Respiratory System
The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is _______ anhydrase.
carbonic
The central ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid. baroreceptors chemoreceptors osmoreceptors photoreceptors
chemoreceptors
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ______ reserve volume. inspiratory expiratory
expiratory Similarly, with maximum effort, one can normally exhale another 1,200 mL beyond the normal amount; this difference is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV).
The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.
larynx
The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the _______ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.
thyroid
True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.
true
The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the _______ capacity.
vital
A normal residual volume would be ______ mL of air. 3000 4600 500 1300
1,300 mL
Starting at the top, place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs.
1. Primary bronchus 2. Secondary bronchus 3. Tertiary bronchus 4. Terminal bronchiole 5. Respiratory bronchiole 6. Alveolar duct
Which condition would make oxygen toxic to the body? 20% oxygen at 1 ATM for 6 hours 100% oxygen at 3.0 ATM for 1 hour 100% oxygen at 1.0 ATM for one hour
100% oxygen at 3.0 ATM for 1 hour It is safe to breathe 100% oxygen at 1 atm for a few hours, but oxygen toxicity rapidly develops when pure oxygen is breathed at 2.5 atm or greater.
About how much air is in the anatomic dead space? 2500mL 150mL 4800mL 1200mL
150mL
How many lobes make up the left lung?
2 lobes
According to this oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, how much of the oxygen bound to hemoglobin is released into the tissues as the blood flows through the systemic capillaries? 100% 22% 40% 60% 78%
22%
How many lobes make up the right lung?
3 (superior, middle, inferior)
How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule? 6 1 4 5 2
4
Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits? 3 2 4 1
4 Hemoglobin is specialized for oxygen transport. It consists of four protein (globin) chains, each with one heme group. Each heme can bind 1 O2 to the iron atom at its center; thus, one hemoglobin molecule can carry up to 4 O2.
What is the normal systemic arterial blood value for PCO2? 40 mm Hg 65 mm Hg 10 mm Hg 20 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
How long is the pharynx?
5 inches
A normal total lung capacity would be ______ mL of air. 1200 500 6000 2500
6,000 mL
What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2? 95 mm Hg 65 mm Hg 40 mm Hg 25 mm Hg
95 mm Hg
What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group? Sets basal respiratory rate Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex
Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors
Which equation represents the alveolar ventilation rate? (volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate) (dead space) x (respiratory rate) (volume of air inhaled) x (respiratory rate)
(volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)
Choose all that are functions of the respiratory system.
Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Functions in vocalization and speech Plays a role in regulating blood pressure Supplies the body with oxygen
Ischemic hypoxia
Inadequate circulation of blood
In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value? Inspiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume (TV) is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle; in quiet breathing, it averages about 500 mL. Beyond the amount normally inhaled, its typically possible to inhale another 3,000 mL with maximum effort; this is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.
Intercostals Diaphragm
Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) promotes which of the following? Carbon dioxide unloading Oxygen loading Carbon dioxide loading Oxygen unloading
Oxygen unloading Erythrocytes have no mitochondria and meet their energy needs solely by anaerobic fermentation. One of their metabolic intermediates is bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), which binds to hemoglobin and promotes oxygen unloading.
With the exception of the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined with which type of tissue?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which is a smooth muscle that connects the ends of the C-shaped tracheal cartilages?
Trachealis
A shift in the pH of blood above 7.45 is called _______.
alkalosis
Where is the trachea located?
anterior to the esophagus
The ______ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung.
apex
Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane? Ventilation Systemic gas exchange Alveolar gas exchange
Alveolar gas exchange
Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?
Alveoli
Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many _______ of the lungs.
Alveoli
Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange? Expiratory reserve volume Anatomical dead space Forced expiratory volume Physiological dead space
Anatomical dead space
Where does systemic gas exchange occur? In the trachea At the capillary networks of the tissues Mitochondrion
At the capillary networks of the tissues Systemic gas exchange is the unloading of O2 and loading of CO2 a the systemic capillaries
The collapse of a lobe or lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure is called what? Stroke Atelectasis Infarct Pneumothorax
Atelectasis
Which term refers to the collapse of part or all of a lung? Apnea Eupnea Pneumothorax Atelectasis
Atelectasis
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration? Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, and air flows toward higher pressure regions. Resistance increases in the lungs during inspiration, and air always takes the pathway with the greatest resistance. Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area. Pressure is the same in the atmosphere and in the lungs.
