RST Exam 2 Modules 6-10
According to lecture 17.2 video, spine bifida occulta is the
Mildest form of spina bifida
Geographic distribution of older adults (know 2 maps discussed in vid lecture)
% 65 years and older: central US (great plains), Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Vegas, Florida, Arizona WHY? People can move down south when they are old and have money WHY live in North Dakota? Old farmers, stuck on the farms, attached to farms
What are the new types of treatments for SCIs
- exoskeletons - electrical stimulation of muscles - regrowing nerves
According to the Chapter 9 from your textbook, as we move through the life course, recreation and leisure motivations remain unchanged. (T/F)
False (change with age)
According to your textbook, Chapter 9, Erickson (1963), divided the life course into 10 distinct stages. (T/F)
False (eight)
Sources of income among older adults (know graph greenish gray, main source of income, etc.)
Social Security Earnings Pensions Asset Income
Spatial distribution of poverty in the U.S. (covered on a map)
Southeast (African Americans live there), along the Mississippi (Af.A.), new magnet states (recent immigrants), along US/Mexico border (Mexican Americans), around four corners (Native Americans), Appalachian mountains (caucasian), Alaska (Native Americans), counties in North/South Da
The difference between spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic cerebral palsy (differences + symptoms)
Spastic: Stiff, permanently contracted muscles, most common, effective limbs are shorter, shaking, gets worse with stress (pos or neg), vision and speaking problems Dyskinetic: 60-70% of cases, slow and controlled twisting movements of muscles face, hands, legs, etc. Ataxic: disturbance of balance and sense of direction intention tremors
What are the differences between spina bifida occulta and spina bifida manifesta? Two types of spina bifida manifesta. (symptoms, which is severe, diagnosis)
Spina Bifida occulta: affects 10-20% infants, opening in vertebrae no nerves damage, most common, dimple, birthmark, completely harmless but if you have it your children may have it Spina bifida manifesta: 1/1000th births, part of spinal cord is exposed and damaged, kids have brown sack on spinal cord = cyst with tissue covering the spinal cord, etc. Two Types: Meninocele: 4% of children, cyst with tissue covering the spinal cord and cerebro - spinal cord Myelomeningocele: 96% children, cyst with tissue covering the spinal cord and cerebro - spinal cord, nerves, and part of the spinal cord
According to Chapter 9 in Bullock et al. (2010), spina bifida is the most common form of neural tube defect and the most common birth defect that disables people for life. (T/F.)
True
The number and proportion of older adults in the U.S. (number and proportion)
The number of older adults in the U.S.- 13.1 % population= 40.4 million
According to Chapter 9 in your textbook, women are more likely to live in poverty in old age than men. (T/F)
True
According to the book chapter by Der Ananian & Janke (2010), the activity theory of aging proposes that
The way to achieve greater life satisfaction in older adulthood is through one's ability to maintain or increase involvement in social roles and leisure activities.
According to lecture 14 video, the three main reasons for the increase in the population of older adults are (T/F): 1. Baby boom generation is retiring 2. Increase in life expectancy 3. Decrease in fertility rates
True
According to the lecture 15 video, the cocktail party effect is the inability to distinguish foreground sound from background conversation. (T/F)
True
According to the lecture 16 video, crystallized intelligence measures one's ability to perform a well structured task. (T/F)
True
According to the lecture 17 video, Impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. (T/F)
True
According to the lecture 17.2 video, poliomyelitis is an acute infection of the central nervous system. (T/F)
True
According to the lecture video, the largest group of people who are homeless are single men.
True
Poverty rates in the U.S. ( know the percentage of people in poverty)
US Poverty: Homeless 1% → 3 million Female/Male Ratio Earning: 80% → reach equality in 2152 Poverty Rates Children under 18: 2015 → 19.7% (1 in 5) Poverty Rates by Racial and Ethnic Minorities: poverty was highest among AA (25.1) Hispanics (21.4%)
Social construction of aging
a society has certain assumptions of capabilities, roles and responsibilities, rights and privileges based on age
Forced leisure and true leisure
Forced Leisure: did not have a choice for leisure True leisure: Chose to have leisure → worked hard all day, deserved to take a nap and go out later
Functional versus chronological age
Functional: ability to carry out activities of daily living, ability to live independently Chronological: actual age
What is muscular dystrophy and what are its symptoms?
General designation for a group of chronic heredity diseases, characterized by progressive degeneration and weakness of voluntary muscles Symptoms include: progressive degeneration and weakness of voluntary muscles, feel extremely weak
What is the difference between impact and motion injury?
