Review Unit 2 APUSH
Blitzkrieg
"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939
Mexican Revolution
(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.
Pearl Harbor
Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which urged America to enter the war.
stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
No Man's Land
Territory between rival Trenches, very dangerous
central america commercial interest
banana planters
how did automobile industry play in stimulating the economic boom of the 1920s?
greatly increased demands for steel, oil, and other raw products
Federal government under President Wilson
political power in the east shifted to the federal government
Nanjing Massacre
(1937) the murder of as many as 300,000 Chinese men, women, and children by Japanese troops
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(FDI) A United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000 per depositor per bank
D-Day
(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.
Emergency Banking Relief
(FDR) 1933 , gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened., HUNDRED DAYS STARTS
League of Nations after Treaty of Versailles
- Article X called for members to give assistance to others if needed
Domestic Issues during WWI
- Cruel Committee: Journalist Creel helped promote war effort through speeches by "Four-Minute Men" - Espionage Act of 1917 that sought to prevent interference with military operations (including the draft) - upheld by Schenk v US in 1919 - Sedition Act of 1918: illegal to criticize the government - convicts Eugene Debs
Wilson and reforming the banking system
- Federal Reserve Act of 1913: reorganized the financial system
Central Powers
- Germany - Austria-Hungary -Ottoman Empire
Effects of the War
- US reverts to isolation - Harding: "return to normalcy" - "Red Summer" great migration led to race riots in northern cities - First Communism: 1st red scare - increase in nativism: limit immigration
US Entrance into the Great War
- Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - Germany would sink all ships - Zimmermann Telegram (March 1917) British intercept a secret telegram alliance between Germany and Mexico in which Germany asks Mexico to attack the US with German backup and help Mexico get back the land in SW US
US government initiatives and their purposes during World War I
- WIB: coordinate war supplies with businesses - CPI: influence public opinion in favor of the war - Food Administration: convinced people to grow vegetables and eat less meat and to support the war through conservation - Fuel Administration: introduced DST and encouraged fuel economy - Liberty Bonds: ordinary citizens bought bonds from the government with the intention that the gov would pay back with interest over time - Four-Minute Men: CPI initiative to sell liberty bonds
short-term and long-term effects of the treaty of versailles
- creating new countries led to increased democracy but triggered ethnic conflicts - did not free colonies, leading to continued imperialism and leading to wars and revolutions - forced reparation payments by Germany caused german economy to collapse and fostered resentment, renewing warfare - confiscated german territories, leading in gains for France and conflict between germany and france - did not allow for self-determination as 14 points called for
Causes of World War I
- militarism: countries building up their military - Alliances: secret alliances that dragged other countries into the conflict -Imperialism: Countries competed for overseas colonies - Nationalism: desire to demonstrate the strength of each country
two historic tax laws enacted during the Wilson administration
- progressive income tax - inheritance tax
Wilson's 14 Points
- sought to make the world safe for democracy - no secret alliances - freedom of seas to ban unrestricted submarine warfare - establishment of League of Nations to solve problems diplomatically
Women, African Americans, and Labor Unions During the War
- women: worked in factories and nurses - helped lead to the passage of the 19th amendment - african americans fought in the war in segregated units - WEB Du Bois supported the war - hoped for improved rights for african americans - Labor Unions: National War Labor Board to oversee disputes - AFL: led by Gompers - did not strike during the war - IWW strike often
North Africa Campaign (Operation Torch)
-British control Egypt and Suez Canal -Mussolini fails, so Hitler sends Rommel "Desert Fox"
robert la follette
1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations; initiative, recall, referendum
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops, american, and japanese troops
Pure Food and Drug Act
1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.
Meat Inspection Act
1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.
Influenza Pandemic
1918-1919: worst epidemic in US until then; deadly global flu that killed more than half a million americans
Scopes Trial
1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools
indian reorganization act
1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.
Munich Conference
1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.
john steinbeck's the grapes of wrath
1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression.
Atlantic Charter
1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war
Battle of Midway
1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific
Yalta Conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
Executive Order 9066
2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion
William McKinley
25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist
theodore Roosevelt
26th president of the US from 1901-1909 best known for leading the rough riders during spanish-american war and supporting progressive policies
William Howard Taft
27th president of the US; later served as chief justice of the US Supreme Court; during his presidency, he worked on breaking up trusts and improving the civil service
woodrow wilson
28th president; policies designed to keep economy stable and regulate the size and activities of business; he led the US during World War I and attempted to shape the postwar period with his 14 points
Herbert Hoover
31st President of the United States, the Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII
Strategic Bombing of Germany
53,000 tons of bombs were dropped on Germany each month
Palmer Raids
A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
National Labor Relations Act
A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-management relations.
Father Charles Coughlin
A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severely against Jews during WWII and he has eventually kicked off the air, however, before his fascist rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.
Universal Negro Improvement Association
A Harlem-based group, led by charismatic, Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, that arose in the 1920s to mobilize African American workers and champion black separatism.
Harry Hopkins
A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
A US Navy officer who developed the theory of sea power, or the concept that nations with the greatest naval power have the greatest influence on the world
George Dewey
A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines
Trench warfare
A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.
Teapot Dome Scandal
A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921
welfare state
A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.
Prohibition
A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages
Triple Entente
A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.
Winston Churchill
A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Pancho Villa
A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.
Manhattan Project
A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.
Klu Klux Klan
A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in the South after the Civil War.
New Deal
A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
Jazz
A style of dance music popular in the 1920s
Coup d'etat
A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group
Communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Hyperinflation
A very rapid rise in the price level; an extremely high rate of inflation.
American Expeditionary Force
About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals
Appeasement
Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict
Marcus Garvey
African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.
Langston Hughes
African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.
Zora Neale Hurston
African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance
War Industries Board
Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.
Axis powers
Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.
allied powers
Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.
Battle of Britain
An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.
Popular Front
An alliance between the Communists, the Socialists, and the Radicals formed for the May 1936 French elections. It was largely successful, increasing the Communists in parliament from 10 to 72, and the Socials up to 146, making them the largest party in France.
Welfare Capitalism
An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high
Fascism
An authoritarian government characterized by extreme nationalism, aggressive expansionism, and devotion to the state; Italy, Germany, and Spain had fascist governments prior to and during world war II
Secret Ballot
Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest; against spoils system; putting voting power back into hands of people
huey long
As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc
Calvin Coolidge
Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business; laissez-faire
Niagara Movement/NAACP
Black and white reformers form NAACP - 1909
A. Philip Randolph
Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants.
Duke Ellington
Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations
Wilson and antitrust legislation
Clayton Antitrust Act: an amendment to the Sherman Act: economic practices that significantly lessened competition are illegal
John J. Pershing
Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace
Social Security Act (1935)
Created both the Social Security Program and a national assistance program for poor children, usually called AFDC.
Battle of the Bulge
December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.
New Freedom
Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.
hoovervilles
Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress
Big Stick Diplomacy
Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy; hje sought to increase american involvement in latin america while keeping out european powers
Christmas Truce
During World War I, on Christmas Day both sides stopped fighting and joined together peacefully for Christmas.
Francisco Madero
Early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered, led to power struggles; successfully removed dictator diaz
Square Deal
Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers
Economic Impact on America because of World War I
European demand for products was very high, so American businesses boomed and increased production of weapons, grains, and other goods; government became more involved in regulating the economy, setting prices on certain goods, and closely monitoring economic activity
Eleanor Roosevelt
FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women
FSA
Farm Security Administration (1937)- Relief, Recovery- Granted loans to small farmers and tenants for rehabilitation and purchase of small-sized farms; Congress slashed its appropriations during World War II when many poor farmers entered the armed forces or migrated to urban areas.
Benito Mussolini
Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.
Dollar Diplomacy
Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Allied Powers
France GB Russia Joined later: US, Italy, Japan
Four Freedoms
Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear; used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops
Why did the US join WWl?
German U-boats sunk the Lusitania in 1915, killing over 100 Americans and the Zimmermann Telegram of 1917
Albert Einstein
German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.
Sussex Pledge
Germany damaged a French Ship called the Sussex and then Germany promised to give a warning before sinking a merchant ship
Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
National Recovery Administration
Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.
Bonus Army March
Group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 (during the Great Depression) to demand the immediate payment of their pension bonuses, Largest protest
Lost Generation
Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe
Civilian Conservation Corps
Hired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country, employed over 3 million people.
Rugged Individualism (Hoover)
Hoover believed that our country shouldn't hand out relief money to poor people that lose their jobs. He thought that countries that did give handouts made their people lazy. He said that the people were there to help the government; the government wasn't there to help the people. Needless to say, the people were somewhat hostile to these sorts of statements!
Spanish-American War
In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence; the us gained peurto rico and philippine islands as us territories and had enormous influence over cuba
Spanish Civil War
In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.
initiative, referendum, and recall
Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law and to bring back the attention of a rejected bill to legislators. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto; direct voting on law Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.
