SAT 7 & 8 - HUMAN

What are the main consequences of latent errors? They: 1: remain undetected in the system for a certain length of time. 2: may only manifest themselves under certain conditions. 3: are quickly detectable by the front-line operator whose mental schemas on the instantaneous situation filter out formal errors. 4: lull the pilots into security. The combination regrouping the correct statement is: Select one: a. 1,2 and 4 b. 1 and 2 c. 1 and 3 d. 2,3 and 4

a. 1,2 and 4

External factors involved with error generation include? Select one: a. Ergonomics Economics Social Environment b. Bioendorphy Philanthropy Ornithology c. Time Duration Chronology d. Ergonomics Economics Aesthetics

a. Ergonomics Economics Social Environment

A pilot who is familiar with a small runway makes an approach to a larger and wider runway. What must the pilot be careful of? Select one: a. High approach and landing long b. High approach and landing short c. Low approach and landing long d. Low approach and landing short

a. High approach and landing long

Thinking on human reliability is changing? Select one: a. Human errors are now considered as being inevitable b. Human errors can be avoided. All it takes is to be vigilant and to extend one's knowledge c. The individual view of safety has gradually replaced the systemic view of safety d. It is thought that it will be possible to eliminate errors in the near future

a. Human errors are now considered as being inevitable

In regard to top-down processing...? Select one: a. Previous experience is compared with actual data b. Actual data is compared with previous experience c. Old data is replaced by new d. Vision is always the primary consideration

a. Previous experience is compared with actual data

The best method to avoid Confirmation Bias is to? Select one: a. Search for information that will falsify the hypothesis b. Deliberately confirm that the receiver has understood the information that has been passed to him/her c. Double-check that you have not fitted the ground over which you are passing to your map d. Precise and careful pre-flight briefings

a. Search for information that will falsify the hypothesis

What are the 3 different types of information stores ? Select one: a. Sensory stores Short term memory Long term memory b. Sensory stores Working memory Short term memory c. Short term memory Long term memory Semantic memory d. Short term memory Semantic memory Episodic memory

a. Sensory stores Short term memory Long term memory

What effect can a rainstorm between the aircraft and the runway have ? Select one: a. The runway appears to be further away, causing a high approach b. The runway appears to be nearer, causing a high approach c. The runway appears to be further away, causing a low approach d. The runway appears to be nearer, causing a low approach

a. The runway appears to be further away, causing a high approach

Name the most common problem with the long term memory and how to counteract it? Select one: a. Unless an item is recalled regularly, it becomes more and more difficult to retrieve from the long term memory store. b. Any item can be recalled from the long term memory with ease as long as it has been correctly stored c. Facts can be stored in the episodic memory instead of semantic memory. Careful attention in learning will counteract this error d. Recent events can become muddled in the long term memory. Careful attention to detail will ensure an accurate memory

a. Unless an item is recalled regularly, it becomes more and more difficult to retrieve from the long term memory store.

Human errors are frequent and may take several forms? Select one: a. an error can be described as the mismatch between the pilots intention and the result of his/her actions b. an error of intention is an error of routine c. a violation is an error which is always involuntary d. representational errors in which the pilot has properly identified the situation and is familiar with the procedure

a. an error can be described as the mismatch between the pilots intention and the result of his/her actions

In an abnormal situation the pilot has an apparently correct explanation for the problem. The chance that he/she now ignores or devalues other relevant information, not fitting into his/her mental picture is? Select one: a. increasing b. decreasing c. not applicable with old and experienced pilots d. the same, no matter if he/she has already made up his/her mind

a. increasing

Which of the following statements best fits the definition of an active error? Active error is? Select one: a. produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected via the effects and consequences which it induces on the overall action b. produced either by a front-line operator or by a remote operator and results in a hidden or latent consequence at a specific moment of the action c. essentially results from the application of a bad rule or the poor application of a good rule by airplane designers d. rare in front-line actions and difficult to detect owing to the fact that it usually occurs in a complex system of uncontrolled and involuntary deviations

a. produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected via the effects and consequences which it induces on the overall action

Once we have constructed a mental model we tend...? Select one: a. to give undue weight to information that confirms the model b. to give equal weight to contradicting and confirming information c. to alter that model unnecessarily frequently d. to give undue weight to information that contradicts the model

a. to give undue weight to information that confirms the model

Physical stimuli received by the sensory receptors may be stored for a brief period of time after the input has ceased. The visual and auditory sensory stores are lasting? Select one: a. Visual " echoic memory" lasting about 0.5 to 1 second, "auditory (aural) iconic" memory lasting up to 7 seconds b. "Auditory (aural) echoic" lasting 2 to 8 seconds, "visual iconic" lasting 0.5 to 1 second c. "Visual iconic" lasting 2 to 8 seconds, "auditory (aural) echoic" lasting 0.5 to 1 second d. "Visual iconic" lasting 3 to 4 seconds, "auditory (aural) echoic" lasting 6 to 8 seconds

b. "Auditory (aural) echoic" lasting 2 to 8 seconds, "visual iconic" lasting 0.5 to 1 second