Impact: a moving object striking a stationary heard or from a moving head striking a stationary object Motion: a sudden acceleration or deceleration of the brain within the skull
. Benefits of leisure for the homeless
Inclusion Keeps them busy Reduces severity of mental disease Helps substance abuse
According to Chapter 7, interpersonal constraints are individualized factors that influence leisure preferences. (T/F)
False
According to Chapter 7, people who belong to the lower class use public facilities and recreation programs in far higher numbers than people who belong to the middle. (T/F)
False
According to the lecture 14 video, the population of older adults (65 years of age +) in 2020 was 15.5 million. (T/F)
False
The homeless person depicted in the video shown in the lecture was
A violinist and a singer
According to the lecture 15 video, osteoporosis is more pronounced among men than women (T/F)
False
According to lecture 18 video, how many new SCIs happen in the US every year?
10,000
Which of these four is NOT one of the stages of unemployment?
Affirmation (Active Job search, Pessimism, Anxiety, Distress, Fatalism or "broken attitude.)
Providing leisure services for people with arthritis
Aquatic Aerobics: the goal is mobility training, not strength training
What is arthritis and what are its symptoms?
Arthritis: inflammation of a joint Leading disability of US
According to the lecture 17 video, there are _______ common forms of cerebral palsy
3
Differences between disability, impairment, and handicap (know whats on slide + examples)
Disability: any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being Handicap: a disadvantage for a given individual that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal Impairment: any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function
According to lecture 18 video, what is the main cause of TBIs
Falls
According to the lecture video, African Americans account for ___% of the homeless population.
42%
According to the lecture 15 video, the youngest person to ever give birth was
5 Years old
What is the difference between closed head and open head TBI?
Closed head: injury that does not penetrate or fracture the skull Open head: entry of an object into the brain through the skull or an inward cracking of the skull
Leisure constraints among older adults
Cognitive abilities Money Ability to travel/drive Weather patterns Physical Social network strength
What are the causes of traumatic brain injuries?
Contact sports, motor accidents, work accidents, falls, combat/military
Core and balance leisure activities (know examples)
Core activities participation is stable throughout life span, inexpensive, don't require skills ex) walking, yoga, dancing, the park, watching TV, socializing Balance activities they change in relations to people's roles and responsibilities, fluctuate over a lifespan, more expensive, require more skill, more physical ability, more resources, more time
According to the lecture video, which of the following states/areas have the highest rates of homelessness in the US?
DC, New York, Oregon, California, Washington, Alaska, and Nevada
What is multiple sclerosis and what are its symptoms?
Def: disease of your central nervous system, effects brain and spine Symptoms include: start getting tingling/numbness periodically over the years, less strength, can't walk far, tired
Reasons for the growth of the elderly population
were having fewer kids, baby boomers are retiring, people live longer, people live healthier lives (don't smoke, eat better, exercise)
Defining poverty (Census definition and relative poverty)
Census Def.: Census Bureau uses a set amount of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition (age of f.m.) to determine who is in poverty. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold, then that family and every individual in it is considered in poverty. Relative Poverty: rank-order all the people in the community based on their income, then draw a line at 10-20% and everybody below that line is considered to be poor. A poor person is a person who cannot afford living up to community standards
What is cerebral palsy and what are its symptoms?
Cerebral palsy: damage to the motor portion of the brain, happens in the prenatal stage or during the delivery Symptoms include: never gets better or worse, born with it, combo of two or three parts, caused by damage to motor portion of brain
According to the lecture 19 video, ____________ is/are a condition that can be easily treated with an outpatient surgery.