Yellow Journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
Roosevelt and trusts
Kept big business in check and administered antitrust regulations more rigorously
Selective Service Act of 1917
Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.
Annexation
Legally adding land area to a city in the United States
Teller Amendment
Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war
Platt Amendment
Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble
what role did the stock market play in the depression that plagued the US throughout the 1930s?
Mainly due to reckless investments in the stock market and due to overproduction and underconsumption, the great depression occurred
braceros
Mexican workers hired to perform farm labor during World War II
conservation and roosevelt
Movements enacted by Roosevelt that preserved some wilderness areas and others developed for the common good. National Reclamation Act of 1902 funded large-scale irrigation projects.
code talkers
Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language
black thursday
October 24, 1929; stock market crashes and almost 13 million shares are sold that day alone
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high; hindered global trade and led to greater economic contraction
Panic of 1893 Causes
Over speculation Stock-market crash, Overproduction, unemployment, failure of railroad companies
Warren G. Harding
Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over
Hideki Tojo
Prime minister of Japan during World War II
18th amendment
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
19th Amendment (1920)
Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S.
Dust Bowl
Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.
Herbert Hoover
Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.
Election of 1940: candidates, issues
Roosevelt was nominated by the Democrats for a third term, and the Republicans nominated Wendell L. Willkie. The major issues were WWII and military spending. Roosevelt endorsed the nation's 1st peacetime draft and advocated a military spending increase.
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
New Nationalism
Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice
insular cases
Series of U.S. Supreme Court cases concerning the status of territories acquired by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War. The cases applied to the islands of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
what impact did roosevelt's decision to run for president in 1912 have on the outcome of the election?
Taft ran under the Republican Party but Roosevelt broke off under the progressive party; eugene v debs ran under the socialist party and wilson ran under the deomcratic party; the split in the republican party caused wilson to win
Richard A. Ballinger
Taft's Secretary of the Interior, allowed a private group of business people to obtain several million acres of Alaskan public lands
what was the main, bonding belief amongst all progressives?
That government intervention rather than grassroots movements can only cause significant change in society
ACLU
The American Civil Liberties Union. It defends and preserves the individual rights and liberties that the Constitution and laws of the United States guarantee everyone in this country.
j edgar hoover
The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigated and harassed alleged radicals.
American Exceptionalism
The idea that the American experience was different or unique from others, and therefore America had a unique or special role in the world, such as a "city upon a hill."
lend-lease act of 1941
The program under which the US supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945.
Treaty of Paris 1898
The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.
How were the Industrial Workers of the World influential in the era of progressivism?
They served to fight for the rights of unskilled laborers; they supported a Marxist class struggle and fought against the capitalist economic system
A. Mitchell Palmer
US attorney gen from 1919 to 1921
Battle of Stalingrad
Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.
Chemical Warfare
Usage of mustard gas
Rough Riders
Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War; san juan hill in cuba battle 1898
Election of 1920
Warren G Harding v Cox
Liberty Bonds
Where people bought bonds so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.
Holocaust
a large-scale destruction, especially by fire; a vast slaughter; a burnt offering
clayton antitrust act
a law passed by congress to help enforce other laws against monopolies; used to reinforce the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
National Child Labor Committee
a progressive organization formed in 1904 to promote laws restricting or banning child labor
Harding
a return to normalcy
Panama Canal
a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)
Banana Republic
a small nation, especially in Central America, dependent on one crop or the influx of foreign capital.
Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)
a. Atomic bombs dropped (1945) b. Yalta Conference (1945) c. The beginning of the Baby Boom (1945) d. Truman Doctrine (1947) e. Marshall Plan (1947) f. NATO formed (1949) g. Cold War (1946-1991)
Events that led theodore roosevelt to run for president in 1912
after taft's "disappointing" presidency from the 1908 election because he failed to support gifford's conservationist efforts
Monroe Doctrine
an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
eugene v Debs
an americans union leader and socialist who was imprisoned for speaking against the government's involvement in the war
treaty of versailles
article 231 punished germnay for starting the war - war guilt clause
immediate cause of WWI
assassination of Franz Ferdinand
US neutrality
at the beginning of the war, Wilson maintained an isolationist stance and chose to remain neutral and keep out of war
Gifford Pinchot as a conservative progressive
balance between economic development and the protection of the environment
why did congress oppose the league of nations?
because of article X
Bank Holiday
closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen
Which of the following activities would have been the most dangerous for a person to undertake during the Red Scare?
convincing workers to go on strike until their wages are increased
Committe on Public Information
created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I.
why was the isolationist sentiment regarding american foreign policy not dominant after world war II?
