Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, Ch. 12, Final Exam Review

A researcher conducts a 4X2 factorial design with 10 participants observed in each group. How many participants are needed to conduct this experiment if the researcher conducts each of the following designs? A within-subjects factorial design

10 participants

A researcher conducts a 4X2 factorial design with 10 participants observed in each group. How many participants are needed to conduct this experiment if the researcher conducts each of the following designs? A mixed factorial design in which the first variable is a within-subjects factor

20 participants

A researcher conducts a 4X2 factorial design with 10 participants observed in each group. How many participants are needed to conduct this experiment if the researcher conducts each of the following designs? A mixed factorial design in which the second variable is a within-subjects factor

40 participants

A researcher conducts a 4X2 factorial design with 10 participants observed in each group. How many participants are needed to conduct this experiment if the researcher conducts each of the following designs? Between-subjects factorial design

80 participants

complete factorial design

A factorial design in which each level of one factor is combined or crossed with each level of the other factor, with participants observed in each cell or combination of levels.

What is a higher-order interaction?

A higher-order interaction is an interaction for the combination of levels of three or more factors in a factorial design.

Which effect, a main effect or an interaction, can be identified in the row means and column means of a table summary?

A main effect

What are the three effects about which researchers test a hypothesis using the two-way factorial design?

A main effect of Factor A, a main effect of Factor B, and an AxB interaction

main effect

A source of variation associated with mean differences across the levels of a single factor.

Which effect, a main effect or an interaction, is identified in the cell means of a table summary?

An interaction

higher-order interaction

An interaction for the combination of levels of three or more factors in a factorial design.

A researcher replicated a previous finding and also demonstrates a new finding in the same factorial design. Which reason for adding factors to an experiment does this statement illustrate?

Building on previous research

A researcher measures the time it takes college students to complete a cognitive task after receiving positive or negative feedback. Because the class year of participants (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) may influence how students respond to the feedback, class year was included as a second factor. Which reason for adding factors to an experiment does this statement illustrate?

Controlling for threats to validity

True or False In order to manipulate the levels of each factor in a factorial design, we mus select a sample from at least two or more different populations.

False

completely crossed design

See complete factorial design. A factorial design in which each level of one factor is combined or crossed with each level of the other factor, with participants observed in each cell or combination of levels.

The variance attributed to error in a factorial design is associated with differences in __________ within each cell.

participant scores

participant variable

A quasi-independent or preexisting variable that is related to or characteristic of the personal attributes of a participant.

mixed factorial design

A research design in which different participants are observed at each level of a between-subjects factor and also repeatedly observed across the levels of the within-subjects factor.

factorial experimental design

A research design in which groups are created by manipulating the levels of two or more factors, then the same or different participants are observed in each group using experimental procedures of randomization (for a between-subjects factor) and using control for timing and order effects (for a within-subjects factor).

factorial design

A research design in which participants are observed across the combination of levels of two or more factors.

two-way factorial design

A research design in which participants are observed in groups created by combining or crossing the levels of two factors.

higher-order factorial design

A research design in which the levels of more than two factors are combined or crossed to create groups.

between-subjects factorial design

A research design in which the levels of two or more between-subjects factors are combined to create groups, meaning that different participants are observed in each group.

within-subjects factorial design

A research design in which the levels of two or more within-subjects factors are combined to create groups, meaning that the same participants are observed in each group.

interaction

A source of variation associated with how the effects of one factor are influenced by, or depend on, the levels of a second factor.

two-way ANOVA

A statistical procedure used to analyze the variance in a dependent variable between groups created by combining the levels of two factors.

A researcher tests whether the lighting (dull, bright) and background noise (low, high) in a classroom influence student performance on an exam. He conducts a two-way factorial design to analyze the data and finds a significant effect of lighting, with higher scores when the lighting was bright. Is the effect described in this study an example of a main effect or an interaction?

Main Effect

Name the statistical procedure used to analyze data for the factorial design with two factors.

The two-way ANOVA

How are our conclusions in a factorial design limited when the design includes at least one quasi-independent factor?

We do not show cause and effect for any effect that includes that quasi-independent factor