Review

14. Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics? A) Energy cannot be created or destroyed. B) The entropy of the universe is decreasing. C) The entropy of the universe is constant. D) Kinetic energy is stored energy that results from the specific arrangement of matter. E) Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.

A

16. Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell? A) anabolic reactions B) hydrolysis C) respiration D) digestion E) catabolic reactions

A

17. Electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy. However, if an atom absorbs sufficient energy, a possible result is that A) an electron may move to an electron shell farther away from the nucleus. B) an electron may move to an electron shell closer to the nucleus. C) the atom may become a radioactive isotope. D) the atom would become a positively charged ion, or cation, and become a radioactive isotope. E) the atom would become a negatively charged ion, or anion.

A

21. Which of the following statements is true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions? A) The reaction is faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme. B) The free-energy change of the reaction is opposite from the reaction that occurs in the absence of the enzyme. C) The reaction always goes in the direction toward chemical equilibrium. D) Enzyme-catalyzed reactions require energy to activate the enzyme. E) Enzyme-catalyzed reactions release more free energy than noncatalyzed reactions.

A

21.Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are A) nonpolar substances that repel water molecules. B) nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules. C) polar substances that repel water molecules. D) polar substances that have an affinity for water. E) charged molecules that hydrogen-bond with water molecules.

A

25.The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to A) the chemical versatility of carbon atoms. B) the variety of rare elements in organic molecules. C) the fact that they can be synthesized only in living organisms. D) their interaction with water. E) their tremendously large sizes.

A

30. Which of these molecules is not formed by dehydration reactions? A) fatty acids B) disaccharides C) DNA D) protein E) amylose

A

33. Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? A) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. B) Dehydration reactions eliminate water from lipid membranes, and hydrolysis makes lipid membranes water permeable. C) Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. D) Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. E) Dehydration reactions ionize water mol ecules and add hydroxyl groups to polymers; hydrolysis reactions release hydroxyl groups from polymers.

A

36.The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down? A) starch B) cellulose C) chitin D) starch and chitin only E) starch, cellulose, and chitin

A

38.The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the A) primary level. B) secondary level. C) tertiary level. D) quaternary level. E) All structural levels are equally affected.

A

39. Where does the Calvin cycle take place? A) stroma of the chloroplast B) thylakoid membrane C) cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast D) interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space) E) outer membrane of the chloroplast

A

45. The reactions that produce molecular oxygen (O2) take place in A) the light reactions alone. B) the Calvin cycle alone. C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle. E) the chloroplast, but are not part of photosynthesis.

A

46. Reduction of NADP+ occurs during A) photosynthesis. B) respiration. C) both photosynthesis and respiration. D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration

A

47.Cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella? A) tubulin B) laminin C) actin D) intermediate filaments E) secretory vesicles

A

5. Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning? A) Hundreds of individuals of a species have been observed and all are photosynthetic; therefore, the species is photosynthetic. B) These organisms live in sunny parts of this area, so they are able to photosynthesize. C) If horses are always found grazing on grass, they can be only herbivores and not omnivores. D) If protists are all single-celled organisms, then they are incapable of aggregating E) If two species are members of the same genus, they are more alike than each of them could be to a different genus.

A

6) Which of the following most likely would be an immediate result of a growth factor binding to its receptor? A) G protein activation B) adenylyl cyclase activity C) GTPase activity D) protein phosphatase activity E) phosphorylase activity

A

8) Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures? A) The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly. B) Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content and therefore more cholesterol in their membranes. C) Unsaturated fatty acids are more polar than saturated fatty acids. D) The double bonds block interaction among the hydrophilic head groups of the lipids. E) The double bonds result in shorter fatty acid tails and thinner membranes.

A

1) If there are 20 chromatids in a cell, how many centromeres are there? A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 40 E) 80

B

16. An atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell. How many unpaired electrons does it have? A) 0 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 E) 2 or 4

B

19. Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? A) The products have more total energy than the reactants. B) The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy. C) The reaction goes only in a forward direction: all reactants will be converted to products, but no products will be converted to reactants. D) A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed. E) The reactions are rapid

B

19.The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called? A) a covalent bond B) a hydrogen bond C) an ionic bond D)a hydrophilic bond E) a van der Waals interaction

B

2. What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? A) large and hydrophobic B) small and hydrophobic C) large polar D) ionic E) monosaccharides such as glucose

B

22.Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? A) Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by making the reaction more exergonic. B) Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier. C) Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by reducing the rate of reverse reactions. D) Enzymes change the equilibrium point of the reactions they catalyze. E) Enzymes make the rate of a reaction independent of substrate concentrations.

B

24.The mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is most precisely described as A) metabolic inhibition. B) feedback inhibition. C) allosteric inhibition. D) noncooperative inhibition. E) reversible inhibition.

B

26. Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy? A) The covalent bonds in organic molecules and molecular oxygen have more kinetic energy than the covalent bonds in water and carbon dioxide. B) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O). C) The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP. D) The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO2 than they do in organic compounds. E) The covalent bond in O2 is unstable and easily broken by electrons from organic molecules.

B

27.The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction A) gains electrons and gains potential energy. B) loses electrons and loses potential energy. C) gains electrons and loses potential energy. D) loses electrons and gains potential energy. E) neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses potential energy

B

30. Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? A) electron transport B) glycolysis C) the citric acid cycle D) oxidative phosphorylation E) chemiosmosis

B

32. In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate A) two molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. B) two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced. C) four molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. D) two molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. E) six molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced.

B

32.Which level of protein structure do the α helix and the β pleated sheet represent? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

B

34.Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they A) are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis. B) are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions. C) are synthesized as a result of peptide bond formation between monomers. D) are decomposed into their subunits by dehydration reactions. E) all contain nitrogen in their monomer building blocks

B

35.Which of the following classes of biological molecules consist of both small molecules and macromolecular polymers? A) lipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) nucleic acids E) Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids all consist of only macromolecular polymers.

B

40. When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of A) reducing NADP+. B) splitting water molecules. C) chemiosmosis. D) the electron transfer system of photosystem I. E) the electron transfer system of photosystem II.

B

40.A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely A)producing primarily proteins for secretion. B) producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins. C) constructing an extensive cell wall or extracellular matrix. D) digesting large food particles. E) enlarging its vacuole.

B

41.The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells? A) rough ER B) smooth ER C) Golgi apparatus D) nuclear envelope E) transport vesicles

B

42.Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. In animal cells, which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes? A) chloroplast B) lysosome C) central vacuole D) peroxisome E) glyoxysome

B

48. Reactions that require CO2 take place in A) the light reactions alone. B) the Calvin cycle alone. C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle. E) the chloroplast, but are not part of photosynthesis

B

7. All the organisms on your campus make up A) an ecosystem. B) a community. C) a population. D) an experimental group. E) a domain.

B

1. Which of the following is true of integral membrane proteins? A) They lack tertiary structure. B) They are loosely bound to the surface of the bilayer. C) They are usually transmembrane proteins. D) They are not mobile within the bilayer. E) They serve only a structural role in membranes.

C

1. Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope? A) animal B) plant C) archaea D) fungi E) protists

C

11.) Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP hydrolysis? A) facilitated diffusion of chloride ions across the membrane through a chloride channel B) movement of water into a cell C) movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid D) movement of glucose molecules into a bacterial cell from a medium containing a higher concentration of glucose than inside the cell E) movement of carbon dioxide out of a paramecium

C

12. Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates, but not by other organisms such as bacteria or plants? A) nitrogen B) calcium C) iodine D) sodium E) phosphorus

C

12.What is the voltage across a membrane called? A) water potential B) chemical gradient C) membrane potential D) osmotic potential E) electrochemical gradient

C

13.Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates, but not by other organisms such as bacteria or plants? A) nitrogen B) calcium C) iodine D) sodium E) phosphorus

C

14.Why is each element unique and different from other elements with respect to its chemical properties? A) Each element has a unique atomic mass. B) Each element has a unique atomic number. C) Each element has a unique number of protons. D) Each element has a unique number of neutrons. E) Each element has different radioactive properties.

C

20. Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP? A) a pentose sugar B) a DNA nucleotide C) an RNA nucleotide D) an amino acid with three phosphate groups attached E)a phospholipid

C

20. Liquid water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the A) small size of the water molecules. B) high specific heat of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. C) absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form. D) fact that water is a poor heat conductor. E) higher density of liquid water than solid water (ice).

C

23. Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following? A) denaturation of the enzyme B) allosteric inhibition C) competitive inhibition D) saturation of the enzyme activity E) insufficient cofactors

C

27.Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? A) ketone and methyl B) carbonyl and amino C) carboxyl and amino D) amino and sulfhydryl E) hydroxyl and carboxyl

C

28.Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group? A) amino B) carbonyl C) carboxyl D) phosphate E) hydroxyl

C

28.When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecule becomes A) dehydrogenated. B) oxidized. C) reduced. D) redoxed. E) hydrolyzed.

C

29.Which of the following is not a monomer/polymer pairing? A) monosaccharide/polysaccharide B) amino acid/protein C) triglyceride/phospholipid bilayer D) deoxyribonucleotide/DNA E) ribonucleotide/RNA

C

31. During glycolysis, when each molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is A) transferred to ADP, forming ATP. B) transferred directly to ATP. C) retained in the two pyruvates. D) stored in the NADH produced. E) used to phosphorylate fructose to form fructose 6-phosphate.

C

34. During aerobic respiration, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen atom for the formation of the water come from? A) carbon dioxide (CO2) B) glucose (C6H12O6) C) molecular oxygen (O2) D) pyruvate (C3H3O3-) E) lactate (C3H5O3-)

C

37. When an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen-deprived, muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells? A) It is converted to NAD+. B) It produces CO2 and water. C) It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate. D) It reduces FADH2 to FAD+. E) It is converted to alcohol.

C

39.Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? A) lipids B) glycogen C) proteins D) cellulose E) nucleic acids

C

43. In photosynthetic cells, synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during A) photosynthesis only. B) respiration only. C) both photosynthesis and respiration. D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration. E) photorespiration only.

C

43.Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes? A) glyoxysome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome

C

46.Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells? A) lysosome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome

C

49. In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from A) the stroma to the photosystem II. B) the matrix to the stroma. C) the stroma to the thylakoid space. D) the intermembrane space to the matrix. E) the thylakoid space to the stroma.

C

49.Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? A) muscle cell B) nerve cell C) phagocytic white blood cell D) leaf cell of a plant E) bacterial cell

C

50. A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from A) a bacterium. B) an animal, but not a plant. C) nearly any eukaryotic organism. D) any multicellular organism, such as a plant or an animal. E) any kind of organism.

C

6. Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms? A) informatics B) schematic biology C) taxonomy D) genomics E) evolution

C

7) Which of the following is a correct association? A) kinase activity and the addition of a tyrosine B) phosphodiesterase activity and the removal of phosphate groups C) GTPase activity and hydrolysis of GTP to GDP D) phosphorylase activity and the catabolism of glucose E) adenylyl cyclase activity and the conversion of cAMP to AMP

C

8. Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? A) Theories are hypotheses that have been proved. B) Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. C) Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power. D) Hypotheses and theories are essentially the same thing. E) Theories are proved true; hypotheses are often falsified.

C

9) Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion? A) It is very rapid over long distances. B) It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell. C) It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. D) It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration. E) It requires integral proteins in the cell membrane.

C

11. About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? A) carbon, sodium, hydrogen, nitrogen B) carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, hydrogen C) oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, nitrogen D) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen E) carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium

D

15. In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table the same? A) They have the same number of protons. B) They have the same number of neutrons. C) They have the same number of electrons. D) They have the same number of electrons in their valence shell. E) They have the same number of electron shells.

D

15. Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics? A) Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time. B) Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease in entropy as the organism grows is exactly balanced by an increase in the entropy of the universe. C) Living organisms do not follow the laws of thermodynamics. D) As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth. E) Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy.

D

17. Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy? A) the muscle contractions of a person mowing grass B) water rushing over Niagara Falls C) light flashes emitted by a firefly D) a molecule of glucose E) the flight of an insect foraging for food

D

23.What is the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution of pH 8? A) 8 M B) 8 × 10-6M C) 0.01 M D) 10-8M E) 10-6M

D

24. Which drawing in Figure 2.3 depicts the electron configuration of an element with chemical properties most similar to those of helium (2He)?

D

25. Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms? A) Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food. B) Metabolism depends on an organism's adequate hydration. C) Metabolism uses all of an organism's resources. D) Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism. E) Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism.

D

26.How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8

D

33. What fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated by the reactions of the citric acid cycle, if glucose is the sole energy source? A) 1/6 B) 1/3 C) 1/2 D) 2/3 E) all of it

D

36. Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs in A) all cells, but only in the presence of oxygen. B) only eukaryotic cells, in the presence of oxygen. C) only in mitochondria, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. D) all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. E) all cells, in the absence of respiration.

D

37.Which of the following categories includes all others in the list? A) monosaccharide B) disaccharide C) starch D) carbohydrate E) polysaccharide

D

4. Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism for descent with modification that stated that organisms of a particular species are adapted to their environment when they possess A) non-heritable traits that enhance their survival in the local environment. B) non-heritable traits that enhance their reproductive success in the local environment. C) non-heritable traits that enhance their survival and r eproductive success in the local environment. D) heritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment. E) heritable traits that decrease their survival and reproductive success in the local environment.

