Review 2

From which primary germ layer is the epidermis of the skin derived?

Ectoderm

The visible part of the ear has the ability to stretch significantly, and then recoil back to its original position. Which protein fiber must be present?

Elastic

In what tissue would you expect to find very little, if any, extracellular matrix?

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following is a true statement regarding sebaceous glands? Check all that apply.

-Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum. -Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.

integumentary system component that are not repaired

-exocrine glands -nerves -arrector pili -muscle cells

what are the functions of epithelial tissue?

-physical protection, -selective permeability, -secretions, -sensations

Which feature of a holocrine gland will distinguish it from merocrine and apocrine glands?

Secretions are released by rupture of whole cells

Which type of epithelium is shown in this figure?

Simple epithelium

Which layer of the integument has a small population of immune cells?

Stratum spinosum

The part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface is called the

shaft

which muscle type consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers with multiple nuclei located at the periphery of the fiber?

skeletal muscle

the layer of the epidermis in which cells begin the process of keratinization is the

stratum granulosum

which epidermal cell type is responsible for detecting touch sensations?

tactile cell

Compared to a young adult, an older individual has ________ skin.

thinner

The delivery of drugs through the skin through the use of an adhesive patch is called _____ administration.

transdermal

what are the functions of nervous tissue?

transmit nerve impulses and processes information

Carotene, a pigment that contributes to skin color, is acquired in the body by eating various yellow-orange vegetables.

true

During the fetal period, sebum from the sebaceous glands mixes with the cells of the sloughed off periderm to form the vernix caseosa.

true

Fingernails reach the tips of the fingers before toenails are fully formed.

true

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue.

true

sebaceous glands

-holocrine glands -May open onto a single follicle -produce sebum -lubricant to keep the skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked -Bactericidal (bacteria killing) properties

what are the functions of connective tissue?

-storage and transport -physical protection -binding and support organs -structural framework -immune protection

4 stages of healing

1) Cut blood vessels initiate bleeding into wound 2)Blood clot forms 3) cut blood vessels regenerate and grow in the wound (granulation tissue form) 4)Epithelial regeneration of epidermis

2 types of sweat glands

1) Merocrine -simple, coiled, tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin -Thermoregulation (main one) -secretions also may help eliminate a number of ingested drugs -provide some protection from environmental hazards both by diluting harmful chemicals and by preventing the growth of microorganisms 2) apocrine -coiled, tubular glands that -release their secretion into hair follicles Into the -Axillae -Nipples -Pubic region -Anal region -Has proteins, lipids, acted upon by bacteria to produce a distinct, noticeable odor

Match the characteristic given to one of the types of muscles. 1. Cells or fibers appear striated (banded) 2. Cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei located at the periphery 3. Pumps the blood 4. Moves the body 5. Cells are branched and connected to one another by intercalated discs 6. Is under voluntary (conscious) control 7. Controls the amount of light entering the eye 8. Is located in the heart

1. both cardiac and skeletal muscle 2. skeletal muscle 3. cardiac muscle 4. skeletal muscle 5. cardiac muscle 6. skeletal muscle 7. smooth muscle 8. cardiac muscle

ways how damaged tissues are repaired

1) Regeneration -replacement of damaged or dead cells with the same cell type 2) Fibrosis -when regeneration not possible because cell too damaged/ lack capacity to divide -binds damaged parts together -replacement scar tissue is produced by fibroblasts (builders) and is composed primarily of collagen fibers

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1) Thin skin generally does not contain the stratum lucidum. 2) Thick skin is found in areas of high friction, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. 3) Thick skin is generally more flexible than thin skin. 4) Hair is found in both thin skin and thick skin.

