Review 2
From which primary germ layer is the epidermis of the skin derived?
Ectoderm
The visible part of the ear has the ability to stretch significantly, and then recoil back to its original position. Which protein fiber must be present?
Elastic
In what tissue would you expect to find very little, if any, extracellular matrix?
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following is a true statement regarding sebaceous glands? Check all that apply.
-Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum. -Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.
integumentary system component that are not repaired
-exocrine glands -nerves -arrector pili -muscle cells
what are the functions of epithelial tissue?
-physical protection, -selective permeability, -secretions, -sensations
Which feature of a holocrine gland will distinguish it from merocrine and apocrine glands?
Secretions are released by rupture of whole cells
Which type of epithelium is shown in this figure?
Simple epithelium
Which layer of the integument has a small population of immune cells?
Stratum spinosum
The part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface is called the
shaft
which muscle type consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers with multiple nuclei located at the periphery of the fiber?
skeletal muscle
the layer of the epidermis in which cells begin the process of keratinization is the
stratum granulosum
which epidermal cell type is responsible for detecting touch sensations?
tactile cell
Compared to a young adult, an older individual has ________ skin.
thinner
The delivery of drugs through the skin through the use of an adhesive patch is called _____ administration.
transdermal
what are the functions of nervous tissue?
transmit nerve impulses and processes information
Carotene, a pigment that contributes to skin color, is acquired in the body by eating various yellow-orange vegetables.
true
During the fetal period, sebum from the sebaceous glands mixes with the cells of the sloughed off periderm to form the vernix caseosa.
true
Fingernails reach the tips of the fingers before toenails are fully formed.
true
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue.
true
sebaceous glands
-holocrine glands -May open onto a single follicle -produce sebum -lubricant to keep the skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked -Bactericidal (bacteria killing) properties
what are the functions of connective tissue?
-storage and transport -physical protection -binding and support organs -structural framework -immune protection
4 stages of healing
1) Cut blood vessels initiate bleeding into wound 2)Blood clot forms 3) cut blood vessels regenerate and grow in the wound (granulation tissue form) 4)Epithelial regeneration of epidermis
2 types of sweat glands
1) Merocrine -simple, coiled, tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin -Thermoregulation (main one) -secretions also may help eliminate a number of ingested drugs -provide some protection from environmental hazards both by diluting harmful chemicals and by preventing the growth of microorganisms 2) apocrine -coiled, tubular glands that -release their secretion into hair follicles Into the -Axillae -Nipples -Pubic region -Anal region -Has proteins, lipids, acted upon by bacteria to produce a distinct, noticeable odor
Match the characteristic given to one of the types of muscles. 1. Cells or fibers appear striated (banded) 2. Cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei located at the periphery 3. Pumps the blood 4. Moves the body 5. Cells are branched and connected to one another by intercalated discs 6. Is under voluntary (conscious) control 7. Controls the amount of light entering the eye 8. Is located in the heart
1. both cardiac and skeletal muscle 2. skeletal muscle 3. cardiac muscle 4. skeletal muscle 5. cardiac muscle 6. skeletal muscle 7. smooth muscle 8. cardiac muscle
ways how damaged tissues are repaired
1) Regeneration -replacement of damaged or dead cells with the same cell type 2) Fibrosis -when regeneration not possible because cell too damaged/ lack capacity to divide -binds damaged parts together -replacement scar tissue is produced by fibroblasts (builders) and is composed primarily of collagen fibers
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1) Thin skin generally does not contain the stratum lucidum. 2) Thick skin is found in areas of high friction, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. 3) Thick skin is generally more flexible than thin skin. 4) Hair is found in both thin skin and thick skin.