Cataracts
Leisure motivations among older adults
Better health, spending time in a meaningful way, spend time with other people you care about, want to feel young again
The use of leisure time by older adults (how older adults use their leisure time and determinants of time use) - AR
Determinants of time use: gender, education/income levels, retirement, caregiving, race and ethnicity, marital status
Theories of aging and activity (disengagement theory, activity theory, continuity theory, successful aging) - AR
Disengagement Theory: during later life, adults and social systems mutually withdraw from each other in order to prepare for the eventual death of the aging individual. Its basic premise is that stopping participation in leisure activities and social roles leads to more life satisfaction and better adjustment into older adulthood. ------Disengagement theory is controversial because people did not agree that from withdrawing from activities and roles in society, the elderly would benefit. Activity Theory: This theory proposes that the way to achieve greater life satisfaction in older adulthood is through one's ability to increase involvement in social roles and leisure activity. -Activity theory was introduced in response to the critique of the disengagement theory. - Activity theory is the basis for much of the activity programming in senior centers, retirement homes, etc. - Continuity Theory: the continuity theory suggests that several patterns of aging could lead to positive development in later life and that adults do not need to withdraw or increase their involvement in activities to age successfully. -suggests that the pattern of involvement that was most appropriate for individuals might be linked to their personality style. -suggests individuals' preferences (for activities, social involvement, etc.) do not necessarily change just because they reach older adulthood Successful Aging: Rowe and Kahn proposed a model that identified 3 central components to adults' ability to age successfully based off of the MacArthur Foundation Study. - Avoid disease - Maintain high physical and cognitive function - Continue engagement in life—engagement with life refers to our leisure activities - This model suggests that leisure activities in later life should provide adults with the opportunity to relate to and socialize with others, to be productive and contribute to society, or just have "value" to the individual, whether they are paid or unpaid.
Types of muscular dystrophy
Duchenne MD (childhood MD): 100% mortality, only boys, 1-5 years, muscles are weak, most die by 14 Limb-Girdle MD: Effects shoulder and pelvic muscle, effect children 13-15, normal lifespan, disabled Facioscapulohumeral MD: effects women by 20s, men by 30s, starts at face muscles, goes to neck and shoulders, problems seeing, muscles disappearing and cannot be controlled
Three types of capital (economic, social, and cultural)
Economic Capital: economic resources, the money Social Capital: resources of networking, knowing people Cultural Capital: quality of education, skills, knowledge, travel
Benefits of leisure for the unemployed
Inclusion, keeps them busy, reduces severity of mental disease, helps substance abuse
According to the lecture 19 video, glaucoma is caused by
Increased pressure within the eyeball
What is poliomyelitis and what are its symptoms?
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord, viral disease of the central nervous systems, spine effected, vaccine helps prevent (3 per million cases)
Cognitive changes related to aging - intelligence (fluid and crystallized); memory (sensory, short-term and long-term)
Intelligence Crystalized: based on learning, accumulative knowledge, increases with age Fluid: biologically/genetically determined, highest at 20s then goes down, how quick/sharp you act, mixture of average and higher of parents IQ Memory Sensory: stimuli that we see, hear or feel they are received by our sensory memorybas Short-term: primary, where the information is organized and temporarily held, ability to retain impression of sensory information after the original have ended Long-term: secondary, intended for storage of information over a long period of time
According to the lecture 16 video, life expectancy
Is the projected number of years that an individual is expected to live based on his or her genetic heritage and on the environmental conditions.
According to the lecture 19 video, a person is _________ if his/her vision in the better eye, is no better than 20/200 or if his/her visual field has a maximum diameter of 20 degrees.
Legally Blind
Homelessness rates in the U.S. (know the number and percentage)
Less than 1% of the US population 41-51% African American 39% caucasian 13-17% Latino -- because stronger family ties
Life span versus life expectancy; factors affecting life expectancy
Life span: fixed maximum age, how long you live Life expectancy: the projected number of years that a person is expected to live based on his/her genetic heritage and environmental conditions Factors: gender, genetics, access to health care, hygiene, diet/nutrition, exercise, lifestyle, crime
The ways in which socioeconomic status and capital affect leisure and sport participation
Location, level of education, and occupation affect leisure, people try to conform to expectations, where you live and economic situation, blending work travel with leisure
Stages of homelessness (marginally vs recently vs chronically)
Marginally: do not live in shelters or streets, rely on friends and family for accommodation, near or at or slightly below the poverty line, do not use homeless programs Recently: not homeless more than a year, many of them live in shelters, cars, RV (temp. housing), consider their situation temporary Chronically: no home for more than a year, OR had at least 4 episodes of homelessness in the last 3 years plus have a disabling condition (mental condition)
Reasons for homelessness
Medical bills, fired from jobs, divorce, kids kicked out, savings are gone, gambling, addiction, mental illness, eviction, felony records, losing health facilities, no family supports, veterans
What is spina bifida and what are its signs and symptoms?
Most common form of defect, the congenital (born with it) deformity of the vertebra in which one of more of the vertebral arches fail to close Symptoms include: failure to close of one or more vertebral arches-dimple, tail or birthmark on spinal column
What are the major causes of spinal cord injuries?
