Research Methods Final Exam

Additional factors that can affect the relationship between physical activity and blood cholesterol, such as smoking, body fat, etc. are called:

confounding factors

MET

metabolic equivalent of task

It is not necessary to include in the results section of a report

Conclusions

3 advantages of repeated measures

Control for individual differences among participants, more economical because FEWER participants are needed, and allow the researcher to study a phenomenon across time

Consider the following questionnaire item: "Do you use objective test items or essay items?" what rule regarding item construction does it violate?

Do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item.

Similar characteristics should be read vertically in a table TRUE OR FALSE

False

The table should be understandable without referring to the text TRUE OR FALSE

False

The table should have clear and descriptive headings TRUE OR FALSE

False

What tense should a research proposal be written in?

Future tense

Which should be included in a research report's discussion: tables but not graphs, graphs but not tables, implications of the results, or raw data

Implications of the results

Interviewers may become more skilled with practice, which could cause differences between the results of participants interviewed early in the study and those of participants interviewed later. This THREAT to internal validity is an issue of

Instrumentation

In calculating ES for a treatment effect between a pretest and a posttest, the text recommends the use of which standard deviation?

The pretest st. deviation

The table should include whatever test of significance was used TRUE OR FALSE

True

nonparametric

When baseline data are arranged in rank order instead of raw scores, the study's statistics

validity is determined by finding the correlation between scores on

a test and some independent criterion

independent t-test

a variation of the t test used when data values vary independently from one another

When the purpose of the research is to evaluate the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable while controlling the influence of another characteristic, the best choice of a statistical analysis is

analysis of covariance

When the purpose of the research is to determine the effects of one independent variable on one dependent variable, the best choice of a statistical analysis is

analysis of variance

References to books should include

author, date, title, city of publication, publisher's name

Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the value of things

axiology

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is a a

case-control study

Which of the following is a technique for providing information about the reliability of an instrument?

coefficient alpha

In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the preliminary part

contains materials that are typically required by the institution and is left off when submitting the study for publication

A chi-square analysis compares the responses to a question on recreational preferences of males and females at three grade levels. The resulting two-way classification structure is called a

contingency table

Determining the relationship between students' attitudes toward drugs and the frequency of drug usage is an example of a

correlational study

A researcher wishes to determine whether a treatment group made a significant improvement from the pretest (M=25) to the posttest (M=30.) The correct statistical test to use to compare the two means is the

dependent t test

In socio-historical research, technology is NOT used to (...) but to (...), (...), and (...)

determine the accuracy of the material found; find newspaper and magazine articles, listen to interviews, explore Facebook for more info on a topic

A baseline in single subject research

establishes initial rates of behavior before an intervention

In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called

experimental mortality

A qualitative research technique involves interviews of small numbers of participants in a group call a

focus group

Reasoning that moves from a limited # of specific observations to general conclusions is termed

inductive reasoning

In the results section of a research report, the author should include which two things

information concerning statistical significance and meaningfulness, information contained in tables

An important principle set forth by the American psychological association is the right of informed consent, which states that the researcher is obligated to

informed consent, i.e. explain the major features of the study to the participants before the beginning of the study so that they have the opportunity to decline to take part

Generalizing as an approach to socio-historical research occurs when the researcher is

interested in how things fit into the bigger picture

Generally speaking, an oral presentation at a conference has

less detail than a poster

In comparison to survey interview, qual. interviews tend to be

less structured

The first step in conducting a questionnaire survey is to

list specific objectives to be

In developmental studies, when one wants to determine how individual children change rather than what is typical at each stage, one would prefer the (...) method

longitudinal

Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the nature of things?

metaphysics

MANOVA

multivariate analysis of variance

It is common when looking at a distribution to encounter extreme or unusual scores that could have a misleading effect on the results. These extreme scores are termed

outliers

Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of

people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases

The lengths and contents of an abstract differ according to their intended use. The important parts of an abstract for a published research paper include the

problem, methods, results, and discussion

In qual. research, sampling designed to select small groups or individuals likely be knowledgeable and informative about the phenomenon of interests is called

purposive sampling

A study is designed to determine whether the addition of programmed instruction will produce greater achievement scores than the traditional lecture-discussion method. Participants are randomly assigned to two instructional groups. BOTH groups are tested at the end of the experimental period. What statistical test is indicated?

t test

Four skills tests are tried as predictors of success in a tennis class. Each test correlates with later success as follows: test A, r = .27; test B, r = -.90; test C, r = -.40; test D, r = .65. The test that will most accurately predict success is

test B

In meta-analysis, the ES for the experimental versus control groups was 0.68, which represents a percentile equivalent of 75. This means that

the average score of the experimental group was better than 75% of the control group's scores

partial correlation

the correlation between two variables with the influence of a third variable statistically controlled

The major weakness of epidemiological studies is

the inability to experimentally establish cause and effect

The inductive and deductive processes are important in

the statement of the problem

According to the American Psychological Association, when a graduate student submits her thesis or dissertation for publication jointly with the major professor, the first author should be

the student

The most frequent and severe criticism of meta-analysis is that

the studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements

For scores from to have GOOD content validity, the following statements must be true:

the test adequately samples what was covered in the course, and the percentage of points for each topic area reflects the amount of EMPHASIS given to that topic

Historians use secondary sources to

understand what is known about a topic

Mixed-methods research

was being conducted while some scholars debated whether it was possible

Use of a 1-tailed versus a 2-tailed test of significance of the difference between 2 sample means depends on

whether the difference is expected to be in one direction only

"To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to

external validity

A teacher wishes to determine the reliability of three trials on a performance test. He uses ANOVA to obtain the reliability coefficient. This technique is called

intraclass correlation

Sometimes it is not possible to actually administer the treatment. However, the researcher is trying to imply causation. This type of design is referred to as

Casual comparative or an ex post facto design

A researcher wishes to compare the effects of two instructional methods given at two age levels on achievement on a test of knowledge of rules and on a test of strategy. The appropriate statistical analysis would be

MANOVA

Three levels of a treatment variable were evaluated for males and females on three dependent variables. A significant F is reported for the interaction of treatment and gender on a linear composite of the three dependent variables. Which statistical analysis was used?

