Respiratory

Carbamino compounds

Amino groups of plasma proteins and hemoglobin. *O2 binds to heme moiety and CO2 to polypeptide chains*

Expiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that can be expired forcefully.

Olfactory epithelium

A small area of the roof of the nasal fossa and adjacent parts of septum, where odors are detected by sensory cells. The cilia here are immobile and serve to bind odor molecules.

Alveolar respiratory rate

AVR. 350ml/breath X 12 breaths/min = 4,200mL/min

Inspiratory reserve volume

After normal inspiration, the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully.

Vital capacity

Total lung capacity minus the residual volume.

Ventral respiratory group

VRG, subject to influence from external sources. Primary generator of the respiratory rhythm, consisting of mingled webs of neurons (inspiratory & expiratory). Firing of the neurons issue nerve signals to integrating centers in spinal cord. Output from spinal center travels by way of the phrenic nerves to the diaphragm & by way of intercoastal to external intercoastal muscles. As long as I neurons are firing, they also inhibit the E neurons.

Respiration

Ventilation of the lungs or the use of O2 in cellular metabolism.

Larynx

Voice box, cartilaginous chamber. Keeps food and drink out of the airway. Guarded by the epiglottis, the extrinsic muscles of this chamber work with it in order to keep substances out.

Carbon Dioxide

Contains a pressure gradient of 46-> 40mmHg from tissue to fluid. Carried in bloodstream through carbonic acid, carbamino compounds, and dissolved gas.

Oxygen

Contains a pressure gradient of 90 -> 40mmHg from tissue to fluid.

Pontine respiratory group

Modifies the rhythm of the VRG. Receives input from higher brain centers including the hypothalamus, limbic, cerebral cortex and issues output to both the DRG and VRG. This group adapts breathing to special circumstances such as sleep, exercise, crying, gasping laughing.

Bronchioles

Contain ciliated cuboidal epithelium and smooth muscles in their walls, gives off to two or more small respiratory bronchioles.

residual volume

1,300mL. The remaining air in alveoli that cannot be expired.

Charle's Law

At a constant pressure, the volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its volume.

Boyle's Law

At a constant temperature, the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume. If lung volume increases, their internal pressure falls.

Henry's law

At the air-h2O interfacer for a given temp, the amount of gas that dissolves in the h20 is determined by its solubility in h20 and its partial pressure in the air.

Atmospheric pressure

Barometric. The pressure that drives respiration. The weight of the air above us.

Carbonic acid

CO2 + H2O ->H2CO2->HCO3 + H+

Respiratory epithelium

Ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelia, containing goblet cells and its ciliated cells propel the mucus toward the pharynx.

Dorsal respiratory group

DRG, web of neurons that extends for much of the length of the medulla b/w the VRG and the central canal of the brainstem. Integrating center that receives input from several sources: respiratory center in pons, chemo-sensitive center of the anterior medulla oblongata; chemoreceptors in certain major arteries. Modifies resp rhythm.

Deoxyhemoglobin

HHb, where there is no O2 bound to hemoglobin.

Oxyhemoglobin

HbO2, where 1 or > molecules of O2 are bound to hemoglobin.

Total lung capacity

Max amount of air the lungs can contain.

Nasopharynx

Receives the auditory (eustachian) tubes from the middle eats and houses the pharyngeal tonsil. Passes only air and is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Oropharynx

The space between the posterior margin of the soft palate and the epiglottis. Stratified squamous epithelium.

Tidal volume

The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing.

Chloride shift

Where chloride-bicarbonate exchanger pumps most of the HCO3 out of the RBC in exchnage for Cl- from the blood plasma.

Quiet Respiration

relaxed, unconscious breathing, not thinking about breathing. Contains sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, external intercoastals, pectoralis minor, internal intercoastals (intercartilagenous) & diaphragm.

Forced respiration

unusually deep or rapid breathing, state of exercise, singing, coughing, sneezing. Contains internal intercoastals (interosseous) diaphragm, rectus abdominis, and external oblique.