1) True 2) True 3) False 4) False

Complete the following multiple choice questions that describe different connective tissue types. 1-What type of tissue supports epithelium? 2. Which of the following tissues has cells residing in lacunae? 3. Osteocytes are residents of ________ tissue. 4. Tendons and ligaments are primarily made of 5. The structure of the spleen and lymph nodes are composed mainly of

1- Loose connective tissue 2- hyaline cartilage 3- bone 4- dense regular connective tissue 5- reticular connective tissue

Which type of connective tissue protein fiber forms a meshlike framework that provides structural support within many organs (within the spleen, for example)?

Reticular fibers

What feature of your ear accounts for its ability to regain its shape after it has been deformed or compressed?

The elastic fibers present in the ear's cartilage

Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging?

The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness.

As a person ages, the skin undergoes what change?

The subcutaneous tissue loses adipose tissue.

Classify the descriptions based on whether they pertain to thin skin or thick skin.

Thick skin -found on the palms of the hands -found on the soles of the feet -does not contain hair follicles -contains all five epidermal strata -NO sebaceous or hair glands Thin skin -contains sebaceous glands -does not include the stratum lucidum -contains hair follicles -found over most of the body

Structures found in the dermis include a: sweat glands b: hair follicles c: collagen fibers d: sensory nerve endings e: arrector pili muscles

a, b, c, d, e

at what stage of wound healing does granulation first form?

after a blood clot forms and prior to scar tissue forming

which of the following is a correct statement about simple epithelium

all of the cells are in direct contact with the basement membrane

Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ______ of the epidermis.

corneum

The largest of the body membranes, commonly called the skin, is the _______ membrane.

cutaneous

The reticular layer of the dermis consists primarily of

dense irregular connective tissue.

which of the following is not a characteristic of areolar connective tissue

densely packed protein fibers

Blood capillaries that supply nourishment for the epidermis are located in the

dermal papillae.

origin of epidermis

ectoderm

Immune cells found in the epidermis are called

epidermal dendritic cells

Another name for the cuticle is the

eponychium.

Cardiac muscle is also known as visceral muscle.

false

During childhood, an example of _______ occurs when the liver increases in size as hepatocytes undergo cell division.

hyperplasia

all of the following are characteristics of an epithelium except

it contains abundant blood vessels

The internal feature of bone that makes it simultaneously strong and lightweight is the

latticework structure of spongy bone.

With age, connective tissues

lose their pliability and resiliency.

Sebum is a secretion that

lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria.

the cells in a hair follicle that are responsible for forming hair are the

matrix cells

which statement is accurate about melanin or melanocytes?

melanin is a pigment that accumulates inside keratinocytes

Freckles are the result of

melanocyte activity, genetic inheritance, and sun exposure.

a gland that releases its secretion by exocytosis out of secretory vesicles is called a(n) _________ gland?

merocrine

the sweat glands that communicate with skin surfaces throughout the body, producing a secretion that is primarily water are

merocrine glands

origin of dermis

mesoderm

Skin cancer is the _______ type of cancer, and due to sun exposure it occurs most frequently on the __________.

most common; head and neck

what are the functions of muscle tissue?

moves the -skeleton -organ walls -body structures

______ membranes line the body cavities that typically open to the exterior; such as the nasal cavity

mucous

Areas where adult males tend to accumulate subcutaneous fat include the

neck, abdomen, and buttocks.

The two types of cells that make up the nervous system are

neurons and glial cells.

which layer is correctly matched with the tissue that forms it?

papillary layer of dermis; areolar connective tissue

Severe injuries and burns to the skin result in scars that are

produced by fibroblasts and made mainly of collagen.

which epithelial tissue types line the trachea (air tube)?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

which statement about sebaceous glands is false?

release their product by apocrine secretion

a _______ degree burn typically involves the epidermis and part of the dermis. The subcutaneous layer is not affected

second-

The walls of kidney tubules are formed by _____________ epithelium, which functions in resorbing materials filtered from blood plasma such as nutrients, ions, and water.

simple cuboidal

The type of epithelium that would best allow rapid diffusion, osmosis, or filtration is ____________ epithelium.

