rhetoric test 2
Along with the other older Sophists and Socrates, ________ was part of a shift in philosophical focus from the earlier Presocratic tradition of natural philosophy to an interest in human philosophy. He emphasized how human subjectivity determines the way we understand, or even construct, our world a position which is still an essential part of the modern philosophic tradition.
Protagoras
_____ was one of several fifth century Greek thinkers collectively known as the older sophists, a group of traveling teachers or intellectuals who were experts in rhetoric (the science of oratory) and related subjects.
Protagoras
It is the violation of ____ by any act of hubris on the part of the hero that sets in motion nemesis as retribution.
dike
is literally just like boundary lines between properties. it basically says you've either attained the heights of something or you've gone beyond it.
dike
means something like behaving in accordance with nature, or how your group normally behaves. The word refers to how they normally are and how they usually act. When translated as justice, it means roughly an "order" of things, behaviors, hierarchies, and can also refer to judgement given down by a person in power that "orders" something properly
dike
_________ can be, for instance, natural (an approaching hurricane), legal (a death sentence for acting a certain way), emotional (an irresistible love or hate), or cultural (a strongly held practice).
necessities
it is constraint, it limits possibilities. so you are forced into this sort of narrow path. it always has some type of force to it whether that be violence or law.
necessities
_______ is not exactly fate, although fate is a form of _______.
necessities, necessities
key to arrangement of the events of tragedy is the notion of what?
necessity
who were the original sophists?
ancient Greek teachers of rhetoric and philosophy.
what does demokratia mean?
"rule by the people"
what is tragedy?
"tragedy is an art form" this means tragedy is constructed on the stage that has a certain plot structure. *it is almost like a comic strip*
what main things do all 4 tragedy definitions include?
-A person of significance -A sense of disaster -Something that is caused by their own doing -A force that they cannot control
what are the 5 conventional vocabulary terms of tragedy?
1. aeschylus 2. hubris 3. ate 4. dike 5. catharsis
Father of Greek tragedy
Aeschylus
in the movie the rise of empire, Xerces is pondering the defeat of Athens and is persuaded and decided to pursue Themistocles into the straights of thalamus. what does topic does this relate to?
Aeschylus - Tragedy
the closing quote in the movie the Persians is where you see the conventional understanding of tragedy. what topic does this relate to?
Aeschylus - tragedy
who is the father of democracy?
Cleisthenes
who made the government in Athens? what kind of government was it?
Clisteies , a democracy
a form of power because it is a set of ideas that have become sort of like the way things are done it almost becomes common sense to the extent that im not interested in hearing alternatives because I know this is the way it is. It often times comes about after military or political dominance where you recognize that there is a rule out there that you might be ok with or go along with. what is this?
Hegemony
______ derives from the greek term hegemonial. what does hegemonial mean?
Hegemony, "dominace over"
_____ which was used to describe relations between city-states. _____ is the dominance of one group over another, often supported by legitimating norms and ideas.
Hegemony, hegemony
_____ appears in Homer typically in reference to battle, and it means 'stronger', 'mightier', or 'more powerful'.
Kreitto
is just the object itself (ex. The brick itself)
Pregmata
in this the "fear" that is purged is the fear of change, and the radical nature of catharsis appears in the identification necessary to feel "pity" for the hero. Thus after the conflict that produces ruin in the hero, a rupture in the old order of justice appears. The audience experiences illumination which combines aesthetic pleasure and intellectual clarity about the "true" nature of justice. It opens up the possibility of revolutionary change?
Radical Catharsis
what is the difference between tragedy and rhetoric?
The difference between rhetoric and tragedy is that we don't really do tragedy without knowing it, but we do rhetoric without knowing it. It is a stage performance.
refers to the action performed by the hero, usually because of hubris, that often leads to his or her death or downfall. Thus it represents both the action that brings about ruin and the consequences of ruin itself.In tragedy this ruin is brought about primarily because the character has to commit a mistake because of hamartia, or some "tragic flaw" often connected with hubris (but not always).
ate
Gilda is a tragic sort of figure in when we are looking at someone we are not supposed to root for and yet she is breaking all the boundaries of post war society. So she kind of tempts all these men but there is sort of a feeling of rooting for her because we want to see all these guy get embarrassed and when all he can do is hit her that the resort to force is the last refuge of a dying society because they don't have any other power to enforce their moral code. The only other thing they can do is hit you. The female figure here who is manipulating these guys, when we see her brought low we agree that she did do bad things but we also still pity what she is doing and we still root for her and want her to succeed - this feeling is ________ it leaves you with the feeling that maybe she's not as bad and that is that radical element. Its always in the evil characters who are the sources of innovation in movies that predict what's to come - that is why we often love villains more than we love hero's.
catharsis
This is when the character realizes they are going to die and they have come to terms with it.
catharsis
When catastrophe happens, which is the final event of the dramatic action especially of a tragedy, the problem often spirals outwards and causes suffering to the hero and people he/she loves or wants to protect. The character then experiences anagnorisis when the main character either recognizes or identifies his/her true nature, recognizes the other characters true identity, discovers the true nature of the situation, or that of the others - leading to the resolution of the story. Finally the audience experiences ______ which is the purification or purgation of the emotions of pity and fear.
catharsis
it leaves you with the feeling that maybe she's not as bad and that is that radical element. Its always in the evil characters who are the sources of innovation in movies that predict what's to come - that is why we often love villains more than we love hero's. what feeling is this?
catharsis
the movie Indiana jones and the raiders of the lost arch. The moment at the end when we are sort of washed clean, pity and fear was heightened and then all of the sudden it was purged clean. This scene visually is a __________ especially when all of that sound and fire goes into the box and then the lid comes and instantly shuts it up. We felt an exhaustion at the end of all of it - there is a great relief. The moment of like "wow shouldn't have opened that box" Is a moment of revelation and restorative aspect.
catharsis
they comment on things like telling someone not to do something - they give voice to the common reaction to death, or tragedy or triumph. They are a conservative voice.
chorus
is the more complex thing/object (ex. The brick sold at a store).
chremata
The best way to dramatize a tragic choice is to have the character what?
confronted and always having another character make you torn and by adding character you will become more torn.
An example of this is game of thrones. This is at the end of game of thrones after daneris was killed and they have to figure out what form of government they are going to have. This scene shows that after all of this sort of heroic stuff, the modern virtues of democracy sort of raises its head and gets laughed out of court. But it shows that nobody wants a democracy. That feeling of obscenity is something that history teaches us and has taught these people forever. Why is it that this democracy suddenly became a thing in Greece? One of the things to keep in mind about democracy in Greece is that it arose out of violence because a large rising middle class of slightly wealthier people were able to collectively start challenging the aristocratic ruling class because they had financial, property, military, education, power and they were able to rally the slightly lower class of people that also wanted more power and so they got together and they stormed the leaders in Athens and then they called clistines back after they had taken over, and said we need some type of order or else everything is going to chaos. So they told clistines to make a government. what is this an example of?
democracy
Cleisthenes introduced the first known ____ in the world.
democracy
This system was comprised of three separate institutions: the ekklesia, a sovereign governing body that wrote laws and dictated foreign policy; the boule, a council of representatives from the ten. Athenian tribes and the dikasteria, the popular courts in which citizens argued cases before a group of lottery selected jurors. Although this Athenian democracy would survive for only two centuries, its invention by Clisthenes was one of ancient Greece's most enduring contributions to the modern world. what is this?
democracy
____ back then wasnt an elected body. people formed an assembly and voted as a group. only the male citizens were able to vote and serve on courts, these are the people that ruled, it was by the people.
democracy
it was through ____ that Athens became powerful.
democracy
it was through _____ that allowed people to start working together and not against each other and that formed the basis for the empire.
democracy
It derives, however, from the larger "idea that the elements of a situation, its cultural and political contexts, rather than transcendent unchanging laws, will produce both the best solutions to problems and the best verbal means of presenting them persuasively.
dissoi logoi
The example used is from a guy named Theo Wilson. He is a black man who pretended to be a white supremacist online in order to get a sense of what that culture was like. He was playing a different position. he wasn't infiltrating this group just to expose them, he goes there to try to understand what they are doing without endangering himself. He gets some kind of sympathy and understanding from them about where they are coming from, what their insecurities are, about what type of problems and situations led them to embrace these ideologies. what is this an example of?
dissoi logoi
________ doesn't mean you have to accept the other side, but it does mean that in order to develop a plan, you need to look at both sides in order to figure out where you are and then come up with possibilities that can reconcile those things.
dissoi logoi
is a simple practice that argues both sides of a position, however, its grounded in something more radical which is that sense that we have to argue both sides because there is no one side - there is always going to be differences in each society.
dissoi logoi
means "contrasting arguments"
dissoi logoi
refers to the rhetorical training practice of arguing both sides of a question.
dissoi logoi
_____ is probable belief generally held by a public related to common affairs and practices.
doxa
a wide spread belief by a certain population
doxa
two meanings of the classical term ____. 1. The first is more faithful to the classical heritage; it therefore stems from an epistemic perspective grounded in the contrast between certainty and probability. 2. The second unfolds along a social and cultural dimension and is concerned with sets of beliefs widely espoused by popular audiences.
doxa
An example is the trailer for the movie about RBG. "she is a power on and off the court" the paradox here is that you have this tiny woman having such enormous power and its because of her logos, her ability to make arguments in a democracy. She exemplifies this understanding of power that the sophists are trying to sell and she goes to school and gets this power and inserts herself in the court and then exerts that. SHE IS NOT A SOPHIST THOUGH!! She represents that form of power that the citizens of athens are trying to aquire from the sophists. RBG requires this power from going to college. what is this an example of?
dunatotatoi
You rule not by commanding people what to do but by proving that by following they will too become powerful.
dunatotatoi
powerful, influential, or capable
dunatotatoi
sophistry gives people the tools to what?
fight these battles
that weakness that brings you low that makes you not able to see or do what you have to do.
hamartia
The associated term _____ is used to identify the actor, group, class, or state that exercises hegemonic power or that is responsible for the dissemination of hegemonic ideas.
hegemon
An example is from a Russian news broadcast. This American _____ is being undermined by china and they are going to show all this which is going to instill fear in the mind of an American viewer.
hegemony
this term today is often used as shorthand to describe the relatively dominant position of a particular set of ideas and their associated tendency to become commonsensical and intuitive, thereby inhibiting the dissemination to even the articulation of alternative ideas.
hegemony
An example is the Russian band pussy riot who are anti Putin activists. In this they did an interview talking about their action and their activism in Russia where they are clearly on the weaker argument side and how they experienced that personally and the impact of that. So the law is stronger in so far as the law is backed by and justified by people that agree with it. So a law that is out of date has no strength anymore. The law itself doesn't mean anything, it has to be justified to the strength of a public commitment to it. They are talking about the differences between soviet times and contemporary times that you can actually speak without being disappeared in Russia. There is free speech on social media platforms, its just when action happens that you get imprisoned or embarrassed. You are so marginal that you don't really have any place outside of the social media and tiny little circles to really make a statement on a public stage, so you are always rendered a weaker argument which is the point that through censorship of the press and softer forms of control that don't just liquidate people and put them in concentration camps, you are able to keep voices like their weak. The point is to keep the weak so that they cant concentrate into a block that really challenges power, and it's a more sustainable way of creating an authoritarian state by simply dividing and marginalized groups where they are trying to push back and they are popular in the united states, but in their own country they still don't have a lot of power. They are a great example of sophistical rhetoric because of the way they use you to know controversial displays of them with the punk act in that in the church, a lot of sexual things that they do that are sort of like intending to get press - they are constantly pushing the boundaries but they cant seem to get into the position of strength. what is this an example of?
hetto
appears as early as Homer, with the apparent meaning of 'weaker'
hetto
means 'giving way', 'yielding', 'unable to resist or content with', and 'weaker' than another.
hetto
refers "to that argument or position which commands less power because the majority shuns it or is not persuaded by it."
hetto
Tragic heroes are people 'greater' than ourselves. They seek the heights of arete, or excellence, unattainable by most people. Thus, they acquire the character of what?
hubris
a feeling of excessive pride or confidence in oneself that justifies overstepping conventional boundaries. On the tragic stage, they are thus always haunted by nemesis or the spirit of divine retribution.
hubris
in frozen when she sings let it go. The lyrics of the song perfectly embody tragedy. In the song she is saying don't let your power go, don't hold it back. This is what? ...the breaking of boundaries and the aspiring to something that you perceive to be better.
hubris
in the movie revenge of the sith and the fall of anican sky walker, anican is one of the most recognizable tragic characters in pop culture. because anican thinks he is more powerful than any other jedi, he is seeking what he thinks to be peace and order and justice in the galaxy, and his flaw here is his lust for power and his rage have caused him to lose everything. what characteristic does anican have?
hubris
An example is ricky gervais on stephen colbert. You can see that he is raising basically the same issues. He made an interesting point at the end when he was talking about like what would be reproduced if you lost all the science and religious books - and Ricky's idea that it would builds itself back up through experience in the world through trial and error. The counter claim would be that if God exists then a particular God would revel the nature of that faith through various things as well and that would be the counter claim. The point here is that he is simply trying to clear the field of all of them and this is basically what protagorous is doing as well. what is this an example of?
humanism
In contemporary life, _______ is consistent with pretty much any formal doctrine of anyone's religion today.
humanism
affirms the dignity if each human being, it supports the maximization of individual liberty and opportunity constant with social and planetary responsibility. It advocates the extension of participatory democracy and the expansion of the open society, standing for human rights and social justice. Free of supernaturalism, it recognizes human beings as part of nature and holds that values-be they religious, ethical, social, or political- have their source in human experience and culture. It derives the goals of life from human need and interest rather than from theological or ideological abstractions, and asserts that humanity must take responsibility for its own destiny.
humanism
The sophists are the first really to formalize a doctrine of _______, there were elements of this in many different cultures. But in protagonous the idea of ______ as a formal doctrine that is formally against the gods and doing its own thing is unique. That is because it is trying to clear a space for political democracy.
humanism, humanism
how does something become tragic?
it becomes tragic if you pursue it to the end and bring arch upon yourself
This video was about the deepfake things: what we see is very true to us (ex. The images and video of famous people that look and sound like them) what do we do about it? Should we treat it seriously? In a democratic sense we need to have some kind ground where we can all say we kind of trust this or else everything will be complete chaos. what is this an example of?
judgement
______ deals with how we determine something to be which impacts the future.
judgement
when we talk about ______ think about it like it is a "what is it?" question or a "idk what that is but this is my best opinion"
judgement
Its something that your judging in a moment based on limited evidence, and that you are evoking a sort of rule or principal that you can use to guide yourself in a moving or changing situation. Its based on what my intuition and my evidence tells me to do even though I am not certain about it. Its something that you've determined something to be based on your best guess.
judgements
You make ________ when you measure something.
judgements
When a tragic drama begins, characters face tragic choices that grow out of ________, which are severe constraints on action that limit and sometimes forbid possible choices.
necessities
the final episode of game of thrones. This is the fate of dineris and this is basically just an example of order being restored. She becomes a tragic hero here. This is the moment where john snow (dinaris and john were in love) where they confront eachother and john snow kills her for killing the people. her motivation is to clear out the old order to make room for the new order. John snow here represents the character of nemesis, (old) justice and retribution. what is this an example of?
justice/dike
an example is the Merchant of Venice from Shakespeare. This is the closing scene which is a great example of a stronger argument. In the Merchant of Venice there is a Christian and a Jewish character and the Jewish character feels like he's being wronged by this Christian character who is not paying back his debts and who is talking back to him so he finds a way to accuse him of injustice and at the end of the movie he demands a pound of flesh. The point is that the Christian character has to sacrifice a pound of flesh and give it to the Jewish character in compensation for the wrongs he's done. This is a scene in the movie right at the end where the Jewish character thinks he has won and then there is a moment where a lawyer women who is a women but is dressed like a man comes forward and then turns the tables on the Jewish man in a really dramatic way because it shows what the Christian basically domination of Venice at the time suddenly overwhelming the Jewish mans arguments and rendering him totally helpless. The Jewish man is about to win and then it is brought to his attention that if you shed Christian blood then you forfeit your life and he says he's not going to do that but then it says if you threaten someone's life they with forfeit your property - and now he is about to lose all his property and then finally at the end the reason the Jewish man survives at all is because he is being forced to convert to Christianity by the person he was about to take a pound of flesh from. This is a huge reversal and you see the way he is cursed and that the entire courtroom turns against him and has to apologize and lose his faith. This is a great embodiment of what stronger argument means because nobody questions this logic in the scene. what is this an example of?
kreitto
refers to "the argument or position which is dominant because the majority has found it more persuasive than other alternatives."
kreitto
_________ can be things that are overcome.
necessities
For protagoras, it is human _____ that does the measuring
logos
Metron means what in the sense of assessing quantity but it can also refer to 'appropriate proportion or ordering'. It can refer to the balance and order in nature as well as to what is "counted".
measure
So when you are talking about measuring we are assigning value to things - the chramata is the thing that's valued, the _____ is that which determines the value of the chramata.
measure
______ always has a standard - you determine somethings qualities relative to a standard that you are comparing it to once you do that then you can judge what it is and what you should do with it.
measure
human beings are the _____ of things
measure
An example is a viral video of these people at palm beach meeting where they were mandating masks. The clip is about people making these striking claims about why we shouldn't wear masks and some people say we should. In this video clip you see all the different opinions here and the way they are determining the value of this object, so the chramata here would be the mask itself how do we measure the value of this thing as opposed to up against other threats death, sickness, my freedoms. All of these things are mixed up together and people are trying to figure out what's the most appropriate measure for how we are balancing these policies. what is this an example of?
measuring
there is no vocabulary yet created to justify their actions - you do it impulsively and you have a sense of what it is, but you don't know what it is and that is why the action of tragedy is more important than the speech of tragedy because the person is acting as though they know they are better but they don't know how to justify it yet because there is no language to justify it. there is a moment on the Greek stage that individual now challenges the old order. what is this?
moral speachlessness
in the movie dead poets society. This is where the conservative boys school and the teacher robin Williams comes and sort of teaches them the power of poetry and this one student who is the son of this successful lawyer wants to be a poet and his father doesn't like that. This isn't tragic, but the fact is that the son doesn't have the language to justify his interest in acting - he just relents to the old order of things being that his father basically beats him to silence. In the final scene he kills himself in a kind of tragic way of suicide because he cant live in this world. The kids stand on their desk and say "oh captain my captain" they do this to rebel against the old order of things. what is this an example of?
moral speechlessness
Anytime something questionable happens on campus- a&m would respond by saying "this is not the aggie way". a kind of way of acting.
morality
I can overcome my emotional love but it is very hard to do. So this should be thought of as probabilities that should become increasingly probable to the extent that they almost become irresistible. what is this an example of?
necessities
when Antigone wants to bury her treasonous brother, the tyrant says no he must die without ceremony. That is a necessity because it lays down a law and says anyone who violates this law will be killed. She (Antigone) violates that and does it anyway, she has to get there because its in a cave so she has to overcome physical necessity. She has to then violate the law and then they must decided whether or not to implement the law. what is this an example of?
necessity
when we are talking about the aggie honor code, "thou shalt not..." you can do that thing that they say not to, but you will face consequences if you get caught. what is this an example of?
necessity
Joan of Arch called the messenger. This was during the end of the 100 years war during the 1300s. And England was kicking Frances butt. Joan of Arch steps in and says she is going to emancipate France and tells everyone to follow her. She basically takes control of the army and innovates a new way of fighting and not abiding by the old way of things. What she did works and everyone loves her but then people decide she has too much power and they decide to betray her to the English and let her get killed. This is a great betrayal and a tragedy. She accomplishes these tasks, but then the old order receiving the threat has to resurge against her and put her back in her place and then take the benefits she had given them and then restore the old order. The idea that this 15 year old girl can speak to god and do all these things, threatens everything about the French patriarchal order and so she has to be destroyed physically in front of everyone. Tragic figures question standards and push against them. what is this an example of? why did we pick this?
necessity because the sense that France was being hemmed in and there were no choices left and she found a choice that was beyond anyone else's understanding but then was destroyed. But necessities here are the things that were hemming her and France in against the English.
they are the person put here by the gods to bring retribution upon you.
nemesis
who came about in a later period that were more like contemporary sort of lawyers or corrupt councilors, people that were more strategic about just doing one thing for you.
new sophos
is tragic choice always a bad option?
no
can tragedy happen to anyone?
no, it can only happen to a person who stands out and is important
who was older more foundational figures that laid the principals of democratic life. So they were not only practioners of teaching people how to do stuff, they also sort of justified themselves through principals.
older sophos
we aren't just measuring the size and width, we are measuring how much we can sell to other people.
the measuring of things
what does presocratic philosophy mean?
people that came before socrates
An example is the Athens drawing of the past. The physical location of this is probably a quarter of the size of college station. This campus is in some sense a this to the degree that we all participate in its governance but a lot of times you don't because this is a consumer understanding, not a political understanding. For example the university putting a ban on chalking the side walks is an antipolitical move by the university to silence people and that is against politics because it makes you so that your voice cant appear no matter what group you belong to. what is this an example of?
polis
Another example is the Mayflower Compact. The mayflower compact was made prior to its people arrival on the land. Why this is an example because all they had was a ship, they didn't even know where they were going and yet they formed a this just on this boat in the abstract before they landed. Through a contract that is written they form communities based on these laws that were written, but they do it with the understanding that they have to work together and bind themselves together through logos that forms a political community before they even step on the land and found the actual physical colony that is there. what is it an example of?
polis
_____ isn't just the physical castle or city wall, it is the idea of a citizenship itself - a belonging to a political community that is yours- and not simply a physical location that you happen to be in. so hence, the politics is the practices that go into maintaining the polis as an entity as a self organized community with its own rules and laws in it.
polis
a city-state , was the community structure of ancient Greece. Each city-state was organized with an urban center and the surrounding countryside. Characteristics of the city in a ___ were outer walls for protection, as well as a public space that included temples and government buildings. The temples and government buildings were often built on the top of a hill or acropolis." More than just the physical space, it represented a political unity that belonged to the relations between citizens wherever they might be. what is this?
polis
_____ means to simply stand up and say and have the ability to do so and assert that somebody has the right to do so no matter what is ones intellect .
political life
An example is from Saturday night live. It came out after Beyoncé had released her album a couple of years ago. It's a funny commentary on perception and thinking about what's valued, how we value them, how we measure them, and how we act to them. This is just an example of race and it shows how people value them. Protagoras explains that we are stuck as humans where everyone is misperceiving everything - and this creates a political problem of division and misunderstanding. for this particular video, when you take away sort of its subject matter its about how this particular event inserts itself in the world and makes itself known it responds to challenges a doxa of a point of view (in this case that they thought Beyoncé was white) and now that's challenging their commonly held view and when they realize that this other thing might not be true they've made a judgement that she's black and not white and she's doing something that's not for them and its for a different community this challenges their political view about how things run and how they are. It's the transition from one doxa to another doxa that is so disruptive. what is this example about?
