research test 2
How do you encourage culturally-sensitive research?
spend time immersing yourself directly in the culture of the group -engage scholars and community representatives in formulation of research problem and all stages -have group members in research designs and instruments -don't assume instruments are good for this minority group
numerical data vs. text data
#'s and statistics vs words and descriptions
What is content analysis?
Content Analysis focuses on what was said
external validity of a research design
-Can we generalize findings to another population
Threats to internal validity of a research design
-History -Maturation -Instrumentation -Testing (reactive) -Statistical Regression -Selection Bias -Experimental attrition (mortality) -Diffusion or Imitation of treatment
How do you collect data in qualitative work?
-Interviewing = unstructured, semi or structured -Observation = direct or essentially direct via video -Written documents = work with words and visual data, not numbers
Name and explain the 3 basic criteria for the determination of causation
-Time-the cause precedes the effect in time - Covariance-two variables (IV & DV) are empirically correlated with each other -No other explanations- (IV and DV are exclusively involved) the observed empirical correlation cannot be explained away as the result of the influence of some third variable that causes the two under consideration
Know how to minimize threats to external validity
-Unrepresentice samples -Multiple-Treatment Interference -Interaction of Selection and Treatment -Reactive Settings -Researcher Bias
How do you identify problems and establish goals with clients?
-You prioritze issues and choose which ones to address first -they are precise, and observable and realistic -set long term goals with intermediate goals
What information needs to be included in an informed consent?
-describes involvement, benefits, risks, extent of confidentiality, expenses, compensation, explains opportunity to chose, and contact people for additional questions
internal validity of a research design
-is X the cause of Y?
Cross-sectional
-one point in time
Define randomization
...
Difference between random sampling and random assignment to treatment group
...
Differences between a panel and cohort study
...
How do you choose a treatment approach?
...
How do you conduct data analysis in single subject design?
...
How do you encourage minority recruitment into research studies?
...
How do you enhance generalizability in single-subject design?
...
How do you establish a baseline? How long should the baseline be?
...
How to graph treatment eval
...
Know the different approached to note taking in qualitative work
...
Know the notation associated with research designs (R,O,X)
...
Know the pre-experimental designs and when to use this design
...
What are ethical considerations when taking a treatment away, or establishing/returning to a baseline phase?
...
What are the ethical principles inherent in the Nuremberg code?
...
What are vulnerable populations?
...
What is required of the outcomes in single-subject design
...
What is the difference between anonymity and confidentiality?
...
What principles did the belmont report stress?
...
When is deception an acceptable practice in research?
...
Why would you use a bar chart?
...
difference between non-experimental, quasi-experimental, and true experimental
...
inferential process
...
why we use treatment evaluation
...
What are identifiers?
Anything that can give the person's identity away
univariate statistics
Continuous: -mean, median, mode, range, histogram Categorical: -frequency, bar graph, histogram, pie chart
baseline vs intervention phase
Baseline: an observation, no intervention Intervention: formally planned and systematically executed set of practioner behaviors that are engaged in order to change the target problem
What is the difference between retrospective and concurrent baseline?
Concurrent: data about the target behaviors are collected during the assessment phase of therapy prior to the intervention Retrospective: data about target behaviors is reconstructed from memory or records
What did the Tuskegee experiment do right?
Human behavior, IRB established, encouraged community members
How do you use the clinical research model? What are the steps?
Identify problems Establish goals Choose single case design Establish baseline Introduce treatment with intervention Assess treatment effects
What is the clinical research model?
Identifying problems with assessment
How do you select a sample in qualitative work?
Judgement and snowball sampling
single subject design choices, how are they different
Single case True experimental Non experimental (quasi)
What are the benefits of qualitative research?
Strengths = depth and detail, openness, understanding world view, avoids pre-judgements Weakness = fewer respondents, less easily generalized, difficult to aggregate data, particpation can change social situations, dependent upon researcher's personal skills
What are the differences between qualitative and quantitative methods?
The differences are the researcher's underlying strategies
Explain the principles of voluntary participation and no harm to participants
Voluntary: choosing to participate and that they can withdraw at any time
When is SPSS appropriate for data analysis?
When organizing and analyzing data, presenting data through graphs
When is it best to use a qualitative approach?
With observation, descriptive, explanatory, exploratory and not easily reduced to numbers
Why would you create a new variable from existing ones
You may want to examine different aspects of the data that require you to re-code the orginal data
existing data
already around
original data
collected for the first time
bivariate statistics
comparing 2 variables -correlations, t-tests, chi-square tests
Structured observation
data collection where a trained observer records the interactions of others in a specific place using detailed procedures and measures.
What is the difference between data collection and data sources?
data collection- the method for gathering information data sources- where the information comes from -from survey research, records, machines
coding as it relates to data analysis
deriving some meaning from observations that have been made during the research process
secondary data
existing data collection gathering previously collected information
Longitudinal
follow through time
What is a pie chart good for displaying?
for categorical, when you have multiple categories with distribution
What is HIPAA?
health insurance portability and accountability act -provides federal health information privacy, must have signed release
intervention fidelity
how true to the intervention, make sure its the intervention and nothing else making the change
frequency, duration, and magnitude
in structured observations frequency- the number of times a behavior occurs duration-the amount of time the behavior occurs magnitude- the intensity of the observed behavior
Second hand data
information about subject comes from someone else
What is an IRB?
institutional review board
multivariate statistics
multiple regression, logistic regression
surveys
original data could be first or second hand
What is PHI?
protected health information
Quasi-Experimental vs. True Experimental Designs
quasi- a study that evaluates an intervention group versus a comparison group but where participants are NOT randomly assigned to groups true- a study that randomly assigns participants to an experimental group and a control group
How to minimize drop-out of research participants
reimbursement, avoid intervention disappointing or frustration participants, utilize tracking
What aspects of the research protocol do IRB members review and approve?
risks are minimized and reasonable in relation to benefits and the importance of anticipated knowledge -selection f subjects is equitable -informed consent will be obtained and documented -safeguards in place to protect vulnerable subjects -adequate plans are in place for monitoring data for safety -privacy will be protected and confidentiality maintained.
First hand data
straight from the individual (subject)
Response rate and how to calculate
the proportion of a sample that completes and returns a questionnaire or agrees to be interviewed interviews have higher response rate than questionnaires
What are the advantages of questionnaires, interviews and focus groups?
they are survey research very detailed and thorough questionnaires- quick and inexpensive, geographically diverse, no interviewer bias interviews- flexible
When does measurement happen in single subject design?
throughout the entire experiment
what is survey research?
using questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups