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area. The pressure that drives inspiration is atmospheric (barometric) pressure- the weight of the air above us.
Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form? Carbaminohemoglobin Dissolved gas Carboxyhemoglobin Bicarbonate ion
Bicarbonate ion Carbon dioxide is transported in three forms: carbonic acid, carbamino compounds, and dissolved gas. About 90% of the CO2 is hydrated (reacts with water) to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
Choose all the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Carboxyhemoglobin Bicarbonate ion Carbaminohemoglobin Bound to heme Dissolved gas
Bicarbonate ion Carbaminohemoglobin Dissolved gas
Choose all that occur during the "chloride shift" in red blood cells. Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC. Chloride ions are transported into the RBC. Bicarbonate ions are transported into the RBC. Chloride ions are transported out of the RBC.
Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC. Chloride ions are transported into the RBC.
Choose all the structures that enter the lung at the hilum.
Blood vessels Nerves Lymphatic vessels
As the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. This is an example of which gas law? Charles' Law Henry's Law Boyle's Law Dalton's Law
Boyle's Law Boyle's law: the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
Where are the respiratory control centers located? Brainstem Cerebrum Corpus callosum Cerebellum
Brainstem
Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following? Esophagus Trachea Bronchioles Primary bronchi
Bronchioles
Which best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?
C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage
Why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat? CO alters the carbonate-bicarbonate balance of the blood. CO displaces carbon dioxide on the hemoglobin molecule. CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site. CO affects the permeability of the respiratory membrane.
CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site.
Oxygen is unloaded in the body tissues because the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is lower in the systemic capillaries (compared to its affinity in the alveolar capillaries). Which factor contributes to this? Hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at lower temperatures. PO2 is higher in the peripheral tissues. Carbaminohemoglobin can only be formed in the lungs. CO2 produced in the peripheral tissues leads to increased H+ concentration.
CO2 produced in the peripheral tissues leads to increased H+ concentration.
______ are a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation. Anemias COPDs STDs Hypoxias
COPDs Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) are defined by a long-term obstruction of airflow and substantial reduction of pulmonary ventilation.
Hemoglobin and carbon dioxide form which of the following? Oxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Anoxic hemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin About 5% (of carbon dioxide) binds to the amino groups of plasma proteins and hemoglobin to form carbamino compounds- chiefly carbaminohemoglobin.
Which is true about carbon dioxide loading? Carbonic anhydrase actively pumps CO2 into the red blood cells. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) bind to hemoglobin and are transported inside the red blood cells. CO2 is actively transported from tissue fluid into the plasma.
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
What compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin? Oxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Carboxyhemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin
Which factor is typically responsible for setting the respiratory rate in healthy individuals? Cerebrospinal fluid pH Arterial blood pH PCO2 of arterial blood PO2 of arterial blood
Cerebrospinal fluid pH
You place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. When you remove the bottle 4 hours later it has collapsed. This is an example of which gas law? Dalton's Law Boyle's Law Charles's Law Henry's Law
Charles's Law Charles's law: the volume of a given quantity of gas directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
Choose all the features that are associated with the tracheal epithelium.
Cilia Goblet cells Pseudostratified columnar cells Mucous
Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following? Laughing Hiccuping Coughing Yawning Gagging
Coughing
Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box?
Cricoid cartilage
Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases? Boyle's Charles's Dalton's Henry's
Dalton's
Which term refers to hemoglobin that is not transporting any oxygen? Carbaminohemoglobin Cyanoglobin Ahemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin
Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below. Diameter of the bronchioles Lung compliance Intrapleural pressure Partial pressure of oxygen
Diameter of the bronchioles Lung compliance
Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow? Diaphragm Intercostal muscles Scalene muscles Erector spinae
Diaphragm
Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange? Asthma Emphysema Pneumonia Bronchitis
Emphysema In emphysema, alveolar walls break down and alveoli converge in fewer and larger spaces. Thus, there is much less respiratory membrane available for gas exchange.
Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below. Emphysema Chronic bronchitis Dyspnea Pulmonary edema
Emphysema Chronic bronchitis
Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing? Eupnea Apnea Hyperpnea Tachypnea
Eupnea
Choose all that are added together to calculate the functional residual capacity. Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume
Which muscles are used for inspiration? Internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, sternocleidomastoid Sternocleidomastoid, external oblique, rectus abdominis External intercostals, external oblique, scalenes External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes
External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes
True or false: Asthma is an example of a restrictive lung disorder.
False
True or false: The majority of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as carbaminohemoglobin.
False
True or false: The pleural cavity contains the lungs.
False
A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing?
Forced
Which term refers to the volume of air (or percentage of the vital capacity) that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time? Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Forced expiratory volume Expiratory reserve volume
Forced expiratory volume
Which respiratory volume takes into consideration the rate at which air is exhaled? Expiratory reserve volume Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Forced expiratory volume
Forced expiratory volume Obstructive disorders can be measured by having the subject exhale as rapidly as possible into spirometer and measuring forces expiratory volume (FEV)- the volume of air or the percentage of the vital capacity that can be exhaled in a given time interval.
In chronic bronchitis, which cells enlarge and secrete excess mucus? Goblet cells Alveolar type II cells Macrophages Ciliated cells
Goblet cells Chronic bronchitis is severe, persistent inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. Goble cells of the bronchial mucosa enlarge and secrete excess mucus, while at the same time, the cilia are immobilized and unable to discharge it.
Which law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air. Starling's Henry's Boyle's Dalton's
Henry's
Soda is bottled under high pressure so that more carbon dioxide will dissolve in the drink. When you open the bottle, you suddenly decrease the pressure and the carbon dioxide comes bubbling out of solution. This is a practical example of which law? Charles's law Dalton's law Frank-Starling law Henry's law
Henry's law
Peripheral chemoreceptors trigger an increase in ventilation in response to which of the following? High blood pH values High levels of blood CO2 High levels of blood O2 Low levels of blood CO2
High levels of blood CO2
The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue?
Hyaline cartilage
Which term refers to an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood? Alkalosis Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Acidosis
Hypercapnia
Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning? Ischemic Hypoxemic Histotoxic Anemic
Hypoxemic
Which form of hypoxia would result from carbon monoxide poisoning? Ischemic hypoxia Anemic hypoxia Aplastic hypoxia Hypoxemic hypoxia
Hypoxemic hypoxia Hypoxemic hypoxia, a state of low arterial PO2, is usually due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange. Some of its roots causes include atmospheric deficiency of oxygen at high elevation; impaired ventilation, as in drowning or aspiration of foreign matter; respiratory arrest; and degenerative lung diseases. It also occurs in carbon monoxide poisoning, which prevents hemoglobin from transporting oxygen.
Anemic hypoxia
Inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia
Hypoxemic hypoxia
Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange
Choose all the factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC Increased temperature Decreased temperature Decreased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC
Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC Increased temperature
Stretch receptors
Inflation of the lungs
The expiratory (E) neurons of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) do which of the following? Activate the spinal integrating centers Inhibit the inspiratory (I) neurons Inhibit the pontine respiratory group (PRG) Activate the intercostal and phrenic nerve
Inhibit the inspiratory (I) neurons The ventral respiratory group (VRG) is the primary generator of the respiration rhythm. It is an elongated neural network in the medulla with two commingled webs of neurons- Inspiratory (I) neurons and expiratory (E) neurons- each forming reverberating neural circuit.
Which muscle (or muscle group) aids the diaphragm as a synergist during resting respiration? Erector spinae Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major and minor Internal and external intercostal
Internal and external intercostals Several other muscles aid the diaphragm as synergists. Chief among these are the internal and external intercostal muscles between the ribs. Their primary function is to stiffen the thoracic cage during respiration and prevent it from collapsing when the diaphragm descends. However, they also contribute to the enlargement and contraction of the thoracic cage and add about one-third of the air that ventilates the lungs.