political opinion
This sort of what all this measurement comes down to - that sense of common opinion, common belief, common judgement about things that concern all of us and not just each individual person.
political opinion
______ a general meaning capable of being applied to a wide enough spectrum of appearances to the degree that is capable of becoming a norm, habit, rule, or law
political opinion
doxa and what are related?
political opinion
This speech by Sojourner truth is an example. What's interesting about this is that she was a tall black women and when she stood up to speak about the women's rights movement it was quite striking because it was a black, tall, former slave woman speaking at a convention where people thought she was the last person who should be speaking. This speech is called "aint I a woman". This speech is relevant here because in part of the context of the speech which was this argument that they should be seen and not heard and even though this might be sort of paternalistic its none-the-less an antipolitical understanding. Women are not involved in the decision making process of political life and so when she stands up and asserts her power she is asserting herself and appearing in public to the shock of everyone else that's there. She is asserting herself here. what is this an example of?
politics
_____ is to show oneself out in public, and when we have a nonpolitical life what that means is that you cant do it- when you try to do it they tell you to shut up and put you in prison.
politics
______ is the art of the polis, and is distinct from non-political forms of action (authoritarian, anarchic, or bureaucratic). For her it means to assert ones opinion in a public space whereby one can be seen and heard by others and influence power through argumentation and speech.
politics
to act in the material world, engaged with things
prattein
Athens was a costal empire, it is a really tiny area but at the time you had to take what you could get as far as empires. What's interesting to remember about Athens is that Sparta was a land empire were the big time slave owners - like down south in us would be. Athens was trading mercantile wealth and cosmopolitan understanding of what it means to be an Athenian. Abdera is where protagonous comes from - he later came to Athens. Most of the people we have learned about didn't actually come from Athens, they "made it" and eventually moved to Athens because it was like the NY of the time. All the talent for all across this area swept to Athens to make a name for themselves This was indicative of the kind of empire it was, after the defeat of the Persians and the liberation of the military. Athens was at the height of its power when protagonous came there. who is this about?
protagoras
______ is a sophist, he is a teacher that gets paid. He wanders around and goes into a town and people pay for a week long seminar.
protagoras
in the dead poets society, the students stand up on their desks and recite what their teacher had taught them, what is this an example of?
radical catharsis
in the movie the lion king, in the final scene Simba roars and the clouds open up. He restores the exact thing that his father had done at the beginning of the movie. Scar is the tragic character here because he is the one who is challenging the old order and the hyenas kill scar because he betrayed them. what is this an example of?
restorative catharsis
looked at from a medical standpoint. is that when you go through traumatic incidents and you go to therapy where you get to basically unload your grief that they are associating catharsis with that purgation of the stuff you've had pent up inside. And through that it makes one feel good to get it off their chest. Experiencing powerful emotions in vicarious form could purge, purify, release or morally re-educate those watching the tragedy. what is this?
restorative catharsis
An example is Fred Hampton. He was a black panther back in the day and a really talented individual who would take violent revolution and resistance to the police but also does community work. He was a controversial figure in Chicago at the time and then was assassinated by the Chicago police. This scene shows the nature of death and life and what comes afterwards. "you can jail a revolutionary but you cant jail the revolution" this is an interesting story because you can hear the legacy about him kind of passed on. This represents a tragic story because we have that feeling of uncertainty about a tragic figure. There is parts of it that we admire and parts of it that we question. The issue here is how it puts things in conflict it asks us what are the two orders of justice that go together and how do we negotiate what we want to keep and what we want to throw away and what was left behind. what is this an example of?
rhetoric
______ is central to tragedy because the character, although perhaps beginning in moral speechlessness grows to acquire a sense of purpose and a drawing understanding of new possibilities of justice. On the tragic stage, they break out in soliloquy which is their self-justification of their actions. Often selfish and filled with hubris at first, through suffering and recognition of failure they begin formulating a new order of justice that will be their legacy after death. This is what endures the life of the hero and mobilizes action in those who admired the struggle. This is more of a heroic understanding of it, but even in villains there are always aspects of the tragic hero speech even if we can dismiss part of it, we can admire another bit of it and we can take that bit as a lesson we can internalize and sort of carry on.
rhetoric
the thing that brings it about both internally and externally
ruin
means "wise man" or "expert"
sophist
This is an example from the Great Debate. The ethic that the teacher has that words are warfare and argument its called the great debaters. That sort of competitive thing that they are going to destroy their opponents with words is a _______ _______. Even though it was democratic, they were teaching you how to do battle with words as you would on the floor of congress. But through words you become stronger because arguments are destroyed and the best idea wins. Its kind of a survival of the fittest of logos.
