Respiratory Care Modalities
A client is being mechanically ventilated in the ICU. The ventilator alarms begin to sound. The nurse should complete which action first?
Troubleshoot to identify the malfunction.
A client with supraglottic cancer undergoes a partial laryngectomy. Postoperatively, a cuffed tracheostomy tube is in place. When removing secretions that pool above the cuff, the nurse should instruct the client to:
cough as the cuff is deflated
Arterial blood gases should be obtained how often after initiating continuous mechanical ventilation?
20 minutes
A patient with COPD requires oxygen administration. What method of delivery does the nurse know would be best for this patient?
A Venturi mask
A client is on a ventilator. Alarms are sounding, indicating an increase in peak airway pressure. The nurse assesses first for
A kink in the ventilator tubing
A patient is diagnosed with mild obstructive sleep apnea after having a sleep study performed. What treatment modality will be the most effective for this patient?
Continuous positive airway pressure
The nurse has instructed a client on how to perform pursed-lip breathing. The nurse recognizes the purpose of this type of breathing is to accomplish which result?
Improve oxygen transport; induce a slow, deep breathing pattern; and assist the client to control breathing
Which finding would indicate a decrease in pressure with mechanical ventilation?
Increase in compliance
A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is intubated and placed on continuous mechanical ventilation. Which equipment is most important for the nurse to keep at this client's bedside?
Manual resuscitation bag
The nurse is caring for a client with an endotracheal tube (ET). Which nursing intervention is contraindicated?
Routinely deflating the cuff
The nurse is assisting a physician with an endotracheal intubation for a client in respiratory failure. It is most important for the nurse to assess for:
Symmetry of the client's chest expansion
A patient in the ICU has been orally intubated and on mechanical ventilation for 2 weeks after having a severe stroke. What action does the nurse anticipate the physician will take now that the patient has been intubated for this length of time?
The patient will have an insertion of a tracheostomy tube.
In general, chest drainage tubes are not used for a patient undergoing
pneumonectomy
A client has a sucking stab wound to the chest. Which action should the nurse take first?
Apply a dressing over the wound and tape it on three sides.
A nurse prepares to perform postural drainage. How should the nurse ascertain the best position to facilitate clearing the lungs?
Auscultation
A nurse is caring for a client with COPD who needs teaching on pursed-lip breathing. Place the steps in order in which the nurse will instruct the client.
Inhale through your nose." "Slowly count to 3." "Exhale slowly through pursed lips." "Slowly count to 7."
In general, chest drainage tubes are not indicated for a client undergoing which procedure?
Pneumonectomy
After undergoing a left thoracotomy, a client has a chest tube in place. When caring for this client, the nurse must:
encourage coughing and deep breathing.
Postural drainage has been ordered for a patient who is having difficulty mobilizing her bronchial secretions. Before repositioning the patient and beginning treatment, the nurse should perform what health assessment? A) Chest auscultation B) Pulmonary function testing C) Chest percussion D) Thoracic palpation
A) Chest auscultation
A nurse is teaching a patient how to perform flow type incentive spirometry prior to his scheduled thoracic surgery. What instruction should the nurse provide to the patient? A) Hold the spirometer at your lips and breathe in and out like you normally would. B) When youre ready, blow hard into the spirometer for as long as you can. C) Take a deep breath and then blow short, forceful breaths into the spirometer. D) Breathe in deeply through the spirometer, hold your breath briefly, and then exhale.
D) Breathe in deeply through the spirometer, hold your breath briefly, and then exhale.
The nurse hears the patient's ventilator alarm sound and attempts to find the cause. What is the priority action of the nurse when the cause of the alarm is not able to be determined?
Disconnect the patient from the ventilator and manually ventilate the patient with a manual resuscitation bag until the problem is resolved.
