research methods 2

Which is true regarding the types of data that can stem from online sources? Data from online sources are neither qualitative nor quantitative. Data from online sources are typically qualitative only. Data from online sources are typically quantitative only. Data from online sources can be qualitative or quantitative.

Data from online sources can be qualitative or quantitative.

How can researchers avoid having problems converting data files from the data entry software format to the data analysis software format? Enter the data directly into the analysis software. Make all data qualitative. Split the data into smaller sections before importing. Only use .csv file formats.

Enter the data directly into the analysis software.

Makayla conducted a study on autism spectrum disorders and educational outcomes. She realized about half way through her data entry that she had entered a variable incorrectly within her spreadsheet. She continued on, telling herself it was just a small mistake. What did Makayla fail to realize in this scenario? All data entry errors are ethical problems. She might be let go from her university for making a data entry error. Even a small mistake in data entry can impact a study's outcomes. Her collaborators will know that she made the data entry error and have her fined.

Even a small mistake in data entry can impact a study's outcomes.

Figures that include color can distract the reader from the intended message. True False

False

It is inappropriate to put demographic information in context within the results section. True False

False

Once it is verified that the secondary data includes a measure of the same construct the current researchers are interested in, one can assume the scope of the original project is similar enough to the new idea. True False

False

Researchers cannot conduct studies within unfamiliar communities. True False

False

Secondary data stemming from the government is typically collected using less rigorous methodological standards. True False

False

The advent of technology has brought little change to the way research is conducted. True False

False

The first step in organizing data is to create a codebook. True False

False

The key to writing a good discussion section is showcasing one's statistical analysis abilities. True False

False

There is a set order for the themes presented within a qualitative study's results section. True False

False

Transcription does not typically take very long once one is skilled. True False

False

Universities within the United States only offer research data from the United States. True False

False

When naming variables, special characters and symbols help distinguish ratio and interval variables. True False

False

The discussion section addresses the things that could have increased the reliability and validity of the study. True False

True

There is always room to improve a data collection instrument. True False

True

University research data is also available internationally. True False

True

When participants write in their own answer choices, measurement error can result. True False

True

When using secondary data, researchers become free from worry about study design and sampling type. True False

True

Why do most studies involve at least two coders? If coders of differing levels of expertise are hired, more experienced coders can train novice ones. Hiring more than one coder is less expensive for the study's budget. If there are two coders, each can do half the coding work. Two coders are needed to strengthen the validity of the coding, as people often see things differently.

Two coders are needed to strengthen the validity of the coding, as people often see things differently.

Replication occurs when researchers use secondary data in an attempt to ______. add additional information that the original study left out convince an outside agency of the importance of the work reanalyze the data in a different way teach students how to undertake the research process

add additional information that the original study left out

The opposite of thinking theoretically is ______. thinking analytically analyzing quantitative data coding applying a new theory

applying a new theory

One benefit of conducting qualitative research using archives is ______. archives represent decades of action from a multitude of observers it saves time it is less expensive it is more likely to be published by a top tier journal

archives represent decades of action from a multitude of observers

Institutional employee data is ______. not available for public consumption widely published on the web and ready for download available to researchers in raw form only available to members of the institution

available to researchers in raw form

Uncertainty about the way a construct was measured within secondary data ______. can flaw the results of the current study should only be considered if seeking grant funding is typically not a big deal should make secondary data obsolete

can flaw the results of the current study

Labeling and categorizing data in order to bring organization to it is known as ______. transcription memoing diagramming coding

coding

When coding variables, researchers must make sure all units of measurement are ______. not indicated labeled as part of the data sheet consistent with one another different from one another

consistent with one another

When researchers fail to reject the null hypothesis within one study, they ______. should publish their nonsignificant findings anyway should immediately design another study and try again must immediately move on to another research topic may design another study to test the same hypotheses, if there is reason to believe the first study have had some methodological flaws

may design another study to test the same hypotheses, if there is reason to believe the first study have had some methodological flaws

When participants select none of the pre-existing answer choices and instead write in their own answer choices, there is a problem with ______. uncertainty of constructs measurement error online data sources large sample sizes

measurement error

Kathleen is ready to start analyzing her qualitative data. She has begun reading the interviews and making notes over things she observes while reading. This process is called ______. diagramming transcription memoing coding

memoing

Juno is writing her recommendations section. In it, she has made the following statement: "Future researchers should consider a different measure of depression, as the current study confronted numerous problems with the way this construct was assessed." What type of recommendation is Juno making in this statement? topical descriptive quantitative methodological

methodological

Imagine that the State of Michigan established a new law where, in two years, in cities over 100,000 residents, cars have to pass emissions inspections before license plates are sold. Devin is planning to collect baseline data in those communities regarding how environmentally friendly and clean people think the community is. Then, Devin will collect data from city residents after the law has been in place for two years and compare it to the baseline data. This is known as a(n) ______. culture shock intersubjectivity comparative design natural experiment

natural experiment

At what point can researchers begin to use the "thick description" in their field notes? when they have been in the field for at least 1 year when observations are recorded and can be played back multiple times once researchers have been in the field long enough that they know the relevant categories when they are trained as an anthropologist

once researchers have been in the field long enough that they know the relevant categories

Qualitative data analysis has been compared to ______. buying groceries walking the dog washing a car organizing a room

organizing a room

Patrick is doing a study on how people responded to the Covid-19 pandemic. He is hoping to figure out how the pandemic affected people emotionally, relationally, and occupationally, so before he begins coding, he creates codes for those three types of reactions. What type of coding is Patrick doing? in vivo quantitative pre-existing theoretical

pre-existing

"Number of trips to Disney World" is an example of a(n) ______ variable. ratio interval ordinal nominal

ratio

When researchers use secondary data in an attempt to confirm an original study and add things the original study left out, this is known as ______. reanalysis replication reorganization restructuring

replication

When working with secondary data, when is the passage of time advantageous? when researchers are examining how a phenomenon has changed when researchers want to demonstrate how their analytic skills have evolved when the data cover an entire population when the data are about children's outcomes

when researchers are examining how a phenomenon has changed

Research institutes within universities are dedicated to data collection ______. funded by government agencies within a specific field or topic that has already been statistically analyzed that uses intimate focus groups

within a specific field or topic

Social media is now a common source of online data. True False

True

Some secondary data comes with terms and conditions governing its use. True False

True

How is the research process like a rain storm? The actual course of both storms and research projects cannot be predicted. It is possible to analyze both storms and research data and still not exhaust all possibilities. After a period of uncertainty (cloudiness), the analysis (like the actual rain) pours down beautifully. Both storms and research projects recur cyclically.

After a period of uncertainty (cloudiness), the analysis (like the actual rain) pours down beautifully.

Secondary data from by government entities is typically collected using fairly rigorous methodological standards. True False

True

How should direct quotes from participants be handled when writing qualitative research studies for publication? Direct quotes should be the entirety of qualitative research study sections. It is acceptable and commonplace for researchers to use de-identified direct quotes in qualitative study results sections. Direct quotes should not be used within qualitative research studies, as they invalidate participant confidentiality. Direct quotes can be placed in qualitative results sections but only if the full name of the person quoted is provided.

It is acceptable and commonplace for researchers to use de-identified direct quotes in qualitative study results sections.

Kelvin had participants complete paper surveys as part of his recent study. He began entering the data into his data spreadsheet, but as he got up to get a drink, his cat knocked the surveys to the floor and scattered them, and Kelvin was unsure which surveys he had already entered. What should Kelvin have done to avoid this problem? Kelvin could have written a unique participant identification number on each survey that then corresponded to the first column in his data spreadsheet. He should have only entered data in his private office. Kelvin should have hired a professional to enter the data. He should have taken a picture of each survey and arranged them electronically.

Kelvin could have written a unique participant identification number on each survey that then corresponded to the first column in his data spreadsheet.

Qualitative approaches give researchers more flexibility to dialogue with respondents. True False

True

Redoing a study after some time has passed is a form of replication. True False

True

Research often gives rise to more questions than it answers. True False

True

When it comes to response categories, how do the foci of qualitative and quantitative research differ? Qualitative research helps researchers understand how participants evaluate the categories, but quantitative research focuses on how respondents talk about the categories. Quantitative research determines why people are in the categories, but qualitative research determines how they got there. Qualitative research helps researchers understand how the categories have changed, but quantitative research focuses upon how they have stayed the same. Qualitative research determines what the categories are, but quantitative research lets researchers know how many people are in each category.

Qualitative research determines what the categories are, but quantitative research lets researchers know how many people are in each category.

What is the likely outcome if researchers do not remove unnecessary, confusing, or unwanted data before analysis? They may be unable to collect data for a follow-up study. They cannot share their data with other researchers. Researchers are unable to use their planned statistical analyses. Researchers may not understand the contents of the data.

Researchers may not understand the contents of the data.

Jacinda is analyzing some data that was collected by other researchers a few years ago. When she acquired the data, she was uncertain how postpartum depression was measured, so she asked the prior researchers, but they did not get back to her. To what extent should Jacinda be worried about this? Jacinda should only be worried if she is seeking grant funding. Jacinda should be worried to the point that she should call for secondary data to become obsolete. She should not be worried much, as this is typically not a big deal. She should be somewhat worried as uncertainty in measurement choices could flaw the results of the current study.

She should be somewhat worried as uncertainty in measurement choices could flaw the results of the current study.

Researchers often lack a good sense of the measurement error present in secondary data. True False

True

Researchers should aim to collect all three types of ethnographic data within a study. True False

True

Researchers should investigate the types of data files that can be easily read by the analysis software of their choice. True False

True

Secondary data analysis allows researchers to jump right to cleaning, coding, and analyzing the data. True False

True

Which is true regarding the age of the measures used within secondary data collection? They might only be available to researchers in raw form. They might be outdated. The measures are not in a format that researchers can understand. The measures used might not be available for public analysis.

They might be outdated.

How do qualitative studies add depth to the existing research literature? Qualitative studies test several hypotheses at a time. Qualitative studies are larger studies so they allow researchers to learn more. More qualitative studies are publishable, so they contribute more to the literature quantity-wise. They provide rich, artistic detail regarding how participants see certain phenomena.

They provide rich, artistic detail regarding how participants see certain phenomena.

What should be done if researchers discover that certain codes are covering too much ground? Those codes should be separated for more specificity. Those codes should be grouped into larger categories. Those codes should be discarded. That data should be discarded.

Those codes should be separated for more specificity.

A less structured study design necessitates a more structured data analysis plan. True False

True

A long and detailed survey might still miss insightful data. True False

True

Artifacts may be found in people's homes, community centers, museums, and other community buildings. True False

True

Both quantitative and qualitative results sections should begin by outlining sample demographics. True False

True

Cleaning and organizing data is similar to cleaning and organizing other things. True False

True

Collecting primary data is not always feasible. True False

True

Collecting primary data may take a few months to a few years. True False

True

Contemporary researchers can hire companies to do data scraping for them. True False

True

Diversity in thinking leads to better quality studies and results that are more valid. True False

True

During ethnographic interviews, interviewers may have to change the list of interview questions per interviewee. True False

True

Every country collects information about its citizens. True False

True

In most cases, analyzing secondary data saves a researcher time. True False

True

In order to collect videos or images of people in the field, consent must be obtained. True False

True

It is ethical to ask participants to take their own photos of their surroundings or other things that may be relevant to ethnographic research. True False

True

Memoing is not found in quantitative studies. True False

True

Yuli found a secondary data set that she felt might match the objectives of her current study. However, the data was collected ten years ago, which made Yuli concerned that the data might be outdated. How should Yuli decide whether the data is too old for her to analyze for her current study? Yuli should base her decision on how large the sample size is. She should find out who collected the data initially and decide based upon that information. Yuli should consider the current study's focus, as some topics change rapidly and others do not. She should consider whether her analytic skills could account for the age of the data.

Yuli should consider the current study's focus, as some topics change rapidly and others do not.

Marcus wants to create a visual aid to demonstrate the complex relationships among the variables in his study. He has several variables, and not all of them are related to one another. Which visual aid would be most suitable for this purpose? a figure a plot a table a path diagram

a path diagram

Marianne is an ethnographer who felt she could do better work if she went and lived among her to-be-studied culture. When she arrived, she started to learn about how women interact and dress in the culture, and she felt uncomfortable with the cultural traditions she observed at first. Marianne was likely experiencing ______. culture shock intersubjectivity becoming a key informant comparative design

culture shock

What type of data needs to be fixed or removed from consideration during data cleaning? data that belongs to other researchers data that does not fit within planned statistical analyses data that has the potential to negative impinge upon study results any data that researchers cannot understand at first glance

data that has the potential to negative impinge upon study results

Secondary data analysis protects participants by ______. examining indirect means of understanding sensitive topics that may cause harm if discussed ensuring that they are adequately compensated for all data they provide undergoing exceedingly rigorous ethical standards so all questions are safe for participants to answer keeping all data anonymous, so it cannot be linked to any identifying information

examining indirect means of understanding sensitive topics that may cause harm if discussed

The participants' unique identification numbers should be entered in the ______ of the data sheet. first column first row last column last row

first column

A group of people who do not know one another but occupy a similar position in society and agree to have a discussion led by the researcher are called ______. artifacts data managers cultural data gatherers focus groups

focus groups

Secondary data ______. is difficult to interpret has questionable reliability and validity has been passed down to another set of researchers because it is old has been collected by other researchers

has been collected by other researchers

Which is a statement regarding how researchers expect variables in a quantitative study to relate to one another? hypothesis literature review theory coding scheme

hypothesis

How should data be organized and entered into a data sheet? chronologically in ascending order in order of the participants' responses in any readable, meaningful format

in any readable, meaningful format

Luella is ready to start coding her data, and she is trying to figure out which coding procedure to use. If Luella wants to code word for word, as written in the text, what type of coding is she using? in vivo theoretical pre-existing quantitative

in vivo

Which section of a research paper is the most straightforward? methods literature review results discussion

results

If researchers enter carefully annotated descriptions of variables into the data sheet, they ______. are more likely to find significant results are probably conducting a qualitative study still need a separate codebook do not understand the purpose of a codebook

still need a separate codebook

Qualitative data is typically represented using ______. percentages scale values proportions text or images

text or images

Larger, secondary data sets are advantageous because ______. the results are more generalizable to the population there is less measurement error it is easier to keep participants anonymous the data analyses are easier

the results are more generalizable to the population

One advantage of using governmental sources of data is ______. the data analyses are easier the sample sizes are large and more closely approximate the population they are always up to date they are available for a nominal fee

the sample sizes are large and more closely approximate the population

Which of the following determines whether the passage of time has made secondary data outdated? who collected the data initially the study's focus how large the sample size is the researcher's analytic skills

the study's focus

Which type of memo predicts a relationship between different parts of the narrative? hypothetical descriptive theoretical self-reflection

theoretical

Frequency counts are ______. not recommended for either qualitative or quantitative analysis useful within both qualitative and quantitative analysis germane to quantitative, but not qualitative, analysis important within qualitative, but not quantitative, analysis

useful within both qualitative and quantitative analysis

If Jonas has 37 columns in his data spreadsheet, he must have 37 ______. variables participants responses questions

variables

Data visualization involves ______. developing charts and figures that help readers better understand the results analyzing data using sophisticated analysis techniques inspecting one's data to determine whether outliers or other problematic values are present visually telling a story using data

visually telling a story using data