direct competition with Soviet Union in worldwide influence
why did religious fundamentalism rise during the 1920s?
due to the rise of secularism and intellectualism after world war I
hoover's approach to the great depression
economy will heal itself eventually
Social Gospel and its effect on the late 1800s
encouraged extending help to the unfortunate and working poor while also reaffirming the church's relevance as a place where Christian values are put to practice
Which aspect of Wilson's Fourteen Points directly addressed one of the primary reasons for the United States' entry into World War I?
ensuring absolute freedom of trade upon the seas
Glass-Steagall Act
established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation
federal reserve act
establishing a national banking system known as the federal reserve, which issues currency and sets interest rates
National Reclamation Act
federal government sold off public lands in order to raise money for irrigation projects in the West; to expand agricultural development in arid lands
Farmers' Holiday Association
formed by a group of unhappy farm owners, it endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market- in effect a farmers' strike, which although blockading several markets ended in failure.
WEB Du Bois
fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
founded in 1905 and commonly known as the wobblies; member-run international industrial union for all workers; overthrow employing class
NAACP
founded in 1909 to work for equal rights for all people and stop racial hatred
nineteenth amendment
gave women the right to vote in 1920
Adolph Hitler
german leader of Nazi Party. 1933-1945. rose to power by promoting racist and national views
Allied Forces
group of nations in WWI that included Britain, France, Russia, China, and Japan
Social Gospel
growing conscientiousness of middle-class, typically protestant americans at the end of the 19th century; applying Christian principles to institutions like schools, governments, and businesses
Taft's presidency
he filed far more antitrust suits than Roosevelt and did more to preserve public lands although he was in favor of big businesses
Franz Ferdinand
heir to the Austrian throne assassinated by a Serbian nationalist
Frederic C. Howe
improving health, education, & welfare, member of Ohio senate, child labor and immigration, proud liberal
how economic competition caused regime change in Hawaii
in Hawaii, American sugar planters were in competition with sugar planters in America, and when the Hawaiian government tried to impose a tariff on the price of imported sugar, planters in Hawaii were afraid they could not compete, so they overthrew government and called for annexation
How was the Fourteen Points a failure and a success?
it served as a foundation for the document that ended the war, but the US never signed it
which of the following contradictions best exemplifies why the dem party struggled during the 1928 presidential election?
it was forced to publicly endorse prohibition despite the objections of big businesses
Immigrants restricted in the 1920s
japan
J. Robert Oppenheimer
lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."
European map after WWI
long-standing empires fell and new nation-states developed in their place
Securities and Exchange Commission
monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds
Lewis Hine
muckraker who took pictures of child laborers to expose how bad child labor was
why did the first red scare subside eventually?
no revolution on may 1 and radicals were only a minority and produced no real threat
Armistice agreement
november 11 1918 agreement to stop fighting
Anti-Imperialist League
objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900
mexico commercial interest
oil industry
pacifism
opposition to all war
eighteenth amendment
prohibition act in 1919; later repealed by 21st amendment in 1933
john keynes ideas for great depression
public works and projects to create jobs
Florence Kelley
reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers
Religious Fundamentalism
religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy
neutrality act
series of laws passed by Congress in 1935 that banned arms sales or loans to countries at war
Hepburn Act
strengthened the ICC to control freight rates for the railroad industry
commercial interest in hawaii
sugar planters
Queen Liliuokalani
the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests
Effect of US's entry in WWI
the allies were able to break the stalemate with the Central Powers
labor unions opposed which of these standards implemented by the National Recovery Administration on the grounds that it violated fair labor practices?
the cooperation between competing businesses to set wages and prices
Nazi Party
the political party founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power by Hitler in 1933
hundred days
the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.
Why did labor activists and socialist oppose entry into the war and the draft?
they argued that the poor would be forced to fight and die on behalf of the wealthy
17th amendment
transferred the election of senators from state legislature into hands of the people
Coxey's Army
unemployed workers marched from ohio to wahsington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for goverment relief
Open Door Policy
us foreign policy for china in 1899; its purpose was to allow all nations to have equal trade rights with china
Wilson and racial reform
was openly racist and moved America more backwards; he was openly supportive of the KKK
AAA to the wealthy and poor
wealthy: financial relief poor: reduced demand harmed them
Collapse of banking industry and the great depression
when stock market crashed, people panicked to pull out money from banks and banks closed
Dependent Children 1909
white house conference by TR to discuss child labor
Women's Army Corps
women volunteers who seved in non-combat positions