sophistical motive
An example is from the show the office. It's the episode when dwight shrute is getting an award for being a salesman and he starts reading up on moosulini and he gives a moosulini style speech at this performance. He choose this scene because 1. Dwight is adapting to the logic of circumstances (he's speaking to a crowd who he knows he wants to get pumped up) 2. there is a competitive spirt about this award and he wants to outdo. 3. and the aesthetics of it - he just loves the crowds response and he gets carried away. This is a great example of getting carried away with the crowds response and the sort of laughter that he has - he's not saying anything that makes sense but they love him. You can see in this example the excitement and the danger of rhetorical performance. If all you want is the crowd to be hype, then you'll say whatever the crowd wants to hear. what is this an example of?
sophistical rhetoric
He came up with the idea of sophists were more like performers and were people who could stand up on a stage and say anything. The sophists acted according to the logic of circumstances - what this means is that when they entered into a situation they basically read the room, so its basically someone who crashes a party and that party crasher follows the situation and adapt to it. When he says "the ethic of competition" this means as soon as you get in there you immediately find a competitor to start battling with (example: competing with a guy for attention of a bridesmaid at a party). The sophist basically just like winning that's why they are competing. The "aesthetic of exhibition" to perform in public and get the applause of somebody, there is a sort of artistry about it and loving to be on stage. what is this?
sophistical rhetoric
the logic of circumstances, the ethic of competition, And the aesthetic of exhibition. are all three central dynamics of what?
sophistical rhetoric
_____ is reasoning that seems plausible on a superficial level but is actually unsound, or reasoning that is used to deceive.
sophistry
_____ is what is gained or what is sought for when a hegemony based on democracy takes over a region and you see that a way to require power is not through manipulation, but it is through politics.
sophistry
______ is giving people in a state of power the arts by which to engage and enhance their own power and enhance the power of the place that they are in.
sophistry
in their heyday, these philosophers were considered adroit in their reasoning, but later philosophers (particularly Plato) described them as sham philosophers, out for money and willing to say anything to win an argument. They earned a negative connotation as "a captious or fallacious reasoner."
sophists
In tragedy, there is usually a "reversal" (peripeteia) which occurs when a situation seems to developing in one direction, then suddenly "reverses" to another, usually due to a fatal flaw on the part of the hero (hamartia). Then the hero, and others often dear to the hero, go through ______
suffering
The example is of Martin Luther King. He is a complex character in the sense of tragedy. This is the famous mountain top speech. He had gotten a lot of death threats before this speech in Memphis and many people told him not to go. But he goes anyways and acknowledges the fact that he might die. He directly is addressing the topic of suffering in a powerful way. Martin Luther King actually identifies necessities as water hoses, dogs, injunctions, death threats, police, possible assassins of him - all of these are necessities that are pushing against his not only being there but against the march itself happening. All of these push against him but he keeps persevering so the mosus imagery he uses of going up to the promise land is hubris because he is identifying himself with a mosus figure who is leading his people to the promise land. Its hard to say he is to blame for any of this. He recognizes the fact that he realizes that he is probably not going to live a long life and his family wont have a father, but that is the price that one pays for fighting against these necessities and he embraces it and accepts it. This is an important part of a tragic hero because they have to accept what they do and realize that is just the price of business when you are in this mode. what is this an example of?
suffering
________ comes from the resistance of the world against your own ambition. It is the things that refuse to get out of the way.
suffering
may be emotional, physical, or spiritual, but always feels connected with the choices one has made so that the hero takes responsibility for what has happened. it becomes the price paid for daring to find a new path to escape tragic necessities.
suffering
what paved the way for representative democracies across the globe?
the greek system of direct democracy
Participation of the audience in theater helped promote democratic life in Athens. The Athenian conception of democracy gave a central tole of frank and open speech. The Greek theaters democratic character is not so much a matter of taking ideological positions that are certifiably democratic, but of participating in a culture of democratic discourse and expanding it to make heard the voices of women, foreigners, and slaves who had no place in the political institutions of the polis. What tragedies do is retell the stories of the traditional Greek heroes in a way that suggests a meaning of these old tales for a new democratic and civic audience. The Greek heroes are part of the shared identity of the Greeks, but in democratic Athens there was a question of what to do with these old role models in a new political culture. what is this about?
the relationship between tragedy and democracy
An example is toilet paper. Toilet paper is of course a commodity and it has a value and it's a great innovation in human civilization. In this example we already have something that of course has a value but now its been measured as something that has an incredible value that people are now fighting over it because they have determined this thing to be of such great value to them that they are ready to go to blows about it. This is the sort of measuring of chremata - how valuable this thing is to me to use. The pragmata would be the incident that we see of these women fighting that goes on the news - we are interested in this pragmata but it is not of value to us because we have no relationship to these women fighting in the store, it's a pragmata to me because we are talking about it, but it is not of value to me. what is this an example of?
