RNA and Protein Synthesis review
How many amino acids are attached to a single transfer RNA?
1
How many bases are in a codon?
3
How many bases are in an anticodon?
3
_____ mutations produce changes in the number of structure of chromosomes
Chromosomal
____ are sets of three bases that code for a single amino acid
Codon
What happens during the completion of the polypeptide?
Continues until stop codon is reached. mRNA leaves ribosome
(During translation) Here at the ribosomes, the message will be translated into an ___ ____ sequence
amino acid
What is at the top of tRNA?
amino acids
Polyploidy is a condition in which
an organism has an extra set of chromosomes
A three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA that is complementary to one of the codons of the genetic information:
anticodon
During translation, each codon attracts an ____, the complementary sequence of bases on tRNA
anticodon
What are the four differences among RNA and DNA?
DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded RNA has ribonucleic acid and DNA has deoxyribose RNA has uracil, DNA has thymine RNA functions in the cytoplasm and ribosomes, DNA in nucleus
RNA polymerase used one strand of ____ as a template from which to assemble _______ into a complementary strand of ____
DNA, nucleotides, RNA
Anticodon is AUA. What is the DNA and mRNA?
DNA: ATA mRNA codon: UAU
mRNA is CUA. What is the DNA and anticodon?
DNA: GAT Anticodon: GAU
Anticodon is UUC. What is the DNA and mRNA codon?
DNA: TTC mRNA: AAG
Extra copies of a part of a chromosome are made:
Duplication
Which types of mutations can add genes to a chromosome?
Duplication and translocation
____ are spliced together to make the final mRNA
Exons
What are promoters?
Regions of DNA that have specific base sequences
What happens during the beginning of translation?
Ribosome attached to mRNA at a start codon, tRNA carries amino acid to mRNA
_____ use the sequence of codons in _____ to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains
Ribosomes, mRNA
What is a gene?
Segment of DNA that codes for a trait
What three things are included in point mutations?
Substitution, insertions, deletions
The sequences of ____ in mRNA complements the sequence in the DNA template
bases
In prokaryotes, RNA synthesis and protein synthesis takes place in the ____
cytoplasm
In _____, one base is removed from the DNA sequence
deletion
Which type of mutation can take genes away from a chromosome?
deletion
What causes a frameshift mutation? (2)
deletion and insertion
What are included in chromosomal mutations?
deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
Which type of mutation changes the order of the genes, but not the number of genes in a chromosome?
inversion
Some mutations have ____ or ____ effect
little, no
RNA may be "____" before it is used
edited
Portion of a eukaryotic gene that is translated:
exon
The remaining pieces after editing, ____, are then spliced back together to form the final mRNA
exons
Mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide:
frameshift mutation
_____ _____ can change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation and can have dramatic effects on the organism
frameshift mutations
The entire process by which proteins are made is called ______ expression
gene
What are the two types of mutations?
gene and chromosomal
The way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are all involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells is called ___ ____
gene expression
The instructions for assembling proteins are contained in the ___
genes
The ____ code specifies the amino acids and "start" and "stop" signals with their codon
genetic
Collection of codons of mRNA that directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis is a:
genetic code
The ____ ___ is generally the same in all organisms
genetic code
The sequences of bases in mRNA is the ___ ____
genetic code
Small changes in genes:
gradually accumulate over time
The central dogma of molecular biology is that ___ is transferred from ___ to ___ to ____
information, DNA, RNA, protein
In ____, a base is inserted into the DNA sequence
insertion
Long segment of nucleotides on a eukaryotic gene that has no coding information:
intron
Portions that are cut out and discarded from RNA are called _____
introns
A ___ is a chemical or physical agent in the environment that interacts with DNA and may cause a mutation
mutagen
A ____ is a change in the genetic material of a cell
mutation
In eukaryotes, RNA is formed in the ____ and then travels to the _____
nucleus, cytoplasm
Transcription occurs in the ____; translation occurs in the ____
nucleus, cytoplasm
In eukaryotes, RNA is produced in the cell's ____ and then moves to the ____ to play a role in the production of ___
nucleus, cytoplasm, protein
(During translation) The mRNA made in the ___ travels out to the _____ to carry the "_____" of the DNA
nucleus, ribosomes, message
Each tRNA carries ___ kind of amino acid
one
Piece of DNA that serves as an on-off switch for transcription:
operator
Collective name for a group of genes involved in same function, their promoter site, and their operator
operon
Ultimately, cell protein result in ____ traits
phenotypic
Gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed:
point mutation
RNA _____ is an enzyme involved in transcription.
polymerase
A specific sequence of bases in DNA carries the directions for forming a ____, a chain of amino acids
polypeptide
_____ is a long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
polypeptide
_____ plants are often larger and stronger than diploid plants
polyploidy
RNA polymerase binds only to ____
promoters
RNA polymerase binds to regions of DNA called _____, which are "start" signals for transcription
promoters
____ are signals to the DNA molecule that show RNA polymerase exactly where to begin making RNA
promoters
During translation, ____ is made and released
protein
Most RNA molecules are involved in ___ synthesis
protein
Mutations can also produce ____ with new or altered functions that can be useful to organisms in different or changing environments
proteins
The RNA base sequence directs the production of _____
proteins
Type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes:
rRNA
Describe the role of rRNA during translation
rRNA keeps proteins in place and help locate the start codon. They make up the ribosome
The ___ and ____ of amino acids in a polypeptide determine the properties of the protein
types, order
Errors can be made during ____
replication
A protein that binds to an operator and inhibits transcription:
repressor
Like DNA, _____ acid is a molecule of nucleotides linked together.