A nurse educator is reviewing the indications for chest drainage systems with a group of medical nurses. What indications should the nurses identify? Select all that apply. A) Post thoracotomy B) Spontaneous pneumothorax C) Need for postural drainage D) Chest trauma resulting in pneumothorax E) Pleurisy
A) Post thoracotomy B) Spontaneous pneumothorax D) Chest trauma resulting in pneumothorax
The home care nurse is planning to begin breathing retraining exercises with a client newly admitted to the home health service. The home care nurse knows that breathing retraining is especially indicated if the patient has what diagnosis? A) Asthma B) Pneumonia C) Lung cancer D) COPD
D) COPD
The decision has been made to discharge a ventilator-dependent patient home. The nurse is developing a teaching plan for this patient and his family. What would be most important to include in this teaching plan? A) Administration of inhaled corticosteroids B) Assessment of neurologic status C) Turning and coughing D) Signs of pulmonary infection
D) Signs of pulmonary infection
A patient is exhibiting signs of a pneumothorax following tracheostomy. The surgeon inserts a chest tube into the anterior chest wall. What should the nurse tell the family is the primary purpose of this chest tube? A) To remove air from the pleural space B) To drain copious sputum secretions C) To monitor bleeding around the lungs D) To assist with mechanical ventilation
A) To remove air from the pleural space
The nurse is caring for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The patient has been receiving high-flow oxygen therapy for an extended time. What symptoms should the nurse anticipate if the patient were experiencing oxygen toxicity? A) Bradycardia and frontal headache B) Dyspnea and substernal pain C) Peripheral cyanosis and restlessness D) Hypotension and tachycardia
B) Dyspnea and substernal pain
A client is on a positive-pressure ventilator with a synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) setting. The ventilator is set for 8 breaths per minute. The client is taking 6 breaths per minute independently. The nurse
Continues assessing the client's respiratory status frequently
A patient in the ICU has had an endotracheal tube in place for 3 weeks. The physician has ordered that a tracheostomy tube be placed. The patients family wants to know why the endotracheal tube cannot be left in place. What would be the nurses best response? A) The physician may feel that mechanical ventilation will have to be used long-term. B) Long-term use of an endotracheal tube diminishes the normal breathing reflex. C) When an endotracheal tube is left in too long it can damage the lining of the windpipe. D) It is much harder to breathe through an endotracheal tube than a tracheostomy.
C) When an endotracheal tube is left in too long it can damage the lining of the windpipe.
The nurse assesses a patient with a heart rate of 42 and a blood pressure of 70/46. What type of hypoxia does the nurse determine this patient is displaying?
Circulatory hypoxia
The nurse caring for a patient with an endotracheal tube recognizes several disadvantages of an endotracheal tube. What would the nurse recognize as a disadvantage of endotracheal tubes? A) Cognition is decreased. B) Daily arterial blood gases (ABGs) are necessary. C) Slight tracheal bleeding is anticipated. D) The cough reflex is depressed.
D) The cough reflex is depressed.
A patient with emphysema is placed on continuous oxygen at 2 L/min at home. Why is it important for the nurse to educate the patient and family that they must have No Smoking signs placed on the doors?
Oxygen supports combustion.
The nurse is assigned to care for a client with a chest tube. The nurse should ensure that which item is kept at the client's bedside?
A bottle of sterile water
The nurse is caring for a client who is scheduled for a lobectomy. Following the procedure, the nurse will plan care based on the client
returning to the nursing unit with two chest tubes.
A nurse is caring for a client with a chest tube. If the chest drainage system is accidentally disconnected, what should the nurse plan to do?
Place the end of the chest tube in a container of sterile saline.
The nurse is preparing to perform chest physiotherapy (CPT) on a client. Which statement by the client tells the nurse that the procedure is contraindicated.
"I just finished eating my lunch, I'm ready for my CPT now."
A patient is to receive an oxygen concentration of 70%. What is the best way for the nurse to deliver this concentration?
A partial rebreathing mask
A client has a tracheostomy but doesn't require continuous mechanical ventilation. When weaning the client from the tracheostomy tube, the nurse initially should plug the opening in the tube for:
5 to 20 minutes
The acute medical nurse is preparing to wean a patient from the ventilator. Which assessment parameter is most important for the nurse to assess? A) Fluid intake for the last 24 hours B) Baseline arterial blood gas (ABG) levels C) Prior outcomes of weaning D) Electrocardiogram (ECG) results
B) Baseline arterial blood gas (ABG) levels
The physician has ordered continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with the delivery of a patients high-flow oxygen therapy. The patient asks the nurse what the benefit of CPAP is. What would be the nurses best response? A) CPAP allows a higher percentage of oxygen to be safely used. B) CPAP allows a lower percentage of oxygen to be used with a similar effect. C) CPAP allows for greater humidification of the oxygen that is administered. D) CPAP allows for the elimination of bacterial growth in oxygen delivery systems.
B) CPAP allows a lower percentage of oxygen to be used with a similar effect.
The nurse is caring for a patient who is scheduled to have a thoracotomy. When planning preoperative teaching, what information should the nurse communicate to the patient? A) How to milk the chest tubing B) How to splint the incision when coughing C) How to take prophylactic antibiotics correctly D) How to manage the need for fluid restriction
B) How to splint the incision when coughing
The nurse is caring for a patient who is experiencing mild shortness of breath during the immediate postoperative period, with oxygen saturation readings between 89% and 91%. What method of oxygen delivery is most appropriate for the patients needs? A) Non-rebreathing mask B) Nasal cannula C) Simple mask D) Partial-rebreathing mask
B) Nasal cannula
The nurse is preparing to suction a patient with an endotracheal tube. What should be the nurses first step in the suctioning process? A) Explain the suctioning procedure to the patient and reposition the patient. B) Turn on suction source at a pressure not exceeding 120 mm Hg. C) Assess the patients lung sounds and SAO2 via pulse oximeter. D) Perform hand hygiene and don nonsterile gloves, goggles, gown, and mask.
C) Assess the patients lung sounds and SAO2 via pulse oximeter.
The nurse is transporting a patient with chest tubes to a treatment room. The chest tube becomes disconnected and falls between the bed rail. What is the priority action by the nurse?
Cut the contaminated tip of the tube and insert a sterile connector and reattach.
The nurse is assessing a patient who has a chest tube in place for the treatment of a pneumothorax. The nurse observes that the water level in the water seal rises and falls in rhythm with the patients respirations. How should the nurse best respond to this assessment finding? A) Gently reinsert the chest tube 1 to 2 cm and observe if the water level stabilizes. B) Inform the physician promptly that there is in imminent leak in the drainage system. C) Encourage the patient to do deep breathing and coughing exercises. D) Document that the chest drainage system is operating as it is intended.
D) Document that the chest drainage system is operating as it is intended.
A client is recovering from thoracic surgery needed to perform a right lower lobectomy. Which of the following is the most likely postoperative nursing intervention?
Encourage coughing to mobilize secretions.
A patient is being educated in the use of incentive spirometry prior to having a surgical procedure. What should the nurse be sure to include in the education?
Encourage the patient to take approximately 10 breaths per hour, while awake.
A nurse is caring for a client who has a tracheostomy and temperature of 103° F (39.4° C). Which intervention will most likely lower the client's arterial blood oxygen saturation?
Endotracheal suctioning
A home health nurse is visiting a home care client with advanced lung cancer. Upon assessing the client, the nurse discovers wheezing, bradycardia, and a respiratory rate of 10 breaths/minute. These signs are associated with which condition?
Hypoxia
A nurse is attempting to wean a client after 2 days on the mechanical ventilator. The client has an endotracheal tube present with the cuff inflated to 15 mm Hg. The nurse has suctioned the client with return of small amounts of thin white mucus. Lung sounds are clear. Oxygen saturation levels are 91%. What is the priority nursing diagnosis for this client?
Impaired gas exchange related to ventilator setting adjustments
A client suffers acute respiratory distress syndrome as a consequence of shock. The client's condition deteriorates rapidly, and endotracheal (ET) intubation and mechanical ventilation are initiated. When the high-pressure alarm on the mechanical ventilator sounds, the nurse starts to check for the cause. Which condition triggers the high-pressure alarm?
Kinking of the ventilator tubing
Which oxygen administration device has the advantage of providing a high oxygen concentration?
Nonrebreathing mask
A client is prescribed postural drainage because secretions are accumulating in the upper lobes of the lungs. The nurse instructs the client to:
Take prescribed albuterol (Ventolin) before performing postural drainage.
The nurse suctions a patient through the endotracheal tube for 20 seconds and observes dysrhythmias on the monitor. What does the nurse determine is occurring with the patient?
The patient is hypoxic from suctioning.
A nurse observes constant bubbling in the water-seal chamber of a closed chest drainage system. What should the nurse conclude?
The system has an air leak
After lobectomy for lung cancer, a client receives a chest tube connected to a disposable chest drainage system. The nurse observes that the drainage system is functioning correctly when she notes tidal movements or fluctuations in which compartment of the system as the client breathes?