1) True 2) True 3) False 4) False
Complete the following multiple choice questions that describe different connective tissue types. 1-What type of tissue supports epithelium? 2. Which of the following tissues has cells residing in lacunae? 3. Osteocytes are residents of ________ tissue. 4. Tendons and ligaments are primarily made of 5. The structure of the spleen and lymph nodes are composed mainly of
1- Loose connective tissue 2- hyaline cartilage 3- bone 4- dense regular connective tissue 5- reticular connective tissue
Which type of connective tissue protein fiber forms a meshlike framework that provides structural support within many organs (within the spleen, for example)?
Reticular fibers
What feature of your ear accounts for its ability to regain its shape after it has been deformed or compressed?
The elastic fibers present in the ear's cartilage
Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging?
The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness.
As a person ages, the skin undergoes what change?
The subcutaneous tissue loses adipose tissue.
Classify the descriptions based on whether they pertain to thin skin or thick skin.
Thick skin -found on the palms of the hands -found on the soles of the feet -does not contain hair follicles -contains all five epidermal strata -NO sebaceous or hair glands Thin skin -contains sebaceous glands -does not include the stratum lucidum -contains hair follicles -found over most of the body
Structures found in the dermis include a: sweat glands b: hair follicles c: collagen fibers d: sensory nerve endings e: arrector pili muscles
a, b, c, d, e
at what stage of wound healing does granulation first form?
after a blood clot forms and prior to scar tissue forming
which of the following is a correct statement about simple epithelium
all of the cells are in direct contact with the basement membrane
Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ______ of the epidermis.
corneum
The largest of the body membranes, commonly called the skin, is the _______ membrane.
cutaneous
The reticular layer of the dermis consists primarily of
dense irregular connective tissue.
which of the following is not a characteristic of areolar connective tissue
densely packed protein fibers
Blood capillaries that supply nourishment for the epidermis are located in the
dermal papillae.
origin of epidermis
ectoderm
Immune cells found in the epidermis are called
epidermal dendritic cells
Another name for the cuticle is the
eponychium.
Cardiac muscle is also known as visceral muscle.
false
During childhood, an example of _______ occurs when the liver increases in size as hepatocytes undergo cell division.
hyperplasia
all of the following are characteristics of an epithelium except
it contains abundant blood vessels
The internal feature of bone that makes it simultaneously strong and lightweight is the
latticework structure of spongy bone.
With age, connective tissues
lose their pliability and resiliency.
Sebum is a secretion that
lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria.
the cells in a hair follicle that are responsible for forming hair are the
matrix cells
which statement is accurate about melanin or melanocytes?
melanin is a pigment that accumulates inside keratinocytes
Freckles are the result of
melanocyte activity, genetic inheritance, and sun exposure.
a gland that releases its secretion by exocytosis out of secretory vesicles is called a(n) _________ gland?
merocrine
the sweat glands that communicate with skin surfaces throughout the body, producing a secretion that is primarily water are
merocrine glands
origin of dermis
mesoderm
Skin cancer is the _______ type of cancer, and due to sun exposure it occurs most frequently on the __________.
most common; head and neck
what are the functions of muscle tissue?
moves the -skeleton -organ walls -body structures
______ membranes line the body cavities that typically open to the exterior; such as the nasal cavity
mucous
Areas where adult males tend to accumulate subcutaneous fat include the
neck, abdomen, and buttocks.
The two types of cells that make up the nervous system are
neurons and glial cells.
which layer is correctly matched with the tissue that forms it?
papillary layer of dermis; areolar connective tissue
Severe injuries and burns to the skin result in scars that are
produced by fibroblasts and made mainly of collagen.
which epithelial tissue types line the trachea (air tube)?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
which statement about sebaceous glands is false?
release their product by apocrine secretion
a _______ degree burn typically involves the epidermis and part of the dermis. The subcutaneous layer is not affected
second-
The walls of kidney tubules are formed by _____________ epithelium, which functions in resorbing materials filtered from blood plasma such as nutrients, ions, and water.
simple cuboidal
The type of epithelium that would best allow rapid diffusion, osmosis, or filtration is ____________ epithelium.
