Respiratory System
The concentration of fetal hemoglobin is about __ compared to maternal hemoglobin.
50% greater
True or false: Alveolar recoil leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure.
False
True or false: Blood entering pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of 95 mm Hg.
False
In the lungs, _______ diffuses from plasma into the alveoli.
carbon dioxide
The regulation of respiratory rate and depth is most influenced by the blood levels of ______.
carbon dioxide
Central and peripheral ______ monitor pH and levels of O2 in blood.
chemoreceptors
The ______ lymphatic vessels follow the bronchi, draining the bronchial tissues. The ______ lymphatic vessels drain lymph from the visceral pleura and the tissues just beneath it.
deep, superficial
Blood going from the right ventricle to the lungs is ______ while blood flowing from the alveoli to the left atrium is ______.
deoxygenated, oxygenated
The pleurae are the serous membranes associated with the ______.
lungs
The portion of the pharynx that extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis is the .
oropharynx
The function of the uvula is to _____.
prevent food from entering into the nasopharynx
The trachea divides into two bronchi.
primary
The nasopharynx is lined with ______ epithelium and the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined with ______ epithelium to prevent abrasion.
pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous
Air flows from the trachea into which sequence of airways?
Main bronchus to lobar bronchus to segmental bronchus
Indicate the features that are associated with the larynx. Select all that apply.
Vestibular and vocal folds Thyroid and cricoid cartilages epiglottis and glottis
Superficial lymphatic vessels drain lymph from which areas? Select all that apply.
Visceral pleura Superficial lung tissue
Identify components of the nasal septum. Select all that apply.
Vomer bone Ethmoid bone Cartilage
The role of smooth muscle found within airway walls is to ______.
allow dilation and constriction of airways
The respiratory structures marked by arrows in the figure are .
alveoli
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is specifically referred to as .
breathing
The most inferior ridge of tracheal cartilage is the _____.
carina
The ridge formed by the most inferior tracheal cartilage which separates the openings of the primary bronchi is the .
carina
The anterior portion of the nasal septum is composed of ______, while the posterior part is composed of ______.
cartilage, bone
The larynx is located between the _____ and the _____.
laryngopharynx, trachea
The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.
larynx
The thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis vestibular folds, and vocal folds are associated with the ______.
larynx
The airways indicated by the arrows are bronchi.
lobar
The main or primary bronchi transport air into and out of a(n) ______.
lung
The spongy organs consisting of progressively smaller airways that are involved in ventilation and gas exchange are the .
lungs
Pulmonary volumes, lung compliance, and alveolar ventilation are ______.
means of assessing pulmonary function
A chemoreceptor may be defined as ______.
neurons which bind and respond to chemicals
The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases (such as in air) is referred to as the ______ of that gas.
partial pressure
The organ of the respiratory tract indicated in the figure is the [Blank]. (Use the correct anatomical term.)
pharynx
The segment of the respiratory system that extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important in sound production, is called the [Blank].
pharynx
The segment of the respiratory tract indicated in the figure is the ______.
pharynx
The structure that serves as an opening for both the respiratory and the digestive systems and extends from the nasal cavity to the larynx is the [Blank].
pharynx
The serous membrane associated with the lungs is called ______.
pleura
The pressure in the pleural cavity is called ______ pressure.
pleural
The uvula can be described as the ______.
posterior extension of the soft palate
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the [Blank] system.
pulmonary
For gas exchange to occur at the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse through the ______.
respiratory membrane
The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture represents ______.
the amount of pressure exerted by that gas
Air is conducted from the larynx to the main (primary) bronchi by the .
trachea
The PO2 of blood entering pulmonary capillaries is ______.
40 mm Hg
The posterior extension of the soft palate is the .
uvula
The structure that prevents swallowed food from entering into the nasopharynx is the .
uvula
How many primary bronchi are there in the human body?
2
Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?
Alveoli
Identify the functions of the respiratory system.
Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Produces chemical mediators that activate substances in the blood Protection from microorganisms Assists in vocalization and speech Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and the tissues of the body Olfaction Plays a role in regulating blood pH
Which letter on the illustration indicates a main bronchus?
