rHiZoPUs

Arthrospore:

rectangular spores

Mucormycosis:

refers to several diseases caused by fungi.

extracellular digestion

release enzymes into food and then absorbs the nutrients

moist, dark environments

reproduce asexually

dry environments

reproduce sexually

Yeast:

single celled members of the fungi division - found in fruit and veggie skin, on grain, and in water and soil Contain cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm nucleus, vacuoles.

Microsporum

skin and hair

Epidermophyton

skin and nails

Trichophyton

skin, hair, nail infections

Microconidium and Macroconidium:

smaller and larger conidia formed by the same fungus under varying conditions

Chlamydospore:

spherical conidium formed by the thickening of a hyphal cell

Blastospore:

spore produced by budding from a parent cell

Why do fungi grow upward

spores spread through the wind so fungi grow up

mycology

the study of fungi

most common type of fungi that causes subcutaneous infections

tinea pedis (athlete's foot)

majority of fungi

unicellular or colonial

Aspergillum:

widespread; Food spoilage; human disease, spinal fluid

typical misdiagnosis fungal infection

Eczema, carbuncles, alopecia, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, aging

Favus

Favus is caused by Trichophyton schoenleinii is foul smelling yellowish crusts surrounding many scalp hairs, and sometimes leading to scarring alopecia (permanent hair loss)

complications with fungal infections

Fierce animal ringworm of the scalp can lead to a permanent scarring alopecia A florid fungal infection anywhere can induce vesication on the sides of the fingers and palms Epidemics of ringworms occur in schools Usual appearance of a fungal infection can be masked by mistreatment with topical steroids.

Tenia of nails

Initial changes occur at the free edge of the nail, which becomes yellow and crumbly sometimes with subungual hyperkeratosis.

mucormycosis

It is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes. It often affects the spinal cavity, it can affect the sinuses or the lungs after inhaling fungal spores from the air or the skin after the fungus enters the skin through a cut, scrape, burn or other skin trauma.

Sexual spore formation

Majority of Fungi reproduce Sexually at some point Simple fusion of fertile hyphae of two different strains Complex union of differentiated male and female structures and the development of special fruiting structures

way you can identify fungal infections in the lab

Microscopic examination of a skin scalping, nail clippings or plucked hair Grow on a petri dish to get cultures Woods light (UV light) reveals a blue green light

organism cause mucormycosis

Mucormycetes zygomycetes

Phialspore:

Penicillium or Aspergillus

PCP

Pneumocystis pneumonia. It is a serious infection caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii. Most people who have PCP have a medical condition that weakens their immune system like HIV/AIDS or take medicine which lowers the immune system.

athlete's foot

Soggy interdigital scaling, particularly in the fourth and fifth interspace. A diffuse dry scaling of the soles. Recurrent episodes of vesication.

Tenia disease

Trichophyton rubrum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Epidermophyton floccosum

Most common spores that reproduce sexually:

Zygospores: sturdy diploid spores formed when hyphae of two opposite straing fuse

penicillium notatum

antibiotic mold discover by Fleming

conidia

asexual spores, free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

Sporathix:

causes white spots on refrigerated meat, rose thornes

ergosterol/sterol membranes

cell membranes

chitin

cell walls

use of fungi

coagulation, building materials, packaging, clothing

rhizopus

common fruit and bread mold. life threatening and often infects sinus cavity

Porospore:

conidium that grows out through small pores in the spore-bearing cell

Fusarium:

decaying vegetation; human disease, infects lungs

dimorphs

deep seated or system infections

spores

different from bacterial spores; These are specific for reproduction, genetic variation Dispersed widely in the air because spores are light if favorable conditions- spore will germinate and produce a new fungus

Treatment

don't treat fungal infections with steroids.

coccidioides immitis

dry hot climates like deserts, Mexico. different climate than any other mold or yeast. fatal and rare

Sporangiospores

formed by successive cleavages within a saclike head called a sporangium

Dermatophytes:

fungal disease of the cutaneous or superficial. (live on skin or mucous membrane) Athlete's foot and ring worm

saccharomyces cerevisiae

good yeast, making wine, beer, bread

mycelium

group of hyphae

systemic fungal infections

immunocompromised patients, chemo patients

direct contact-

infect host (human or animal)

indirect contact

infected exfoliated skin (pedicure baths)

thrush

invades mucous member of mouth, throat, vagina. Common in diabetics, because fungus feed off sugar

woodslamp

lights up fungal infections on body

dimorphism

live as yeast at body temperature -live as mold at room temperature

hyphae

long threadlike cells that make up the bodies of the filamentous fungi or molds

most common infections

mold or yeast

microscopic fungi

molds and yeasts

candida albicans

most common form of yeast infection, causes secondary infections, vaginal infections

macroscopic fungi

mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi

histoplasmosis

obtained by breathing air containing small spore forms

Tenia capitis

Baldness, scaling, minimal inflammation, hair loss. From animal sources it causes more intense inflammation with boggy swelling, pustulation and kerion.

histoplasma capsulatum

**Found in areas where birds or bats have roosted. **Often see in chicken farms. Mississippi Area

cryptococcus neoformans

- identified by simple stain called India Ink - Most commonly infects the Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) - encapsulated yeast identified by its very large

reproduction strategies

1. growth of mycelium