Water-seal chamber
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy increases the blood's capacity to carry and deliver oxygen to compromised tissues. This therapy may be used for a client with:
a compromised skin graft.
A nurse is teaching a client about using an incentive spirometer. Which statement by the nurse is correct?
"Before you do the exercise, I'll give you pain medication if you need it."
The nurse is preparing to assist the health care provider to remove a client's chest tube. Which instruction will the nurse correctly give to the client?
"When the tube is being removed, take a deep breath, exhale, and bear down."
A client with a respiratory condition is receiving oxygen therapy. While assessing the client's PaO2, the nurse knows that the therapy has been effective based on which of the following readings?
84 mm Hg
A patient with emphysema informs the nurse, "The surgeon will be removing about 30% of my lung so that I will not be so short of breath and will have an improved quality of life." What surgery does the nurse understand the surgeon will perform?
A lung volume reduction
A critical care nurse is caring for a client with an endotracheal tube who is on a ventilator. The nurse knows that meticulous airway management of this patient is necessary. What is the main rationale for this? A) Maintaining a patent airway B) Preventing the need for suctioning C) Maintaining the sterility of the patients airway D) Increasing the patients lung compliance
A) Maintaining a patent airway
The nurse is caring for a patient who is ready to be weaned from the ventilator. In preparing to assist in the collaborative process of weaning the patient from a ventilator, the nurse is aware that the weaning of the patient will progress in what order? A) Removal from the ventilator, tube, and then oxygen B) Removal from oxygen, ventilator, and then tube C) Removal of the tube, oxygen, and then ventilator D) Removal from oxygen, tube, and then ventilator
A) Removal from the ventilator, tube, and then oxygen
The critical care nurse and the other members of the care team are assessing the patient to see if he is ready to be weaned from the ventilator. What are the most important predictors of successful weaning that the nurse should identify? A) Stable vital signs and ABGs B) Pulse oximetry above 80% and stable vital signs C) Stable nutritional status and ABGs D) Normal orientation and level of consciousness
A) Stable vital signs and ABGs
Which is a potential complication of a low pressure in the endotracheal tube cuff?
Aspiration pneumonia
The nurse received a client from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) who has a chest tube to a closed drainage system. Report from the PACU nurse included drainage in the chest tube at 80 mL of bloody fluid. Fifteen minutes after transfer from the PACU, the chest tube indicates drainage as pictured. The client is reporting pain at "8" on a scale of 0 to 10. The first action of the nurse is to:
Assess pulse and blood pressure
A client in the intensive care unit has a tracheostomy with humidified oxygen being instilled through it. The client is expectorating thick yellow mucus through the tracheostomy tube frequently. The nurse
Assesses the client's tracheostomy and lung sounds every 15 minutes
A new ICU nurse is observed by her preceptor entering a patient's room to suction the tracheostomy after performing the task 15 minutes before. What should the preceptor educate the new nurse to do to ensure that the patient needs to be suctioned?
Auscultate the lung for adventitious sounds.
For a client with an endotracheal (ET) tube, which nursing action is the most important?
Auscultating the lungs for bilateral breath sounds
What would the critical care nurse recognize as a condition that may indicate a patients need to have a tracheostomy? A) A patient has a respiratory rate of 10 breaths per minute. B) A patient requires permanent ventilation. C) A patient exhibits symptoms of dyspnea. D) A patient has respiratory acidosis.
B) A patient requires permanent ventilation.
A patient is being admitted to the preoperative holding area for a thoracotomy. Preoperative teaching includes what? A) Correct use of a ventilator B) Correct use of incentive spirometry C) Correct use of a mini-nebulizer D) Correct technique for rhythmic breathing
B) Correct use of incentive spirometry
While caring for a patient with an endotracheal tube, the nurses recognizes that suctioning is required how often? A) Every 2 hours when the patient is awake B) When adventitious breath sounds are auscultated C) When there is a need to prevent the patient from coughing D) When the nurse needs to stimulate the cough reflex
B) When adventitious breath sounds are auscultated
The nurse is caring for a client being weaned from a mechanical ventilator. Which findings would require the weaning process to be terminated?
