Respiratory System

The concentration of fetal hemoglobin is about __ compared to maternal hemoglobin.

50% greater

True or false: Alveolar recoil leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure.

False

True or false: Blood entering pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of 95 mm Hg.

False

In the lungs, _______ diffuses from plasma into the alveoli.

carbon dioxide

The regulation of respiratory rate and depth is most influenced by the blood levels of ______.

carbon dioxide

Central and peripheral ______ monitor pH and levels of O2 in blood.

chemoreceptors

The ______ lymphatic vessels follow the bronchi, draining the bronchial tissues. The ______ lymphatic vessels drain lymph from the visceral pleura and the tissues just beneath it.

deep, superficial

Blood going from the right ventricle to the lungs is ______ while blood flowing from the alveoli to the left atrium is ______.

deoxygenated, oxygenated

The pleurae are the serous membranes associated with the ______.

lungs

The portion of the pharynx that extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis is the .

oropharynx

The function of the uvula is to _____.

prevent food from entering into the nasopharynx

The trachea divides into two bronchi.

primary

The nasopharynx is lined with ______ epithelium and the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined with ______ epithelium to prevent abrasion.

pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous

Air flows from the trachea into which sequence of airways?

Main bronchus to lobar bronchus to segmental bronchus

Indicate the features that are associated with the larynx. Select all that apply.

Vestibular and vocal folds Thyroid and cricoid cartilages epiglottis and glottis

Superficial lymphatic vessels drain lymph from which areas? Select all that apply.

Visceral pleura Superficial lung tissue

Identify components of the nasal septum. Select all that apply.

Vomer bone Ethmoid bone Cartilage

The role of smooth muscle found within airway walls is to ______.

allow dilation and constriction of airways

The respiratory structures marked by arrows in the figure are .

alveoli

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is specifically referred to as .

breathing

The most inferior ridge of tracheal cartilage is the _____.

carina

The ridge formed by the most inferior tracheal cartilage which separates the openings of the primary bronchi is the .

carina

The anterior portion of the nasal septum is composed of ______, while the posterior part is composed of ______.

cartilage, bone

The larynx is located between the _____ and the _____.

laryngopharynx, trachea

The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.

larynx

The thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis vestibular folds, and vocal folds are associated with the ______.

larynx

The airways indicated by the arrows are bronchi.

lobar

The main or primary bronchi transport air into and out of a(n) ______.

lung

The spongy organs consisting of progressively smaller airways that are involved in ventilation and gas exchange are the .

lungs

Pulmonary volumes, lung compliance, and alveolar ventilation are ______.

means of assessing pulmonary function

A chemoreceptor may be defined as ______.

neurons which bind and respond to chemicals

The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases (such as in air) is referred to as the ______ of that gas.

partial pressure

The organ of the respiratory tract indicated in the figure is the [Blank]. (Use the correct anatomical term.)

pharynx

The segment of the respiratory system that extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important in sound production, is called the [Blank].

pharynx

The segment of the respiratory tract indicated in the figure is the ______.

pharynx

The structure that serves as an opening for both the respiratory and the digestive systems and extends from the nasal cavity to the larynx is the [Blank].

pharynx

The serous membrane associated with the lungs is called ______.

pleura

The pressure in the pleural cavity is called ______ pressure.

pleural

The uvula can be described as the ______.

posterior extension of the soft palate

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the [Blank] system.

pulmonary

For gas exchange to occur at the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse through the ______.

respiratory membrane

The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture represents ______.

the amount of pressure exerted by that gas

Air is conducted from the larynx to the main (primary) bronchi by the .

trachea

The PO2 of blood entering pulmonary capillaries is ______.

40 mm Hg

The posterior extension of the soft palate is the .

uvula

The structure that prevents swallowed food from entering into the nasopharynx is the .

uvula

How many primary bronchi are there in the human body?

2

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?

Alveoli

Identify the functions of the respiratory system.

Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Produces chemical mediators that activate substances in the blood Protection from microorganisms Assists in vocalization and speech Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and the tissues of the body Olfaction Plays a role in regulating blood pH

Which letter on the illustration indicates a main bronchus?

B

As blood travels through the capillary network surrounding the alveoli, carbon dioxide diffuses across the respiratory membrane. The majority of this carbon dioxide is derived from which CO2 transport form?

Bicarbonate ion

Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?

Bicarbonate ion

The three regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior are the , and .

Blank 1: nasopharynx Blank 2: oropharynx Blank 3: laryngopharynx

For gas exchange to occur at the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse through a multi-layered structure called the .

Blank 1: respiratory Blank 2: membrane

List the correct order of airways from the trachea to the alveoli.

Bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and sacs

Which of the following best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?

C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage

Indicate two mechanisms used to prevent food from entering the larynx.

Closure of glottis Tipping of epiglottis over glottis

Describe the lungs.

Conical shaped organs with an inferior base and a superior apex

Which letter in the illustration indicates an alveolus?

D

Which letter on the illustration indicates a segmental bronchus?

D

What structure covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing?

Epiglottis

Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Select all that apply.

Dissolved gas Carbaminohemoglobin Bicarbonate ion

In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses in which direction?

From capillaries into alveoli

Identify the changes seen in the respiratory system with aging. Select all that apply.

Increased dead space Decreased maximum minute ventilation Decreased vital capacity

Indicate the functions of the nose and nasal cavities. Select all that apply.

Location of olfactory receptors Warm and humidify air Influences voice

Place the airway names into correct order, from trachea into the lungs.

M L S

Indicate some of the tests of pulmonary function used to monitor lung health and/or progression of pulmonary disease. Select all that apply.

Minute ventilation Lung compliance Pulmonary volumes

How many main (primary) bronchi serve the right lung?

One

Choose the functions of the respiratory system. Select all that apply.

Regulation of blood pH Supplies the body with oxygen Plays a role in regulating blood pressure Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Assists in vocalization and speech

What component of airway walls allows the dilation or constriction of airway?

Smooth muscle

What happens to the rate and depth of breathing during exercise?

They increase

Identify the structure that conducts air from the larynx to the main (primary) bronchi.

Trachea

True or false: Carbon dioxide is the blood gas that has the most influence on the regulation of the respiratory rate and depth.

True

True or false: During exercise, the rate and depth of ventilation increase.

True

How many main bronchi come off the trachea?

Two

Matching the airway segment with its description.

epiglottis esophagus palate

Identify the function of the alveoli. They allow for the ______.

exchange of gas between the air and the blood

Bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and sacs

external

The visible part of the nose is the _____ nose.

external

The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of cartilage tissue.

hyaline

The visible part of the nose is primarily composed of _______.

hyaline cartilage

Pleural pressure is defined as the pressure _____.

in the pleural cavity

With aging, dead space and residual volume are ______.

increased

As alveoli recoil, intra-alveolar pressure ______.

increases

The inferior portion of the pharynx which begins at the level of the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus and the larynx is the .

laryngopharynx

The inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the ______.

laryngopharynx

Ventilation can be defined as the ______.

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Place the regions of the pharynx in order from superior to inferior.

n o L

The functions of the segment of the respiratory system called the ______ include cleaning, warming, and humidifying air as it enters the airways. It also contains the olfactory epithelium.

nasal cavity

Blood flowing via the aorta to the tissues of the body is ______; blood returning to the heart via the vena cavae is ______.

oxygenated, deoxygenated

The oropharynx extends from the _____ to the _____.

soft palate, epiglottis

The airways indicated by the arrow in the picture of the lungs are bronchi.

tertiary

The space enclosed by the thoracic wall (rib cage, costal cartilages, sternum) and the diaphragm is the cavity.

thoracic

The space enclosed by the rib cage, sternum and diaphragm is the ______.

thoracic cavity

How many primary bronchi serve the left lung?

One

Identify the factors that make fetal blood more efficient than maternal blood at picking up oxygen.

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifted to the left in the fetus Higher concentration of hemoglobin in the fetus

Indicate the correct order of respiratory airways as air is inhaled.

P L T B R A

The most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, extending to the soft palate, is the .

nasopharynx

The portion of the pharynx that is posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate is the ______.

nasopharynx