As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration? Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily higher than atmospheric pressure. Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than intrapleural pressure. Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure. Intrapleural pressure is temporarily higher than atmospheric pressure.
Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.
Exposure to smog and dust can lead to coughing and bronchoconstriction. Which type of respiratory receptors initiate this response? Irritant receptors Stretch receptors Peripheral chemoreceptors Central chemoreceptors
Irritant receptors Irritant receptors are nerve endings amid the epithelial cells of the airway. They respond to smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excess mucus.
Which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase? It binds bicarbonate to hemoglobin as a buffer. It converts carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water which are then transported into red blood cells. It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. It binds carbon dioxide to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin.
It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
Choose all the ways air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae.
It is warmed. It is cleansed. It is humidified.
Choose all statements that are true about pleural fluid.
It reduces friction during breathing. It is a slippery film in the pleural cavity.
The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following?
Laryngopharynx
Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?
Laryngopharynx
Which of these occurs during exhalation? Lung volumes decrease, intrapulmonary pressure decreases. Lung volumes increase and intrapulmonary pressure increases. Lung volumes remain constant and air expands. Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.
Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.
Choose all the locations that contain the brainstem respiratory centers. Medulla oblongata Fornix Corpora quadrigemina Pons
Medulla oblongata Pons The automatic, unconscious cycle of breathing is controlled by three pairs of respiratory centers in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata and pons. There is one of each on the right and left sides of the brainstem; the two sides communicate with each other so that the respiratory muscles can contract symmetrically.
What is the respiratory membrane?
Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
Histotoxic hypoxia
Metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them
Which best defines alveolar gas exchange? Movement of air in and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation Flow of air into the alveoli of the lungs Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane Exchange of fluid between capillary blood and the surrounding tissue
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane For carbon dioxide to leave the blood, it must pass the other way and diffuse out of the water film into the alveolar air. This back-and-forth traffic of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane is called the alveolar gas exchange.
Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not for food?
Nasopharynx
Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate?
Nasopharynx
Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air? Nitrogen Water vapor Carbon monoxide Oxygen Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen; 20.9% oxygen; 0.04% carbon dioxide; several quantitatively minor gases such as argon, neon, helium, methane, and ozone; and a variable amount of water vapor.
Where are the sensory receptors for smell located?
Olfactory epithelium
Choose the components of a respiratory membrane.
One shared basement membrane Endothelial cell of capillary Type I (squamous) alveolar cell
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium There are three forms of lung cancer, the most common of which is squamous-cell carcinoma. In its early stage, basal cells of the bronchial epithelium multiply and the ciliated pseudostratified epithelium transforms into the stratified squamous cells appear in the lung parenchyma and replace function respiratory tissue.
Small-cell carcinoma
Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly The lease common but most dangerous form is small-cell carcinoma, named for clusters of cells that resemble oat grains. This originates in the main bronchi but invade the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly to other organs.
Adenocarcinoma
Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria A second form of lung cancer, nearly as common, is adenocarcinoma, which originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria.
Clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem? Oxygen deficiency Carbon dioxide deficiency Nerve damage Vitamin deficiency
Oxygen deficiency
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of the blood
Which term is used to describe hemoglobin with only one molecule of oxygen bound to it? Oxyhemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Myoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin If one or more molecules of O2 are bound to hemoglobin, the compound is called oxyhemoglobin.
Hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of the brainstem respond to which of the following? Arterial blood pH PCO2 of arterial blood Cerebrospinal fluid pH PO2 of arterial blood
PO2 of arterial blood
Hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of the brainstem respond to which of the following? Cerebrospinal fluid pH PCO2 of arterial blood Arterial blood pH PO2 of arterial blood
PO2 of arterial blood
Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that lines the mediastinum, the inner surfaces of the rib cage, and the superior surface of the diaphragm?
Parietal pleura
Which term refers to the pressure that each individual gas in a mixture would exert if the other gases were not present? Colloid pressure Oncotic pressure Atmospheric pressure Partial pressure
Partial pressure The separate contribution of each gas in a mixture is called its parietal pressure.