D

41. Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II? A) Light energy excites electrons in the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain. B) Photons are passed along to a reaction-center chlorophyll. C) The P680 chlorophyll donates a pair of protons to NADP+, which is thus converted to NADPH. D) The electron vacancies in P680+ are filled by electrons derived from water. E) The splitting of water yields molecular carbon dioxide as a by-product.

D

42. In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located? A) thylakoid membrane only B) plasma membrane only C) inner mitochondrial membrane only D) thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane E) thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane

D

44. P680+ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Given its function, why is this necessary? A) It is the receptor for the most excited electron in either photosystem. B) It is the molecule that transfers electrons to plastoquinone (Pq) of the electron transfer system. C) It transfers its electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. D) It obtains electrons from the oxygen atom in a water molecule, so it must have a stronger attraction for electrons than oxygen has. E) It has a positive charge

D

44.In a plant cell, DNA may be found A) only in the nucleus. B) only in the nucleus and mitochondria. C) only in the nucleus and chloroplasts. D) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. E) in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.

D

48.What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? A) ER → Golgi → nucleus B) Golgi → ER → lysosome C) nucleus → ER → Golgi D) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane E) ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

D

5) Ions diffuse across membranes through specific ion channels A) down their chemical gradients. B) downtheir concentration gradients. C) down the electrical gradients. D) down their electrochemical gradients. E) down their osmotic potential gradient

D

50. In thylakoids, protons travel through ATP synthase from the thylakoid space to the stroma. Therefore, the catalytic "knobs" of ATP synthase would be located A) on the side facing the thylakoid space. B) on the ATP molecules themselves. C) on the pigment molecules of photosystem I and photosystem II. D) on the stromal side of the membrane. E) built into the center of the thylakoid stack (granum)

D

9.Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry? A) If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it. B) If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis. C) If my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis. D) If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results. E) If my experiments are set up right, they will lead to a testable hypothesis.

D

18. A system at chemical equilibrium A) consumes energy at a steady rate. B) releases energy at a steady rate. C) consumes or releases energy, depending on whether it is exergonic or endergonic. D) has zero kinetic energy. E) can do no work.

E

10) When a plant cell, such as one from a peony stem, is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur? A) The cell will burst. B) The cell membrane will lyse. C) Plasmolysis will shrink the interior. D) The cell will become flaccid. E) The cell will become turgid

E

13. Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism

E

18. Which of the following would be regarded as compounds? A) H2O, O2, and CH4 B) H2O and O2 C) O2and CH4 D) CH4and O2, but not H2O E) H2O and CH4, but not O2

E

2. Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? A) Bacteria and Eukarya B) Archaea and Monera C) Eukarya and Monera D) Bacteria and Protista E) Bacteria and Archaea

E

29.Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells? A) mitochondrial matrix B) mitochondrial outer membrane C) mitochondrial inner membrane D) mitochondrial intermembrane space E) cytosol

E

3. An organism has been isolated from decomposing organic matter. This organism has a cell wall but no chloroplasts. How would you classify this organism? A) domain Bacteria, kingdom Prokaryota B) domain Archaea, kingdom Bacteria C) do main Eukarya, kingdom Plantae D) domain Eukarya, kingdom Protista E) domain Eukarya, kingdom Fungi

E

3. Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells? A) simple diffusion B) phagocytosis C) active transport pumps D) exocytosis E) facilitated diffusion

E

31. Dehydration reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds? A) triacylglycerides B) polysaccharides C) proteins D) triacylglycerides and proteins only E) triacylglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins

E

35. Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water? A) glycolysis B) fermentation C) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA D) citric acid cycle E) oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)

E

38. Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? A) CO2 and glucose B) H2O and O2 C) ADP, ℗i, and NADP+ D) electrons and H+ E) ATP and NADPH

E

4) The phosphate transport system in bacteria imports phosphate into the cell even when the concentration of phosphate outside the cell is much lower than the cytoplasmic phosphate concentration. Phosphate import depends on a pH gradient across the membrane-more acidic outside the cell than inside the cell. Phosphate transport is an example of A) passive diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) osmosis. E) cotransport.

E

47. What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? A) use ATP to release carbon dioxide B) use NADPH to release carbon dioxide C) split water and release oxygen D) transport RuBP out of the chloroplast E) synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

E