B
As blood travels through the capillary network surrounding the alveoli, carbon dioxide diffuses across the respiratory membrane. The majority of this carbon dioxide is derived from which CO2 transport form?
Bicarbonate ion
Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?
Bicarbonate ion
The three regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior are the , and .
Blank 1: nasopharynx Blank 2: oropharynx Blank 3: laryngopharynx
For gas exchange to occur at the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse through a multi-layered structure called the .
Blank 1: respiratory Blank 2: membrane
List the correct order of airways from the trachea to the alveoli.
Bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and sacs
Which of the following best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?
C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage
Indicate two mechanisms used to prevent food from entering the larynx.
Closure of glottis Tipping of epiglottis over glottis
Describe the lungs.
Conical shaped organs with an inferior base and a superior apex
Which letter in the illustration indicates an alveolus?
D
Which letter on the illustration indicates a segmental bronchus?
D
What structure covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing?
Epiglottis
Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Select all that apply.
Dissolved gas Carbaminohemoglobin Bicarbonate ion
In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses in which direction?
From capillaries into alveoli
Identify the changes seen in the respiratory system with aging. Select all that apply.
Increased dead space Decreased maximum minute ventilation Decreased vital capacity
Indicate the functions of the nose and nasal cavities. Select all that apply.
Location of olfactory receptors Warm and humidify air Influences voice
Place the airway names into correct order, from trachea into the lungs.
M L S
Indicate some of the tests of pulmonary function used to monitor lung health and/or progression of pulmonary disease. Select all that apply.
Minute ventilation Lung compliance Pulmonary volumes
How many main (primary) bronchi serve the right lung?
One
Choose the functions of the respiratory system. Select all that apply.
Regulation of blood pH Supplies the body with oxygen Plays a role in regulating blood pressure Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Assists in vocalization and speech
What component of airway walls allows the dilation or constriction of airway?
Smooth muscle
What happens to the rate and depth of breathing during exercise?
They increase
Identify the structure that conducts air from the larynx to the main (primary) bronchi.
Trachea
True or false: Carbon dioxide is the blood gas that has the most influence on the regulation of the respiratory rate and depth.
True
True or false: During exercise, the rate and depth of ventilation increase.
True
How many main bronchi come off the trachea?
Two
Matching the airway segment with its description.
epiglottis esophagus palate
Identify the function of the alveoli. They allow for the ______.
exchange of gas between the air and the blood
Bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and sacs
external
The visible part of the nose is the _____ nose.
external
The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of cartilage tissue.
hyaline
The visible part of the nose is primarily composed of _______.
hyaline cartilage
Pleural pressure is defined as the pressure _____.
in the pleural cavity
With aging, dead space and residual volume are ______.
increased
As alveoli recoil, intra-alveolar pressure ______.
increases
The inferior portion of the pharynx which begins at the level of the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus and the larynx is the .
laryngopharynx
The inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the ______.
laryngopharynx
Ventilation can be defined as the ______.
movement of air into and out of the lungs
Place the regions of the pharynx in order from superior to inferior.
n o L
The functions of the segment of the respiratory system called the ______ include cleaning, warming, and humidifying air as it enters the airways. It also contains the olfactory epithelium.
nasal cavity
Blood flowing via the aorta to the tissues of the body is ______; blood returning to the heart via the vena cavae is ______.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
The oropharynx extends from the _____ to the _____.
soft palate, epiglottis
The airways indicated by the arrow in the picture of the lungs are bronchi.
tertiary
The space enclosed by the thoracic wall (rib cage, costal cartilages, sternum) and the diaphragm is the cavity.
thoracic
The space enclosed by the rib cage, sternum and diaphragm is the ______.
thoracic cavity
How many primary bronchi serve the left lung?
One
Identify the factors that make fetal blood more efficient than maternal blood at picking up oxygen.
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifted to the left in the fetus Higher concentration of hemoglobin in the fetus
Indicate the correct order of respiratory airways as air is inhaled.
P L T B R A
The most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, extending to the soft palate, is the .
nasopharynx
The portion of the pharynx that is posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate is the ______.
nasopharynx