Choose all that are components of the upper respiratory tract.
Pharynx Nasal cavity Larynx
Which includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting zones and respiratory zones that have been damaged by disease? Vital capacity Physiological dead space Tidal volume Anatomical dead space
Physiological dead space
Which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease? Anatomic dead space Physiological dead space Vital capacity Lung compliance
Physiological dead space
What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?
Pleura
Which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae?
Pleural cavity
Which condition is defined by the presence of air within the pleural cavity? Pneumothorax Eupnea Asthma Atelectasis
Pneumothorax
A clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity called which of the following? Pneumothorax Atelectasis Myocardial infarct Stroke
Pneumothorax Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural cavity.
What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?
Prevents collapse of bronchioles
Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing? Angiogenesis Pulmonary compliance Compartmentalization Ventilation-perfusion coupling
Pulmonary compliance
An inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing which type of breathing? Clavicular Quiet Forced Deep
Quiet
Which process is facilitated by the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree? Valsalva maneuver Quiet exhalation Mucociliary escalator Forced inhalation
Quiet exhalation
Choose all that are functions of the pleurae and the pleural fluid. Reduce surface tension within the lungs Expel air during exhalation Reduce friction between membranes Create pressure gradient during inhalation Compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity
Reduce friction between membranes Create pressure gradient during inhalation Compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity
Which is a function of the pleural fluid? Compartmentalizes organs in thoracic cavity Reduces surface tension within the lungs Creates pressure gradient during inhalation Reduces
Reduces friction between membranes The pleural cavity contains nothing but a thin film of lubricating pleural fluid.
Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation? Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume
Residual volume Even after a maximum voluntary expiration, there remains a residual volume (RV) of about 1,300 mL. This air allows gas exchange with the blood to continue even between the times one inhales fresh air.
How is the functional residual capacity calculated? Tidal volume + residual volume (TV + RV) Tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume (TV + ERV) Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (RV + ERV) Anatomic dead space + residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (dead space + RV + ERV)
Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (RV + ERV)
The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are the principal organs of which system?
Respiratory
At which level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur?
Respiratory bronchiole
Which term refers to one complete breath, in and out?
Respiratory cycle
The majority of the surfaces of the nasal cavity are lined with which of the following?
Respiratory epithelium
Which type of lung disorder decreases pulmonary compliance and thereby decreases vital capacity? Restrictive Obstructive Apnea Valvular
Restrictive
Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung?
Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole
Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic? Adenocarcinoma Small-cell carcinoma Squamous-cell carcinoma
Small-cell carcinoma
Irritant receptors
Smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus
Which is the most common form of lung cancer? Squamous-cell carcinoma Small-cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli? Mucous Surfactant Water Carbon dioxide
Surfactant
The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse? The trachea is too pliable and collapses with inspiration. Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities. Fetal hemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen. The brainstem has not developed.
Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities.
What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?
Sweeps mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed
Where is most carbon dioxide loaded into the blood? Alveolar sacs Lumen of the pharynx Venous sinuses Systemic capillary beds
Systemic capillary beds
Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells? Alveolar gas exchange Systemic gas exchange Ventilation Cellular respiration
Systemic gas exchange
What is the final branch of the conducting division?
Terminal bronchiole
What is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange?
Terminal bronchioles
What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung?
Tertiary bronchus
Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval. The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing
The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume
Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration? Air entering the pleural cavity pushes against the visceral pleura. Muscles in the walls of the alveoli contract, pulling them open and sucking air into the lungs. The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura. The parietal pleura and visceral pleura are connected along their surfaces via tight junctions.
The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.
Which best describes what happens during exhalation? The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out The diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out The diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out
The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out
What is the intrapleural pressure? The difference between the atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures The weight of the atmospheric air The internal pressure of the lungs The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
Boyle's Law states which of the following? The volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. At a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility and its partial pressure. The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature. The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present.
The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.