ribonucleic acid
RNA molecules that are part of the structure of ribosomes are called ____ RNA
ribosomal
On the ___, translation begins at the ___ codon
ribosome, start
Where does translation occur?
ribosomes
The cellular machinery that replicates DNA inserts an incorrect base:
roughly once in every 10 million bases
Some codons serve as a "____" and "___" signals for protein synthesis
start, stop
During translation, the process concludes when a "___ ___" is reached. The newly formed ____ and the _____ molecule are released from the _____
stop code, polypeptide, mRNA, ribosome
Translation continues until a ____ codon is research on the end of the ___
stop, mRNA
In _____, one base is changed to a different base
substitution
Type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis is:
tRNA
Which RNA carries the anticodon?
tRNA
____ adds the complementary 3 bases to a codon called an ____
tRNA, anticodo
What happens when cells cannot repair the damage caused by a mutagen?
the DNA base sequence changes permanently
An exception to the central dogma of molecular biology is:
the ability of some viruses to transfer information from RNA to DNA
All organisms are most the same in:
the molecular biology of their genes
The process of using DNA to produce complementary RNA molecules is called _____
transcription
The process of making RNA from DNA is called ____ and it occurs in the _____
transcription, nucleus
RNA molecules that temporarily carry a specific amino acid on one end are called _____ RNA
transfer
A process that puts together the amino acids that make up a protein:
translation
Process by which the sequence of bases of mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein:
translation
The process of decoding an mRNA message into a protein is:
translation
The process of assembling a protein from RNA is called ____ and it occurs in the ____
translation, cytoplasm
_____ is a group of there bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA
Anticodon
What does tRNA do?
Carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message
What does mRNA do?
Carries copies of instructions for polypeptide synthesis from the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What does rRNA do?
Forms an important part of both subunits of the ribosomes, the cell structures where proteins are assembled. Located start codon, helps bond amino acids together
Point mutation that inserts or deletes nucleotide bases:
Frameshift mutation
_____ mutations produce changes in a single gene
Gene
____ ____ is the way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are involved in putting genetic information into action in living ells
Gene expression
____ are portions of RNA that are cut out and discarded
Introns
Sections of a chromosomes are reversed:
Inversion
What happens during the assembly of a polypeptide?
Join together onto chain, tRNA leaves. Ribosome moves along chain, binds amino acids
Which of the following most accurately summarizes the effects of mutations on living things?
Many mutations have little or no effect, but some can be harmful or beneficial
Mutation that changes one or a few nucleotides:
Point mutation
_____ is a condition in which an organism has an extra set of chromosomes
Polyploidy
What ist he end product of translation?
Protein
Similar signals cause transcription to stop when a new ____ molecule is completed
RNA
____ is a single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
RNA
The enzyme _____ ______ binds to DNA during transcription
RNA polymerase
What enzyme puts together the RNA molecule?
RNA polymerase
What is translation?
The process of assembling a protein from RNA
What is transcription?
The process of using DNA to produce complementary RNA molecules
What is gene expression?
The way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells
____ is the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Transcription
What is the difference between transcription and translation?
Translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein, occurs in ribosomes. Transcription is the process by which information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of mRNA takes place in nucleus
Translation occurs in the ____, specifically on the ____
Translation, ribosomes
Part of a chromosome breaks off and attached to another chromosome:
Translocation
Mutations are important to the evolution of a species because they are:
a source of genetic variability
During translation, the amino acids ___ together, each in turn
bond
Cancer is the product of a mutation that:
causes the uncontrolled growth of cells
A _____ is a group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein
codon
A three-nucleotide sequence on the mRNA that specifies an amino acid to "start" or "stop" signal
codon
Each three-letter "word" in mRNA is known as a ___
codon
The match between the ___ and ____ ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing chain
codon, anticodon
What are the two important areas of tRNA?
codon, anticodon
What are the four similarities among DNA and RNA?
consists of a long chain of nucleotides, is a nucleic acid, contains adenine, guanine, and cytosine, and have the same phosphate group
Type of RNA that carries copies of instruction for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell:
mRNA
What is the end product of transcription?
mRNA
When transcription is finished, _____ goes out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to start stage 2
mRNA
Which RNA carries the codon?
mRNA
Which RNA codes for the amino acid?
mRNA
What are the three main types of RNA?
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
During translation, the ribosome moves along the ____, exposing the codons that attract still more ____ acids
mRNA, tRNA
During translation, ____ works with other types of RNA (___ and ____) to build proteins by ____ amino acids
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, joining
If the DNA contains the code TTGGCCAAT what is the mRNA and tRNA strand?
mRNA: AACGGUUA tRNA: UUGGCCAAU
DNA is ACC. What is the mRNA codon and anticodon?
mRNA: UGG Anticodon: ACC
The type of RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene to the site of translation is called ____ RNA
messenger
Why are insertions and deletions called frameshift mutations?
they shift the "reading frame" of the genetic message
What are four mutagens?
tobacco, pesticides, x-rays, ultra-violent light
Most of the work of making RNA takes place during ____
transcription
Process for transferring a gene's instructions for making a protein to an mRNA molecule:
transcription