simple squamous
The type of epithelial tissue that is only one cell-layer thick is called __________; the type of epithelial tissue that is two or more cell-layers thick is called _________.
simple; stratified
The type of muscle that has elongated, multinucleated cells and is under voluntary control is __________ muscle.
skeletal
This type of muscle lacks striations and is found in the walls of most viscera such as the stomach and blood vessels.
smooth
which tissue type is formed from the mesoderm?
smooth muscle tissue
as an individual ages the skin repair processes take longer to complete because of the reduced number and activity of
stem cells
which of the following are not a function of the integument?
stores calcium in the dermis
Most of the nail body appears pink because of the blood in the underlying capillaries.
true
Some neurons are longer than 1 meter.
true
Granulation tissue is
vascular connective tissue.
The heart is confined within a double-walled serous membrane sac. The part of the membrane that is in contact with the heart is the _____ layer.
visceral
Within the body, carotene is converted to
vitamin A, which is important for visual function.
2 common types of exocrine glands
1- sweat glands 2- sebaceous glands
All connective tissue is formed from which embryonic germ layer?
Mesoderm
A thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n)
basement membrane.
With age, epithelial tissues
become thinner.
which tissue contains a calcified ground substance and is specialized for structural support?
bone connective tissue
which connective tissue type is composed of cells called chondrocytes
cartilage
The nucleus of a neuron is found in its
cell body.
Epithelial tissue
cells can be cube or column shaped.
Match the hair structure with its description. 1. Protrudes above the surface of the skin 2. Central axis of the hair 3. Portion of the connective tissue that surrounds the epithelial root sheath 4. Contains the hair; consists of epithelial and dermal root sheaths 5. Expanded knob at the base of the hair root 6. The portion of the hair that is below the surface of the skin 7. Forms the bulk of the hair; consists of cells containing hard keratin 8. Outer layer of the hair; single layer of cells containing hard keratin 9. Mass of epithelial cells within the bulb that produce the hair (Root, Medulla, Matrix, Dermal Root Sheath, Hair Bulb, Hair Shaft, Cortex, Hair Follicle, Cuticle)
1. hair shaft 2. medulla 3. dermal root sheath 4. hair follicle 5. hair bulb 6. root 7. cortex 8. cuticle 9. matrix
Place the events that occur during wound healing into the correct order, using the images as a guide.
1. the cut blood vessels bleed into the wound 2. a blood clot forms and leukocytes enter the wound area 3. blood vessels regrow, and granulation tissue forms 4. the stratum basale regenerates and connective tissue fibrosis occurs
Fingernails and toenails start to form in the ______ week of development.
10th
Consider the three most common types of skin cancer. Then click and drag each label into the appropriate category.
Basal Cell Carcinoma -the most common type of skin cancer -seldom spread to other tissues -arises from the deepest layer of the epidermis Melanoma -if metastasized, the deadliest skin cancer -arises from the cells that protect from UV light -the least common skin cancer -caused by mutations commonly found on moles Squamous cell carcinoma -raised, reddened, scaley appearance
Which skin markings usually disappear during childhood?
Capillary hemangiomas
What type of muscle contains intercalated discs?
Cardiac
There are four types of body membranes. Select the exception.
Cartilaginous (4 types are serous, cutaneous, mucous, synovial)
Janice is a 79-year-old woman recently admitted to the ER with a fractured hip after a fall. Which of the following is a common tissue change that occurs with aging and could inhibit her recovery?
Decrease in the amount of connective tissue
Which nerve cell process receives incoming signals and transmits them to the cell body?
Dendrite
Which is avascular (lacks blood vessels)?
Epithelial tissue
These glands have ducts and excrete their products onto the surface of the skin or into the lumen of hollow organs.
Exocrine
Which is not a function of nails?
Help us to walk properly
All connective tissues have three features in common. They are
cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.