Motor vehicles (39%), falls (20%), violence (14%), sports injuries (8%)
According to Chapter 9 in Bullock et al. (2010), ___________ is a chronic, sometimes progressive disease of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) that most often affects young adults.
Multiple Sclerosis
"True leisure" is when
One has a free choice to engage in leisure activities
What is vertebra? What are the major sections of vertebra and bodily functions they are responsible for?
Only numbers cervical vertebra=ability to breathe, homeostasis, paralysis thoracic vertebra=associated with chest and abdominal muscles lumbar=leg muscles, hips sacral=leg muscles, sexual function in men, bowel and bladder
The difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis: degeneration of joins and swelling cartilage in your joints disappear, most common (70s-80s) wear and tear; treatment: drugs and prp Rheumatoid arthritis: inflammation of different parts of the body, autoimmune disorders, the immune system attacks the tissue around the joints/linings of the joints, often mistaken for flu - fever muscle aches, sweating, you can see lymph nodes → swimming helps
What is the difference between paraplegia and quadriplegia? (know if an injury will cause either)
Paraplegia: 2 (arms/legs) a condition in which the lower extremities and/or lower torso are paralyzed Quadriplegia: 4 (arms and legs) greatest amount of disability which results from injury in the cervical area in neck
Name 4 brain lobes (+ brain stem and cerebellum) and describe major bodily functions they are responsible for. Types of major impairments associated with TBI of each of these lobes, brain stem, and cerebellum.
Parietal lobe: visuals, touches, academic skills Occipital lobe: visuals, reading Vision, hallucinations, visual illusions, difficulty reading and writing Temporal lobe: hearing, learning, memory, emotions Hearing, learning, memory, emotions Recognizing faces, understanding spoken words, visual and hearing, short term memory loss, aggressive behavior Brain stem: breathing, heart rate swallowing, reflexes for seeing and hearing, alertness, balance, sleep, nervous system Decreased breathing (speech), difficulty swallowing, balance and movement, vertigo, sleeping, inability to control blood temp Cerebellum: coordination of voluntary movements, balance and equilibrium, memory for reflex motor acts Loss to coordinate movements, loss ability to walk, slurred speech, no rapid movements, balance and walk - Frontal Lobe: motivation, attention, judgment, problem-solving, decisions making, guide/control, emotional, → changes in behavior/personality
According to the lecture 14 video, the THIRD main source of income for older adults is
Pensions
What are the main causes of death among people with SCIs?
Pneumonia, heart disease from not moving, violence
The underclass
Poor on social Assistance Long term chronically unemployed Homeless
Old age dependency (know formula underneath the graph)
Population aged 65 years and over divided by population aged 20-64 multiplied by 100 (22-28)
What is CTE? What are its causes and symptoms?
Progressive degenerative disease within the brain resulting from several repeated traumatic brain injuries (common with football players - death rate 40%) Symptoms: difficulty thinking, memory loss, impulsive behavior, aggression, depression, substance misuse, emotional instability
Recreation programs for the homeless (by the homelessness stage)
Provide transportation, pay for fees, and provide equipment apparel. Take them to malls (window shopping), sport activities for kids People who are chronically homeless can't provide traditional leisure; provide in-house therapeutic recreation programs.
Physical changes related to aging - sensory system, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and nervous system. (WHATS ON THE SLIDES)
Sensory Systems: smell, hearing, vision, touch, taste Musculoskeletal: bones, muscles, ligaments, cartilage, elasticity of connective tissues declines, bone lose calcium - osteoporosis, decline in muscle mass and strength Cardiovascular: heart muscle becomes less elastic, walls of the heart thicken - high blood pressure, arteries become less elastic - atherosclerosis Respiratory: loss of elasticity, hardening and stiffening of support tissues and airways, decreased amount of air in and out of the lungs, reserved capacity of lungs declines, lower ability to cope with air pollutants Nervous: brain→ reduction in weight and size, loss of neuron cells, longer reaction time
Characteristics of homeless people (who are the people who are homeless?)
Single Men (the largest group) Families with children (fastest growing) Single women Runaways
What are the disabilities caused by damage to cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebra? (know diagram of a spine that is in the notes)
cervical = can't breathe, paralyzed from neck down thoracic = ribs, chest, abdominal muscles, can still move arms, not able to control leg and abdomen muscles lumbar = affects hips and legs sacral = below hip bone, leg muscles, sexual function among men
Cocktail party effect
the inability to distinguish foreground sound from background conversation.