Sc 8th grade, Greek (About the Persian War)
One of the most important/main export items in Ancient Greece
Olive oil
Temple dedicated to the Goddess Athena
Parthenon
What was built in honor of this battle?
Parthenon (192 figurines carved into walls to commemorate those who died in battle)
Three reasons why Persia set out to attack/conquer Athens in the first place
Payback, Expansion, Broken Pact/Agreement
Immortals
Persian Heavy Infantry
The tactical advantages the Athenians had during the Persian War
Phalanx Formation and Expert Sailors
What formation did Athenians use to block Persian cavalry
Phalanx formation
Who was the messenger that ran from Marathon to Athens to announce victory
Pheidippides
What was the type of religion of the Ancient Greeks
Polytheistic
Acropolis of Athens
Protected part of the city where the most famous buildings in Athens were (and are still currently) located
Son of Darius who invaded Greece
Xerxes
Who led the 2nd invasion of Greece (Persian Empire)
Xerxes I
Thermopylae Pass
a narrow passage with steep mountains on one side and a sea cliff on the other. By doing this, the Greeks could limit the advantage the large Persian army had, since only a small portion could fit through the pass at a time.
Results of the battle of Marathon
an outnumbered Athenian army used geography and phalanx tactic to their advantage. forcing the Persians to retreat and return home.
Why did the Persia Empire wanted to Expand?
domination = more land = more power
City-State Argos
established/organized system
City-State Rhodes
features the giant titan Helios (Considered one of the seven ancient wonders in of the world)
Where did the Persian empire stretch to
from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River Valley in India
Oligarchy
government ruled by rich men (Aristocrats/King) // Two or more Kings.
What is a satrapies?
province or state
What was the result when Xerxes had to postpone his planned land offensives for a year
the delay gave the Greek city-states time to unite against him. This would eventually lead to a decisive victory at Plataea, which is viewed as the end to the Persian invasion of Greece.
What was the Council of Ten Generals' job?
to decide on war strategies for Athenians
The two sons of Cyrus the Great
Cambyses and Dariues
The Athenian general
Miltiades
Span of the Persian war
499-449 BCE
Span of Persian Empire
559-331 BCE
How many Persian warships sailed across Aegean Sea taking over Greek islands (Where did they dock)
600 in Marathon Bay
Span of Greek city-states
800 - 146 BCE
Peninsula
A land form surrounded by water on three sides.
Results of the battle of Platae
A large unified Greek force was able to deliver a sever blow to the Persian army, ending the 2nd Persian Invasion of Greece.
Why couldn't Sparta assist Athens during the Battle of Marathon
A religious festival
The city-state of Delphi
A religious/spiritual center
Triremes (Greek)
A very large, low military/war or trade ship that could carry large amounts of cargo. Had three sets of oars.
Who started the Ionian Revolt?
Aristagoras
The breaking vote from council to attack Persians
Callimachus
Hoplites
Athenian heavy infantry
Why did the Persia Empire wanted to have revenge?
Athenians helped in the Ionian Revolt against Persians (c. 500 BCE several Greek city-states assisted Ionians in burning Sardis - The Persian capital, to the ground)
How did the Greeks from mainland Greece aid in the Ionian Revolt?
Athens and Sparta were asked to send manned ships. Only Athens provided help. (along with Eretria)
Places involved
Athens, marathon (easteen greece) and vrana valley
Which battle put down the rebellion during the Ionian Revolt
Battle of Lade in 494 BCE,
Artemisia
Before this battle, Persian ruler Xerxes received this advice from his trusted female advisor Artemisia.
Greek Hoplites Equipment
Bronze Greeves legs & Sandals, Short Sword, Hoplon bronze shield, Dory (Long spear), Bronze Helmet, Curaisses (Vest)
Who led the 1st invasion of mainland Greece at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE (Persian Empire)
Darius I
Who was the Persian emperor
Darius I
Key figures in the Persian Empire during the Persian War
Darius I, Xerxes I
Who was the Persian commander
Datis
What type of government was Athens and Sparta
Democracy (Athens), Oligarchy (Sparta)
Three different types of government found in Ancient Greece
Democracy, Oligarchy, and Monarchy
What was the broken pact/agreement that made Persia set out to attack/conquer Athens?
Earth and Water offering (c. 540 BCE - To the Athenians a regular/simple pact or agreement to provide military aid [ mostly against Spartans]. To the Persians = sacred pact that meant Athens was now a Persian colony and subjected to Persian ruler )
Persian Infantry equipment
Felt Cloth Cap, Wicker Shield, Cloth Shoes, Cloth & Leather Armor, Assorted weapons: Short Swords, spears, axes
Who was the Greek general who successfully defended against a larger Persian force at the Battle of Marathon
General Miltiades
who decided to lure the Persian fleet into the narrow waters of the strait at Salamis, where the large Persian ships had difficulty maneuvering.
Greek Commander Themistocles
Results of the battle of Thermopylae
Greeks used the narrow Thermopylae pass to defend wave after wave of Persia attack; 300 Spartans stayed behind while the Greeks retreated and regrouped.
Results of the battle of Salamis
Greeks used their geography and skills of sailing to defeat the larger Persian fleet, giving the Greeks more time to organize a larger force.
Why did Cyrus the Great take over the Greek colonies in Anatolia/Asia Minor (present-day Turkey) c. 546 BCE
He wanted to expand his empire
Who led the first Persian Empire?
King Cyrus the Great
Who led his 300 Spartans and Greek allies at the battle of Thermopylae
King Leonidas
Key figures in the Greek city-states during the Persian War
King Leonidas, General Miltiades
King of Sparta
Leonidas
The 4 Key battles in the Persian War (in chronological order)
Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, Platea
Why were satraps valuable to the established Persian provinces?
Since they were the "governors" of those areas, their presence helped to facilitate communication & influence trade with the building of the Royal Road.
Span of royal road
Sousa to Sardis (Not much later, the capital was moved to Persepolis under King Xerxes (486-465 B.C.) son of Darius
Describe the geography of Greece
The Greeks lived on rocky, mountainous lands surrounded by water on a peninsula.
How did the Persian Wars begin?
The Ionian Greeks rebelled against their Persian rulers
Achaemenid Empire
The Persian Empire established by Cyrus the Great
Who is Herodotus?
The historian that predicted the Ionian Revolt was "just the beginning of trouble for both the Greeks and the Persians," foreshadowing the Persian Wars
The Phalanx formation
The line of hoplites in battle with their shields and spears up