Unless rehearsed, information held in the working memory is lost after? Select one: a. 30 - 40 seconds b. 10 - 15 seconds c. 1 - 2 minutes d. 5 - 10 minutes

b. 10 - 15 seconds

While accelerating from 225 kts to 295 kts in a straight and level cruise, the commander was convinced that the aircraft's autopilot was inoperative due to the climb he/she was experiencing. He was further concerned that the FMS altimeter was not working properly. What has the commander experienced ? Select one: a. The FMS was faulty b. The commander was experiencing a somatogravic illusion c. The commander was experiencing vertigo d. The commander was experiencing auto-kinesis illusion

b. The commander was experiencing a somatogravic illusion

What term is used to describe the perception of flying straight and level, following along steady turn, when in fact the wings are not straight and level? Select one: a. The bends b. The leans c. Coriolis d. Somatogyral

b. The leans

In the decision-making process, confirmation bias results in? Select one: a. overestimating the frequency of some events b. a tendency to look for information which confirms the validity of the decision c. choosing familiar solutions, even if they are not the best ones d. a tendency to look for approval by other crew-members, or by the ATC

b. a tendency to look for information which confirms the validity of the decision

How can the memory of the working memory be increased ? Select one: a. Repetition and chunking b. Key facts and mnemonics c. Chunking and mnemonics d. Repetition and key facts

c. Chunking and mnemonics

Episodic memory is...? Select one: a. Memory of events, held in the short term memory b. Memory of information, held in the short term memory c. Memory of events, held in the long term memory, colored by experience d. Memory of information, held in the long term memory

c. Memory of events, held in the long term memory, colored by experience

What is the danger involved with making an approach from a featureless terrain such as a dessert or ocean at night ? Select one: a. Few SAR facilities available b. Runway threshold appears further away than it actually is c. Runway threshold appears nearer than it actually is d. It's hard to fly in the dark, since the instruments are difficult to read

c. Runway threshold appears nearer than it actually is

Ergonomics is the study of design. In recent years, efforts have been made to improve the functionality and readability of aircraft instruments. What instrument from the list below has been improved upon due to the dangers associated with misreading ? Select one: a. The VSI b. The HSI c. The three pointer altimeter d. The Air Speed Indicator

c. The three pointer altimeter

For the greatest level of spatial awareness, where do the best clues come from? Select one: a. Instruments only b. Changing regularly from visual lookout to instrument flying c. Well defined visual clues d. Seat of the pants sense

c. Well defined visual clues

Human error/failures is a part of everyday life. There are two main types of error/failures, what are they ? Select one: a. Mistaken Action (active) Poor reaction b. Large Small c. Chain Isolated d. Action (active) Environmental (latent)

d. Action (active) Environmental (latent)

A pilot drops his map during a turn in flight and picks it up from the floor. On sitting up straight he feels an enormous sense of confusion and has become very disorientated. What has the pilot experienced ? Select one: a. Vertigo b. Somatogyral illusion c. Motion sickness d. Coriolis

d. Coriolis

What is the meaning of the term "Error Tolerant" ? Select one: a. Errors cannot be made b. Errors that are made may be ignored c. Errors can be detected before the flight is over d. Errors may be detected and diminished to the non-critical state

d. Errors may be detected and diminished to the non-critical state

What is the main adverse effect of expectations in the perception mechanism? Select one: a. The attention area is enlarged, thus it will lead to an uncertainty in regard to necessary decisions b. They always lead to routine errors c. The unconscious mechanism of attention leads to focus on all relevant information d. Expectations often guide the focus of attention towards a particular aspect, while possible alternates are neglected

d. Expectations often guide the focus of attention towards a particular aspect, while possible alternates are neglected

According to the basic model of information processing, sensory inputs are received by the sensory memory and are fed by various means to the working memory and a response to the stimulus is made. What happens after the response has occurred? Select one: a. Nothing. b. Depends upon the type of response c. The response is stored for future use d. Feedback is checked by the sensory system to confirm that the correct response has been made

d. Feedback is checked by the sensory system to confirm that the correct response has been made

An unnoticed way-point error entered in an aircraft data base is an example of? Select one: a. Active failure/error b. Pro-active failure/error c. Re-active failure/error d. Latent failure/error

d. Latent failure/error

What is the final phase of the judgement concept ? Select one: a. Making a decision without uncertainty b. Making a decision regardless of alternatives c. Making no decision where uncertainty exists d. Making a decision despite uncertainty

d. Making a decision despite uncertainty

If, in flight, a call is made to the pilot by ATC and the pilot responds by stopping his conversation with another crewmember in order to speak with ATC, what is this an example of ? Select one: a. Primary attention being utilised b. Sensory attention being utilised c. Good attention being utilised d. Selective attention being utilised

d. Selective attention being utilised

If one error is allow to effect a whole system, the system is described as? Select one: a. Corrupted b. Error-prone c. Error tolerant d. Vulnerable

d. Vulnerable

Select from the list below the signs of reduced vigilance i. Concentration on one task at the expense of others ii. Good communication in the cockpit iii. Poor communication in the cockpit iv. Focusing on a single instrument reading and missing other important information v. Irritability vi. High level of motivation Select one: a. i, iii, iv, v, vi b. i only c. ii, iii, vi d. i, iii, iv, v

d. i, iii, iv, v

The level of automation of behaviour-patterns facilitates the saving of resources and therefore of attention. On the other hand, it may result in? Select one: a. errors in selecting an appropriate plan of action b. mistakes c. decision-making errors d. routine errors (slips)

d. routine errors (slips)