Blood pressure increase of 20 mm Hg from baseline
The nurse is preparing to discharge a patient after thoracotomy. The patient is going home on oxygen therapy and requires wound care. As a result, he will receive home care nursing. What should the nurse include in discharge teaching for this patient? A) Safe technique for self-suctioning of secretions B) Technique for performing postural drainage C) Correct and safe use of oxygen therapy equipment D) How to provide safe and effective tracheostomy care
C) Correct and safe use of oxygen therapy equipment
A nurse has performed tracheal suctioning on a patient who experienced increasing dyspnea prior to a procedure. When applying the nursing process, how can the nurse best evaluate the outcomes of this intervention? A) Determine whether the patient can now perform forced expiratory technique (FET). B) Percuss the patients lungs and thorax. C) Measure the patients oxygen saturation. D) Have the patient perform incentive spirometry.
C) Measure the patients oxygen saturation.
While assessing the patient, the nurse observes constant bubbling in the water-seal chamber of the patients closed chest-drainage system. What should the nurse conclude? A) The system is functioning normally. B) The patient has a pneumothorax. C) The system has an air leak. D) The chest tube is obstructed.
C) The system has an air leak.
A patients plan of care specifies postural drainage. What action should the nurse perform when providing this noninvasive therapy? A) Administer the treatment with the patient in a high Fowlers or semi-Fowlers position. B) Perform the procedure immediately following the patients meals. C) Apply percussion firmly to bare skin to facilitate drainage. D) Assist the patient into a position that will allow gravity to move secretions.
D) Assist the patient into a position that will allow gravity to move secretions.
A patient recovering from thoracic surgery is on long-term mechanical ventilation and becomes very frustrated when he tries to communicate. What intervention should the nurse perform to assist the patient? A) Assure the patient that everything will be all right and that remaining calm is the best strategy. B) Ask a family member to interpret what the patient is trying to communicate. C) Ask the physician to wean the patient off the mechanical ventilator to allow the patient to speak freely. D) Express empathy and then encourage the patient to write, use a picture board, or spell words with an alphabet board.
D) Express empathy and then encourage the patient to write, use a picture board, or spell words with an alphabet board.
A client is receiving mechanical ventilation. How frequently should the nurse auscultate the client's lungs to check for secretions?
Every 2 to 4 hours
A client is postoperative and prescribed an incentive spirometer (IS). The nurse instructs the client to:
Expect coughing when using the spirometer properly.
The nurse is assisting a client with postural drainage. Which of the following demonstrates correct implementation of this technique?
Instruct the client to remain in each position of the postural drainage sequence for 10 to 15 minutes.
The nurse is educating a patient with COPD about the technique for performing pursed-lip breathing. What does the nurse inform the patient is the importance of using this technique?
It prolongs exhalation.
For a client who has a chest tube connected to a closed water-seal drainage system, the nurse should include which action in the care plan?
Measuring and documenting the drainage in the collection chamber
The nurse is assessing a patient with chest tubes connected to a drainage system. What should the first action be when the nurse observes excessive bubbling in the water seal chamber?
Notify the physician
A patient has been receiving 100% oxygen therapy by way of a nonrebreather mask for several days. Now the patient complains of tingling in the fingers and shortness of breath, is extremely restless, and describes a pain beneath the breastbone. What should the nurse suspect?
Oxygen toxicity
The nurse is admitting a patient with COPD. The decrease of what substance in the blood gas analysis would indicate to the nurse that the patient is experiencing hypoxemia?
PaO2
A client is receiving supplemental oxygen. When determining the effectiveness of oxygen therapy, which arterial blood gas value is most important?
Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)
A client is prescribed postural drainage because secretions are building in the superior segment of the lower lobes. Which is the best position to teach the client to use for postural drainage?
Prone with pillow under hips
A nurse is weaning a client from mechanical ventilation. Which assessment finding indicates the weaning process should be stopped?
Runs of ventricular tachycardia
The nurse is teaching a postoperative client who had a coronary artery bypass graft about using the incentive spirometer. The nurse instructs the client to perform the exercise in the following order:
Sit in an upright position. Place the mouthpiece of the spirometer in the mouth. Breathe air in through the mouth. Hold breath for about 3 seconds. Exhale air slowly through the mouth.
A client with myasthenia gravis is receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. When the high-pressure alarm on the ventilator sounds, what should the nurse do?
Suction the client's artificial airway.
