Research Methods Final Exam
Additional factors that can affect the relationship between physical activity and blood cholesterol, such as smoking, body fat, etc. are called:
confounding factors
MET
metabolic equivalent of task
It is not necessary to include in the results section of a report
Conclusions
3 advantages of repeated measures
Control for individual differences among participants, more economical because FEWER participants are needed, and allow the researcher to study a phenomenon across time
Consider the following questionnaire item: "Do you use objective test items or essay items?" what rule regarding item construction does it violate?
Do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item.
Similar characteristics should be read vertically in a table TRUE OR FALSE
False
The table should be understandable without referring to the text TRUE OR FALSE
False
The table should have clear and descriptive headings TRUE OR FALSE
False
What tense should a research proposal be written in?
Future tense
Which should be included in a research report's discussion: tables but not graphs, graphs but not tables, implications of the results, or raw data
Implications of the results
Interviewers may become more skilled with practice, which could cause differences between the results of participants interviewed early in the study and those of participants interviewed later. This THREAT to internal validity is an issue of
Instrumentation
In calculating ES for a treatment effect between a pretest and a posttest, the text recommends the use of which standard deviation?
The pretest st. deviation
The table should include whatever test of significance was used TRUE OR FALSE
True
nonparametric
When baseline data are arranged in rank order instead of raw scores, the study's statistics
validity is determined by finding the correlation between scores on
a test and some independent criterion
independent t-test
a variation of the t test used when data values vary independently from one another
When the purpose of the research is to evaluate the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable while controlling the influence of another characteristic, the best choice of a statistical analysis is
analysis of covariance
When the purpose of the research is to determine the effects of one independent variable on one dependent variable, the best choice of a statistical analysis is
analysis of variance
References to books should include
author, date, title, city of publication, publisher's name
Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the value of things
axiology
A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is a a
case-control study
Which of the following is a technique for providing information about the reliability of an instrument?
coefficient alpha
In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the preliminary part
contains materials that are typically required by the institution and is left off when submitting the study for publication
A chi-square analysis compares the responses to a question on recreational preferences of males and females at three grade levels. The resulting two-way classification structure is called a
contingency table
Determining the relationship between students' attitudes toward drugs and the frequency of drug usage is an example of a
correlational study
A researcher wishes to determine whether a treatment group made a significant improvement from the pretest (M=25) to the posttest (M=30.) The correct statistical test to use to compare the two means is the
dependent t test
In socio-historical research, technology is NOT used to (...) but to (...), (...), and (...)
determine the accuracy of the material found; find newspaper and magazine articles, listen to interviews, explore Facebook for more info on a topic
A baseline in single subject research
establishes initial rates of behavior before an intervention
In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called
experimental mortality
A qualitative research technique involves interviews of small numbers of participants in a group call a
focus group
Reasoning that moves from a limited # of specific observations to general conclusions is termed
inductive reasoning
In the results section of a research report, the author should include which two things
information concerning statistical significance and meaningfulness, information contained in tables
An important principle set forth by the American psychological association is the right of informed consent, which states that the researcher is obligated to
informed consent, i.e. explain the major features of the study to the participants before the beginning of the study so that they have the opportunity to decline to take part
Generalizing as an approach to socio-historical research occurs when the researcher is
interested in how things fit into the bigger picture
Generally speaking, an oral presentation at a conference has
less detail than a poster
In comparison to survey interview, qual. interviews tend to be
less structured
The first step in conducting a questionnaire survey is to
list specific objectives to be
In developmental studies, when one wants to determine how individual children change rather than what is typical at each stage, one would prefer the (...) method
longitudinal
Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the nature of things?
metaphysics
MANOVA
multivariate analysis of variance
It is common when looking at a distribution to encounter extreme or unusual scores that could have a misleading effect on the results. These extreme scores are termed
outliers
Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of
people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases
The lengths and contents of an abstract differ according to their intended use. The important parts of an abstract for a published research paper include the
problem, methods, results, and discussion
In qual. research, sampling designed to select small groups or individuals likely be knowledgeable and informative about the phenomenon of interests is called
purposive sampling
A study is designed to determine whether the addition of programmed instruction will produce greater achievement scores than the traditional lecture-discussion method. Participants are randomly assigned to two instructional groups. BOTH groups are tested at the end of the experimental period. What statistical test is indicated?
t test
Four skills tests are tried as predictors of success in a tennis class. Each test correlates with later success as follows: test A, r = .27; test B, r = -.90; test C, r = -.40; test D, r = .65. The test that will most accurately predict success is
test B
In meta-analysis, the ES for the experimental versus control groups was 0.68, which represents a percentile equivalent of 75. This means that
the average score of the experimental group was better than 75% of the control group's scores
partial correlation
the correlation between two variables with the influence of a third variable statistically controlled
The major weakness of epidemiological studies is
the inability to experimentally establish cause and effect
The inductive and deductive processes are important in
the statement of the problem
According to the American Psychological Association, when a graduate student submits her thesis or dissertation for publication jointly with the major professor, the first author should be
the student
The most frequent and severe criticism of meta-analysis is that
the studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements
For scores from to have GOOD content validity, the following statements must be true:
the test adequately samples what was covered in the course, and the percentage of points for each topic area reflects the amount of EMPHASIS given to that topic
Historians use secondary sources to
understand what is known about a topic
Mixed-methods research
was being conducted while some scholars debated whether it was possible
Use of a 1-tailed versus a 2-tailed test of significance of the difference between 2 sample means depends on
whether the difference is expected to be in one direction only
"To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to
external validity
A teacher wishes to determine the reliability of three trials on a performance test. He uses ANOVA to obtain the reliability coefficient. This technique is called
intraclass correlation
Sometimes it is not possible to actually administer the treatment. However, the researcher is trying to imply causation. This type of design is referred to as
Casual comparative or an ex post facto design
A researcher wishes to compare the effects of two instructional methods given at two age levels on achievement on a test of knowledge of rules and on a test of strategy. The appropriate statistical analysis would be
MANOVA
Three levels of a treatment variable were evaluated for males and females on three dependent variables. A significant F is reported for the interaction of treatment and gender on a linear composite of the three dependent variables. Which statistical analysis was used?