Which best defines partial pressure? The number of moles of one specific type of gas divided by the volume that the entire gas mixture occupies The total pressure exerted by the inhaled air against the walls of the alveoli The percentage of a particular kind of gas within a gas mixture The pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone
The pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone
Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange? The released protons are pumped out of the RBC in exchange for bicarbonate ions. The increased H+ concentration raises the pH of the blood, which promotes oxygen loading. H+ combines with carbonic anhydrase to form bicarbonate. The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.
The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.
Dalton's Law states which of the following? The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present. At a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility and its partial pressure. The volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a given temperature.
The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present.
Ambient (outside) air at 22O C is inhaled. The gases are warmed to body temperature (37.5O C) by the time they reach the alveoli of the lungs. According to Charles's law, what will happen to the volume of the inhaled air? The volume will increase. The volume will decrease. The volume will not change.
The volume will increase. As we see from Charles's law, the volume of a given quantity of gas directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
What is the function of the trachealis muscles?
They constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air.
How do the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree help conserve energy?
They facilitate recoil during exhalation.
Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?
Thyroid cartilage
Choose all the hormones that promote oxygen delivery to tissues by stimulating bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) synthesis. Thyroxine Growth hormone Epinephrine Testosterone Inhibin Gastrin
Thyroxine Growth hormone Epinephrine Testosterone
Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing? Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume
Tidal volume
What is the correct calculation for vital capacity? Inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus anatomic dead space Anatomic dead space plus tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
How is inspiratory capacity calculated? Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume Anatomic dead space plus inspiratory reserve volume Anatomic dead space plus tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume Vital capacity plus expiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
What is the role of the nasal conchae?
To ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus
Choose all that are functions of the larynx.
To keep food and drink out of the airway To produce sound
Which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value? Functional residual capacity Total lung capacity Expiratory reserve volume Tidal volume Vital capacity
Total lung capacity
Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?
Trachea
Choose all that are components of the lower respiratory tract.
Trachea Alveoli Bronchi
Choose all that are considered principal organs of the respiratory system.
Trachea Larynx Pharynx Lungs
Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following? Women Athletes Adolescents and children Tuberculosis patients
Tuberculosis patients
Which are squamous cells, primarily responsible for forming the respiratory membrane of the lung?
Type I alveolar cells
Which maneuver entails increasing abdominal pressure by holding a deep breath while contracting the abdominal muscles? The depressed diaphragm increases abdominal pressure and helps push out organ contents during childbirth, urination, and defecation. Vagal maneuver Ventral maneuver Valsalva maneuver
Valsalva maneuver
RBCs usually leave the systemic capillaries at about 75% oxygen saturation. Which term refers specifically to the oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through a capillary bed? Venous reserve Ambient PO2 Inspiratory reserve volume Utilization coefficient
Venous reserve The oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through the capillary bed provides a venous reserve of oxygen, which can sustain life for 4 to 5 minutes even in the event of respiratory arrest.
The ______ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups. ventral dorsal
Ventral The ventral respiratory group (VRG) is the primary generator of the respiration rhythm. It is an elongated neural network in the medulla with two commingled webs of neurons- Inspiratory (I) neurons and expiratory (E) neurons- each forming reverberating neural circuit
Which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration? Dorsal respiratory group Pontine respiratory group Ventral respiratory group Pneumotaxic cen
Ventral respiratory group The ventral respiratory group (VRG) is the primary generator of the respiration rhythm.
Which structures do not function in the production of speech, but instead is primarily responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing?
Vestibular folds
Choose all the structures that are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx?
Vocal folds Vocal cords
What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below. Water vapor Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur
Water vapor Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen
When do vocal cords produce low pitched sounds?
When they are relaxed
Why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men?
Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords.
A blood pH of 7.1 would be called ______.
acidosis
A general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35 is _______.
acidosis
A blood pH of 7.55 is called ______.
alkalosis A blood pH lower than 7.35 is called acidosis and a pH greater than 7.45 is called alkalosis.