A client who must begin oxygen therapy asks the nurse why this treatment is necessary? What would the nurse identify as the goals of oxygen therapy? Select all that apply.
To provide adequate transport of oxygen in the blood To decrease the work of breathing To reduce stress on the myocardium
A nurse is caring for a client who recently underwent a tracheostomy. The first priority when caring for a client with a tracheostomy is:
keeping his airway patent.
A patient has been discharged home after thoracic surgery. The home care nurse performs the initial visit and finds the patient discouraged and saddened. The client states, I am recovering so slowly. I really thought I would be better by now. What nursing action should the nurse prioritize? A) Provide emotional support to the patient and family. B) Schedule a visit to the patients primary physician within 24 hours. C) Notify the physician that the patient needs a referral to a psychiatrist. D) Place a referral for a social worker to visit the patient.
A) Provide emotional support to the patient and family.
The critical care nurse is precepting a new nurse on the unit. Together they are caring for a patient who has a tracheostomy tube and is receiving mechanical ventilation. What action should the critical care nurse recommend when caring for the cuff? A) Deflate the cuff overnight to prevent tracheal tissue trauma. B) Inflate the cuff to the highest possible pressure in order to prevent aspiration. C) Monitor the pressure in the cuff at least every 8 hours D) Keep the tracheostomy tube plugged at all times.
C) Monitor the pressure in the cuff at least every 8 hours
The home care nurse is assessing a patient who requires home oxygen therapy. What criterion indicates that an oxygen concentrator will best meet the needs of the patient in the home environment? A) The patient desires a low-maintenance oxygen delivery system that delivers oxygen flow rates up to 6 L/min. B) The patient requires a high-flow system for use with a tracheostomy collar. C) The patient desires a portable oxygen delivery system that can deliver 2 L/min. D) The patients respiratory status requires a system that provides an FiO2 of 65%.
C) The patient desires a portable oxygen delivery system that can deliver 2 L/min.
The nurse is performing nasotracheal suctioning on a medical patient and obtains copious amounts of secretions from the patients airway, even after inserting and withdrawing the catheter several times. How should the nurse proceed? A) Continue suctioning the patient until no more secretions are obtained. B) Perform chest physiotherapy rather than nasotracheal suctioning. C) Wait several minutes and then repeat suctioning. D) Perform postural drainage and then repeat suctioning.
C) Wait several minutes and then repeat suctioning.
The nurse is caring for a client following a thoracotomy. Which finding requires immediate intervention by the nurse?
Chest tube drainage, 190 mL/hr
The nurse is performing patient education for a patient who is being discharged on mini-nebulizer treatments. What information should the nurse prioritize in the patients discharge teaching? A) How to count her respirations accurately B) How to collect serial sputum samples C) How to independently wean herself from treatment D) How to perform diaphragmatic breathing
D) How to perform diaphragmatic breathing
The medical nurse is creating the care plan of an adult patient requiring mechanical ventilation. What nursing action is most appropriate? A) Keep the patient in a low Fowlers position. B) Perform tracheostomy care at least once per day. C) Maintain continuous bedrest. D) Monitor cuff pressure every 8 hours.
D) Monitor cuff pressure every 8 hours.
The nurse is discussing activity management with a patient who is postoperative following thoracotomy. What instructions should the nurse give to the patient regarding activity immediately following discharge? A) Walk 1 mile 3 to 4 times a week. B) Use weights daily to increase arm strength. C) Walk on a treadmill 30 minutes daily. D) Perform shoulder exercises five times daily.
D) Perform shoulder exercises five times daily.
A nurse is educating a patient in anticipation of a procedure that will require a water-sealed chest drainage system. What should the nurse tell the patient and the family that this drainage system is used for? A) Maintaining positive chest-wall pressure B) Monitoring pleural fluid osmolarity C) Providing positive intrathoracic pressure D) Removing excess air and fluid
D) Removing excess air and fluid
The home care nurse is visiting a patient newly discharged home after a lobectomy. What would be most important for the home care nurse to assess? A) Resumption of the patients ADLs B) The familys willingness to care for the patient C) Nutritional status and fluid balance D) Signs and symptoms of respiratory complications
D) Signs and symptoms of respiratory complications
Which is the most reliable and accurate method for delivering precise concentrations of oxygen through noninvasive means?
Venturi mask