MANOVA

Which of the following terms is used in connection with intensity of exercise and refers to the ratio of metabolic rate during exercise to the rate while resting?

MET

In multiple regression, one is able to predict

One criterion from two or more predictors

Likert scale

a numerical scale used to assess attitudes; includes a set of possible answers with labeled anchors on each extreme

The use of intraclass correlation to estimate reliability in motor performance instead of Pearson r has the advantages that:

allowing analysis of trial-to-trial change, estimating reliability for more than two trials

In the journal format of theses and dissertations, the appendixes contain

an extended review of literature

To determine which of two methods for learning a motor skill is more effective, the correct statistical analysis is

an independent t test

ANOVA

analysis of variance

A job analysis i primarily a form of what research technique?

case study

Trustworthiness in qual. research

deals with both data collection and analysis

A method of philosophy that is designed to liberate people from the traditional claims of the OTHER branches of philosophy falls under the heading of (...) and is called (...)

deconstructionism; poetry

The inclusion criteria in a meta-analysis are very much like

delimitations

The case study

gathers data from a single person or fr a limited # of similar people

In discriminant function analysis, one is able to predict

group membership

A threat to the validity of rating scales is that the rater may tend to let her previous knowledge of the student in another capacity influence the rating. this threat is called:

halo effect

Particularizing as an approach to socio-historical research occurs when the researcher

is interested in minute details of the past

The property of a distribution of scores that relates to how peaked or flat the curve is is called

kurtosis

Which of the following are most difficult to analyze in a questionnaire study?

open-ended items

It is reasonable to expect volunteer participants to be similar in nature to

other volunteers from similar populations

If a thermometer measured the temperature in an oven as 400 degrees five days in a row when the temp was actually 337, this measuring would be considered

reliable, but NOT valid

For confidentiality, the researcher should do these 3 things:

remove names from data-collection instruments and REPLACE them with a code, inform the participants about the people who will have ACCESS to the data, and make certain no unauthorized individuals have access to the research data

The qualitative researcher typically

studies a small number of participants

Epistemology

study of knowledge

Axiology

study of value

A two way (factorial) ANOVA with more than one person per cell will yield F values for which of the following contrasts?

three F values, one each for rows, columns, and interaction

Measurements are frequently made and then averaged across several participants. To what degree of precision should the average be reported in a research paper?

to the precision with which it was measured

dependent t-test

two tailed t-test comparing two dependent means

Thurstone scale

A type of composite measure, constructed in accord with the weights assigned by "judges" to various indicators of some variables.

Which of the following is NOT a common paradigm for socio-historical research: 1) structural-functionalism, 2) functional-modernism, 3) modernism, 4) postmodernism

Functional-modernism

Individuals performing well merely because they are being observed are considered to be under the influence of the

Hawthorne effect

The practice of selecting a small random sample of a survey's nonrespondents is primarily intended to:

determine whether or not the nonrespondents are a different population from the respondents

A study that has one independent variable with three levels and three dependent variables should be analyzed via

discriminant analysis

Spearman r

nonparametric version of Pearson r

When a tester divides the number of students who answered a test item correctly by the number of students who attempte the item, the result is called

the index of difficult

The five-chapter format for theses and dissertations differs from the four-chaptered model in that a separate chapter is devote entirely to

the literature review

interclass correlation

the most commonly used method of computing correlation between two variables; also called Pearson r or Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation

The only true experimental design that can specifically evaluate the reactive or interactive effects of testing is the ______ design

Solomon four-group

discriminant analysis

Statistical methods that use one or more predictor variable(s) to discriminate between categories (dependent variable is categorical).

The determining factor in the order of authorship of a research publication is that the first author is the person who

develops the idea and plans the research

To help ensure an acceptable return rate in a questionnaire study, the researcher should

make liberal use of open-ended questions and use follow up letters or emails

Three branches of philosophy

metaphysics, epistemology, axiology

A contingency coefficient is an example of a

nonparametric statistical test

To calculate L for a correlation of two sets of ranked scores, the degrees of freedom (N-1) are multiplied by

r square

The maximum value of item discrimination in norm-referenced test items occurs when the item difficulty is

0.50

For a predicted score of 30 and a standard of error of estimate of 6, the chance are 95 out of 100 that the score will be between

18 and 42

Within one standard of error both ways

68%

Within two standards of error both ways

95% of data

The A-B-A-B designation refers to which type of research design?

Single subject

Pearson r

A measure of the extent to which paired scores occupy the same or opposite positions within their own distributions

Prediction studies use which of the following as the basic analysis technique?

Correlation

A major weakness of observational research lies in the operational definitions. Which question is an example of an operational definition?

What behaviors characterize a good teach or good coach?

The fundamental goal of philosophy is to examine reality primarily through

reflective procedures

The type of scale that uses items such as worthless-valuable is called a

semantic differential scale

To determine whether data are normally distributed, one can test to see whether the curve is shifted to the left OR right. This shift is called

skewness

Metaphysics

the study of the nature of reality

These three things are true of mixed method studies:

The emphasis on quan. and qual. methods can be equal, the emphasis can also be varied depending on the goals of the study, and the selected quan. and qual. methods will require expertise that matches their emphasis in the study

This is NOT true of mixed method studies:

The emphasis on quantitative and qualitative methods is based on other similar studies