MANOVA
Which of the following terms is used in connection with intensity of exercise and refers to the ratio of metabolic rate during exercise to the rate while resting?
MET
In multiple regression, one is able to predict
One criterion from two or more predictors
Likert scale
a numerical scale used to assess attitudes; includes a set of possible answers with labeled anchors on each extreme
The use of intraclass correlation to estimate reliability in motor performance instead of Pearson r has the advantages that:
allowing analysis of trial-to-trial change, estimating reliability for more than two trials
In the journal format of theses and dissertations, the appendixes contain
an extended review of literature
To determine which of two methods for learning a motor skill is more effective, the correct statistical analysis is
an independent t test
ANOVA
analysis of variance
A job analysis i primarily a form of what research technique?
case study
Trustworthiness in qual. research
deals with both data collection and analysis
A method of philosophy that is designed to liberate people from the traditional claims of the OTHER branches of philosophy falls under the heading of (...) and is called (...)
deconstructionism; poetry
The inclusion criteria in a meta-analysis are very much like
delimitations
The case study
gathers data from a single person or fr a limited # of similar people
In discriminant function analysis, one is able to predict
group membership
A threat to the validity of rating scales is that the rater may tend to let her previous knowledge of the student in another capacity influence the rating. this threat is called:
halo effect
Particularizing as an approach to socio-historical research occurs when the researcher
is interested in minute details of the past
The property of a distribution of scores that relates to how peaked or flat the curve is is called
kurtosis
Which of the following are most difficult to analyze in a questionnaire study?
open-ended items
It is reasonable to expect volunteer participants to be similar in nature to
other volunteers from similar populations
If a thermometer measured the temperature in an oven as 400 degrees five days in a row when the temp was actually 337, this measuring would be considered
reliable, but NOT valid
For confidentiality, the researcher should do these 3 things:
remove names from data-collection instruments and REPLACE them with a code, inform the participants about the people who will have ACCESS to the data, and make certain no unauthorized individuals have access to the research data
The qualitative researcher typically
studies a small number of participants
Epistemology
study of knowledge
Axiology
study of value
A two way (factorial) ANOVA with more than one person per cell will yield F values for which of the following contrasts?
three F values, one each for rows, columns, and interaction
Measurements are frequently made and then averaged across several participants. To what degree of precision should the average be reported in a research paper?
to the precision with which it was measured
dependent t-test
two tailed t-test comparing two dependent means
Thurstone scale
A type of composite measure, constructed in accord with the weights assigned by "judges" to various indicators of some variables.
Which of the following is NOT a common paradigm for socio-historical research: 1) structural-functionalism, 2) functional-modernism, 3) modernism, 4) postmodernism
Functional-modernism
Individuals performing well merely because they are being observed are considered to be under the influence of the
Hawthorne effect
The practice of selecting a small random sample of a survey's nonrespondents is primarily intended to:
determine whether or not the nonrespondents are a different population from the respondents
A study that has one independent variable with three levels and three dependent variables should be analyzed via
discriminant analysis
Spearman r
nonparametric version of Pearson r
When a tester divides the number of students who answered a test item correctly by the number of students who attempte the item, the result is called
the index of difficult
The five-chapter format for theses and dissertations differs from the four-chaptered model in that a separate chapter is devote entirely to
the literature review
interclass correlation
the most commonly used method of computing correlation between two variables; also called Pearson r or Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation
The only true experimental design that can specifically evaluate the reactive or interactive effects of testing is the ______ design
Solomon four-group
discriminant analysis
Statistical methods that use one or more predictor variable(s) to discriminate between categories (dependent variable is categorical).
The determining factor in the order of authorship of a research publication is that the first author is the person who
develops the idea and plans the research
To help ensure an acceptable return rate in a questionnaire study, the researcher should
make liberal use of open-ended questions and use follow up letters or emails
Three branches of philosophy
metaphysics, epistemology, axiology
A contingency coefficient is an example of a
nonparametric statistical test
To calculate L for a correlation of two sets of ranked scores, the degrees of freedom (N-1) are multiplied by
r square
The maximum value of item discrimination in norm-referenced test items occurs when the item difficulty is
0.50
For a predicted score of 30 and a standard of error of estimate of 6, the chance are 95 out of 100 that the score will be between
18 and 42
Within one standard of error both ways
68%
Within two standards of error both ways
95% of data
The A-B-A-B designation refers to which type of research design?
Single subject
Pearson r
A measure of the extent to which paired scores occupy the same or opposite positions within their own distributions
Prediction studies use which of the following as the basic analysis technique?
Correlation
A major weakness of observational research lies in the operational definitions. Which question is an example of an operational definition?
What behaviors characterize a good teach or good coach?
The fundamental goal of philosophy is to examine reality primarily through
reflective procedures
The type of scale that uses items such as worthless-valuable is called a
semantic differential scale
To determine whether data are normally distributed, one can test to see whether the curve is shifted to the left OR right. This shift is called
skewness
Metaphysics
the study of the nature of reality
These three things are true of mixed method studies:
The emphasis on quan. and qual. methods can be equal, the emphasis can also be varied depending on the goals of the study, and the selected quan. and qual. methods will require expertise that matches their emphasis in the study
This is NOT true of mixed method studies:
The emphasis on quantitative and qualitative methods is based on other similar studies