things
_______ measure quantity and existence. When we say progmata we don't just mean a physical object it could also mean that thing you did yesterday or last night was really stupid. It is an object as well as an action that is out there in the world. When we measure all things and we think about it as measure all chremata, think of it almost like human beings are the measure of all chromateries. So think of things in the world that we can measure and put a value on and that we measure them according to a certain value or price. Its how things we value come into our life are determined by our own uses and interests by our own lives and arguments.
things
encompassing the richness of the old Greek meaning of the term, pragmata are _______, but also 'deeds', 'acts' (things done), 'doings', 'circumstances' (encounters), 'contested matters', 'duties', or 'obligations'.
things
Protagoras says we measure _____ (chremata) and argue both sides about ____ (pragmata)
things, things
This is an Antigone giving a speech to creion, who is her uncle about her wanting to bury her brother properly. Creion is just telling her to move on and mind her own business. There are a lot of elements of tragedy here. Antigone is saying that she wants everything out of life and she thinks she can demand everything out of life she is dissatisfied with living an ok life of being a good mother and wife. She has enough pride to mock her uncle. So by this we see the typical tragic hero who is wanting and demanding more from life than what its giving her back she is saying "if I cant have that then ruin will come upon me and I will accept it" what is this an example of?
this is an example of Greek tragedy
It is from the Merchant of Venice. The merchant of Venice is a Jew and he is the merchant (the one who gives loans and does the mercantile business in Venice) and he gets in conflict with a Christian who is trying to swindle him and offends him. And he is trying to get back at this guy and wants to take revenge. What we see here is this outsider figure who is supposed to be this bad guy and he is pushing back against the stereotypes and its become sort of a quote for the fact that everybody is human. The famous quote is "if you prick us, will we not bleed?" this is a hymn to people that have been victimized by dominant culture who insist on their own humanity and insist on their right to take revenge on them. This becomes tragic in a way that even though he is technically the bad guy, we have great sympathy for him, this is our tragic rhetoric which is to say are moments where a character comes forward and challenges this culture. what is this an example of?
this is an example of Shakespearian tragedy
a play in which the protagonist, usually a person of importance and outstanding personal qualities, falls to disaster through the combination of a personal failing and circumstances with which he or she cannot deal.
tragedy
is a somewhat deserved punishment for something. Not just something that has happened unfairly to someone that is a good person.
tragedy
without a tragic choice there would be no what?
tragedy
without tragic choice there is no _____
tragedy
in the movie on the water front . In the movie there is a guy who works on the waterfront and his brother is a gangster that runs the union and hands out jobs to people for payback. This is a moment where they are investigating corruption of the boss and the guy who works on the waterfront is thinking about giving evidence to the FBI and his brother is being forced by the people he works for to tell him not to do that.the gangster brother doesn't kill his brother, he gives him the gun and lets him go. Meanwhile, the other brother is kind of a nobody who is going to testify but is threatening his life and others lives. And then there was another tragic element where the working brother was told to take a dive during his boxing career that ultimately ended his career. The working brother faces the toughest tragic choice because if he doesn't take the job then his gangster brother will die. "I could have been a contender" is a tragic line because he knows he missed out on an opportunity to be great is pathetic not tragic because tragedy isn't someone who is a bum who is just sitting around regretting things that they could've done in the past. what is this an example of?
tragic choice
cases in which an agent must choose between two horrific or good of repugnant options. Such choices are painful and accompanied by emotional suffering on the part of the tragic-agent. , involves a choice between two radically incompatible but equally undesirable outcomes: that whatever we do in a given situation we will be, from one perspective, acting wrongly.
tragic dilemmas
An example is when Robert Kennedy spoke after the night of kings death and he quotes Escalus by heart in his speech. He is sort of addressing the death in a sort of tragic way. He is standing in the back of a pick-up-truck during a rally and no one knew king had died yet and he announces kings death. The quote by Escalus shows that through suffering one starts thinking deeper about the meanings of things and gets to a sort of truth that one has denied about the nature of sacrifice, evil and good. what is this an example of?
wisdom
_____ is more of a sense of how the world goes around, what makes human nature great in general. what are the things worth dying for.
wisdom
______ is central to Aristotle's view of tragedy and the tragic hero's experiences
wisdom
the tragic experience is not meaningless, and its meaning, at the conclusion, is not wasted on the tragic hero; only the tragic experience itself completes the hero's journey to a deeper understanding of him or herself and the workings of the cosmos. With the fall of the hero there is gain in self-knowledge, there is, besides the appalling sense of human waste, a fresh recognition of human greatness, a sense that human life has unrealized potentialities. what is this?
wisdom
can you have tragic choices in anything? even comedies?
yes