Respiratory

Describe and explain alveolar pressure change as the diaphragm flattens and the intercostals muscles contract.

At the beginning the atmospheric and alveolar pressure is equal. During inspiration, contraction of the diaphragm causes it to flatten, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity by increasing length. Contractions of the external intercostals elevate the ribs and increases increases the volume of the thoracic cavity by increasing width. This causes the visceral pleura and the lungs to be pulled outward, and the lung volume increases. When atmospheric pressure exceeds alveolar, air moves into the lungs.

Oxyhemoglobin

A bright red substance formed by the combination of hemoglobin with oxygen, present in oxygenated blood Contains oxygen

Describe normal ventilation as a continuous cycle of inspiration and exspiration.

Diaphragm and external intercostals impulses stimulate inspiratory muscles to contract, muscles relax. Passive elastic recoil produces expiration.

Decreasing Volume (pressure)

During expiration, the volume of the air in the lungs decreases

Increasing Volume (pressure)

During inspiration, the volume of the air in the lungs increases

Describe the important role of the heme groups with each hemoglobin molecule.

Each polypeptide contains iron bearing heme group. An oxygen molecules binds to each iron ion in each heme group

Expiration

Gas exchange between alveoli of the lungs and blood. Consume CO2 and give of O2

Inspiration

Gas exchange between the capillaries and the tissue cells. Consume 02 and give of CO2

Describe and explain alveolar pressure change as the muscles relax and the lungs recoil.

In the beginning, the atmospheric and alveolar pressure is equal. 2 factors decrease the thoracic cavity and lung volume: relaxation of the inspiratory muscles and the elastic recoil of the lung. Decrease volume in lung volume cause the increase in alveolar pressure. When alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, air moves out of the lungs.

Describe how body temperature affects O2 association with hemoglobin.

Increased temperature results in increased release of oxygen. Temperature affects the binding strength of hemoglobin for oxygen. Increased temperature decreases affinity. When oxyhemoglobin is exposed to higher temperatures in the metabolizing tissue, affinity decreases and hemoglobin unloads oxygen.

Explain CO2's affect on oxygen loading in the alveolar spaces.

Increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and promotes oxygen loading/transport

What is the oxygen dissociation reaction that occurs at the tissue cells?

Internal Respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 in systematic capillaries

What regulates this continuous cycle?

Medulla Oblongata

Summarize blood's role with regard to transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Most oxygen is transported in the red blood cells as hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate in the blood plasma.

Dissolved in Blood Plasma

Only a small amount is transported this way (1.5%) Dissolved blood plasma oxygen is not very water soluble, so small % gets transported to the body

Name the factors that affect hemoglobin's saturation with oxygen.

PO2, pH, PCO2, temperature, chemical BCG, hemoglobin type

Why is expiration referred to as a "passive" process?

Quiet expiration is passive because it requires no muscle contraction or activity

What is the oxygen association reaction that occurs in the lungs?

Respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 in pulmonary capillaries

Deoxyhemoglobin

The form of hemoglobin without oxygen. Hemoglobin forms an unstable, reversible bond with oxygen. In its oxygen-loaded form it is oxyhemoglobin and is bright red. Lacking 02 attachment

Bonded to hemoglobin

The heme in hemoglobin has a group that contains iron which binds 1 oxygen molecule, allowing each hemoglobin molecules to bind 4 molecules. The more oxygen the brighter the red color. Hemoglobin can change shape making oxygen binding easier. As partial pressure of oxygen increases, the hemoglobin becomes increasingly saturated with oxygen.

Describe how increasing levels of blood carbon dioxide affect hemoglobin's oxygen affinity? Where (in the body) does this occur?

The result of increased carbon dioxide is decreased pH which in turn causes the bohr effect. Elevated carbon dioxide levels enhance unbinding of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin thereby making oxygen available for actively metabolizing cells

Inhalation

breathing in

Exhalation

breathing out

Ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs