main effects, three two-way interactions, and a three-way interaction
In the study by Bushman (2002) on venting, the common fallacy that the research was disproving was Select one: sitting quietly relieves stress. bloodletting did not cure people of blood diseases. people are willing to give shocks when angered. venting anger relieves feelings of aggression. research does not always require a comparison group.
venting anger relieves feelings of aggression.
During lecture, we talked about Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment, Luminosity, antidepressants and even vaccinations to demonstrate Select one: numerous examples of good empirical design. there are no perfect research designs. you need to pay attention to research design even when it appears to be backed by good science. good research design has changed significantly over time.
you need to pay attention to research design even when it appears to be backed by good science.