simple squamous

The type of epithelial tissue that is only one cell-layer thick is called __________; the type of epithelial tissue that is two or more cell-layers thick is called _________.

simple; stratified

The type of muscle that has elongated, multinucleated cells and is under voluntary control is __________ muscle.

skeletal

This type of muscle lacks striations and is found in the walls of most viscera such as the stomach and blood vessels.

smooth

which tissue type is formed from the mesoderm?

smooth muscle tissue

as an individual ages the skin repair processes take longer to complete because of the reduced number and activity of

stem cells

which of the following are not a function of the integument?

stores calcium in the dermis

Most of the nail body appears pink because of the blood in the underlying capillaries.

true

Some neurons are longer than 1 meter.

true

Granulation tissue is

vascular connective tissue.

The heart is confined within a double-walled serous membrane sac. The part of the membrane that is in contact with the heart is the _____ layer.

visceral

Within the body, carotene is converted to

vitamin A, which is important for visual function.

2 common types of exocrine glands

1- sweat glands 2- sebaceous glands

All connective tissue is formed from which embryonic germ layer?

Mesoderm

A thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n)

basement membrane.

With age, epithelial tissues

become thinner.

which tissue contains a calcified ground substance and is specialized for structural support?

bone connective tissue

which connective tissue type is composed of cells called chondrocytes

cartilage

The nucleus of a neuron is found in its

cell body.

Epithelial tissue

cells can be cube or column shaped.

Match the hair structure with its description. 1. Protrudes above the surface of the skin 2. Central axis of the hair 3. Portion of the connective tissue that surrounds the epithelial root sheath 4. Contains the hair; consists of epithelial and dermal root sheaths 5. Expanded knob at the base of the hair root 6. The portion of the hair that is below the surface of the skin 7. Forms the bulk of the hair; consists of cells containing hard keratin 8. Outer layer of the hair; single layer of cells containing hard keratin 9. Mass of epithelial cells within the bulb that produce the hair (Root, Medulla, Matrix, Dermal Root Sheath, Hair Bulb, Hair Shaft, Cortex, Hair Follicle, Cuticle)

1. hair shaft 2. medulla 3. dermal root sheath 4. hair follicle 5. hair bulb 6. root 7. cortex 8. cuticle 9. matrix

Place the events that occur during wound healing into the correct order, using the images as a guide.

1. the cut blood vessels bleed into the wound 2. a blood clot forms and leukocytes enter the wound area 3. blood vessels regrow, and granulation tissue forms 4. the stratum basale regenerates and connective tissue fibrosis occurs

Fingernails and toenails start to form in the ______ week of development.

10th

Consider the three most common types of skin cancer. Then click and drag each label into the appropriate category.

Basal Cell Carcinoma -the most common type of skin cancer -seldom spread to other tissues -arises from the deepest layer of the epidermis Melanoma -if metastasized, the deadliest skin cancer -arises from the cells that protect from UV light -the least common skin cancer -caused by mutations commonly found on moles Squamous cell carcinoma -raised, reddened, scaley appearance

Which skin markings usually disappear during childhood?

Capillary hemangiomas

What type of muscle contains intercalated discs?

Cardiac

There are four types of body membranes. Select the exception.

Cartilaginous (4 types are serous, cutaneous, mucous, synovial)

Janice is a 79-year-old woman recently admitted to the ER with a fractured hip after a fall. Which of the following is a common tissue change that occurs with aging and could inhibit her recovery?

Decrease in the amount of connective tissue

Which nerve cell process receives incoming signals and transmits them to the cell body?

Dendrite

Which is avascular (lacks blood vessels)?

Epithelial tissue

These glands have ducts and excrete their products onto the surface of the skin or into the lumen of hollow organs.

Exocrine

Which is not a function of nails?

Help us to walk properly

All connective tissues have three features in common. They are

cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.