The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.
base
Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ______ dissolved in the plasma. deoxyhemoglobin bicarbonate carbaminohemoglobin oxyhemoglobin
bicarbonate
Chronic _______ is characterized by a reduction in the number of cilia lining the airway and increased mucus production.
bronchitis
The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called ______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx
cilia
The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the _______ cartilage.
cricoid
A bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called _______.
cyanosis Hypoxia is often marked by cyanosis, blueness of the skin. Whatever the cause, its primary danger is the necrosis of oxygen-starved tissues. This is especially critical in organs with the highest metabolic demands, such as the brain, heart, and kidneys.
Hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called ______. oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin myoglobin
deoxyhemoglobin Hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to its deoxyhemoglobin.
The ______ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly. dorsal ventral
dorsal The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is one of the mechanisms that modifies this basic respiratory rhythm. The DRG is an integrating center that receives input from several sources detailed in the coming discussion: a respiratory pons; a chemosensitive center of the anterior medulla oblongata; chemoreceptors in certain major arteries, stretch and irritant receptors in the airway; and higher brainstem centers that allow for emotional infulences on creating. The DRG issues output to the VRG that modifies the respiratory rhythm to adapt to varying conditions.
Long term inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to _______, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.
emphysema
Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.
expiration
The ______ neurons inhibit the inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group. expiratory inspiratory
expiratory
True or false: All of the oxygen transported in the blood is usually unloaded at a systemic capillary.
false
True or false: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure.
false
Excess oxygen in the body generates ______ that can destroy enzymes and damage nervous tissue. antibodies free radicals enzymes carbon monoxide
free radicals Excess oxygen generates hydrogen peroxide and free radicals that destroy enzymes and damage nervous tissue
The Valsalva maneuver involves closing the ______ while trying to exhale. glottis external anal sphincter nose mouth pyloric sphincter
glottis Depressing of the diaphragm raises abdominal pressure and helps to expel the contents of certain abdominal organs, thus aiding in childbirth, urination, dedication, and vomiting. During such actions, we often consciously or unconsciously employ the Valsalva maneuver. This consists of taking a deep breath, holding it by closing the glottis, and then contracting the abdominal muscles to rain abdominal pressure and psh the organ contents out.
The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the ______.
hilum
The term _______ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood (PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg).
hypercapnia
Insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called
hypoxia
The cilia of the olfactory epithelium are ______.
immobile
During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.
inspiration
The ______ reserve volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume. expiratory inspiratory
inspiratory
The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the _______ capacity.
inspiratory
The oropharynx contains which of the following?
lingual tonsils
Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus?
lobe
More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______.
lungs
The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the ______ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart.
medial
The upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus up the trachea to the pharynx where it is swallowed. This system of cleaning out trapped debris is called the _______ escalator of the trachea.
mucociliary
The auditory tubes open in the ______.
nasopharynx
How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?
one
Which describes the respiratory cycle?
one complete inspiration and expiration
The palatine and lingual tonsils are located along the walls of the ______.
oropharynx
Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following? Carbon dioxide levels Oxygen levels pH Smoke and dust in the air
pH Central chemoreceptors are brainstem neurons that respond especially to changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.
Central chemoreceptors
pH of the CSF
The layer of serous membrane called the parietal _______ lines the thoracic cavity.
pleura
Bronchioles that are the first airways capable of gas exchange and are therefore considered part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system are _______ bronchioles.
respiratory
Each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller ______ bronchioles.
respiratory
Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?
right
The _______ lung has three lobes and two fissures.
right
Tertiary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi.
segmental
The pleurae are which type of membrane?
serous
Name the lobes of the human left lung.
superior and inferior
The names of the secondary bronchi of the right lung are ______.
superior, middle, and inferior
Pulmonary _______ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension.
surfactant
Type II alveolar cells produce ______.
surfactant
The right lung has how many secondary bronchi?
three
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle is called the _______ volume.
tidal
True or false: Evidence suggests that ventilation increases more quickly in response to high levels of CO2 than it does to low levels of O2 in the blood.
true
True or false: The anatomical dead space is subtracted from tidal volume when calculating the alveolar ventilation rate.
true
True or false: The chloride shift allows RBCs to continue to produce carbonic acid.
true
