SC155 Midterm (chapter 1-5)

Matures: 1925-1942 Work hard; have a sense of duty; willing to sacrifice; have a sense of what is right; work quickly Baby Boomers: 1943-1960 Value personal fulfillment and optimism; crusade for causes; buy now, pay later; support equal rights for all; work efficiently Generation X: 1961-1981 Live with uncertainty; consider balance important; live for today; save; consider every job as a contract Millennials: 1982-2002 close to their parents; feel "special"; are goal-oriented; are team-oriented; focus on achievement

Age

When you confirm someone's evaluation of something, you affirm their judgment. "I think the movie Gone Girl was awful! Especially in the way it represented marriage!" "Yes, I think it had a very dark perspective of how partners impact each other in romantic relationships."

Agreement About Judgments

*Focuses on facts. *Withholds judgment until all data is gathered. Weighs both sides of an issue *Prefers well-organized information, prefers rich message content.

Analytical Listening Style

- Group associations provide social support and information about our identity. - Religious groups, political groups, ethnic groups, social groups, study groups, professional groups. - Some born into; others choose on own.

Associations with Groups

a message that is not read, heard, or seen exactly when it is send; there is a time delay between the sending of the message and its receipt

Asynchronous messages

Learned predisposition to respond to a person, object or idea in a favorable or unfavorable way. Likes/Dislikes. Love the Cubs!

Attitude

theory that explains how you generate explanations for peoples behaviors

Attribution theory

The way in which you structure your understanding of reality: what is true and what is false for you. True/False. Do not believe they will go to the World Series.

Belief

Low self esteem can impact how we communicate and interact with others. The authors identified multiple methods of improving how you think about yourself and interact with others. Which of the following is NOT one of those methods:

Hold on to the past: replay negative experiences over and over again to reinforce your innate issues and flaws.

attributing a variety of negative qualities to those you dislike

Horn effect

Interactions with individuals Associations with groups Roles you assume Self-labels Your personality and biology

How Your Self-Concept Develops

Ask appropriate questions Accurately paraphrase Provide well-timed responses Provide usable information Accommodation theory

How to Improve Accurate Responding Skills

Critical listening Assess information quality Information triage Separate facts from inference

How to Improve Critical Listening Skills

Empathy Imagine what your partner is thinking Social decentering Think about how you would react Reflect on what you know about the other person

How to Improve Empathic Listening Skills

Don't interrupt Paraphrase emotions Provide helpful social support

How to Improve Empathic Responding Skills

Engage in self-talk Intrapersonal communication Visualize a positive image of yourself Visualization Avoid comparing yourself with others Reframe appropriately Reframing Develop honest relationships Let go of the past Seek support Social support Talk therapy

How to Improve Your Self-Esteem

1. Focus on what the person is saying 2. Notice how they are expressing ideas. 3. Listen for the emotional message under the words 4. Verbally reflect what you understood the speaker said. "Are you saying . . . " "You seem to be describing . . . " "Here is what I understand you to mean . . . " "So, here's what seems to have happened . . . "

How to paraphrase

Human communication takes place when a message is sent and received.

Human Communication as Action

This interactive model views communication as a linear step-by-step process, where both the source and the receiver send and receive messages at the same time. (example: instant messaging, email, and phone call)

Human Communication as Interaction: Message Exchange

- When speaking face to face, you are constantly reacting to your partner's responses - Based on systems theory - Meaning is created based on a concurrent sharing of ideas and feelings - Most realistic model for interpersonal communication

Human Communication as Transaction: Message Creation

the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through the use of verbal and nonverbal messages

Human communication

Form of communication interference caused by emotional arousal.

Emotional noise

The word empathy comes from a Greek word for 'Passion' and is related to the German word einfuhlung, which means 'to feel with.' An emotional reaction that is similar to the reaction being experienced by another person.

Empathy

The process of transmitting a group's culture from one generation to the next.

Enculturation

What is the process of communicating a group's culture from one generation to another called?

Enculturation

sequence of interactions between individuals, during which the message of one person influences the message of another

Episode

Individual perceptions or perceptions by a culture or group of people about key beliefs and issues~ such as death, God, and the meaning of life ~which influence interaction with others.

Worldview

Athletes use this type of self talk to give themselves mental pep talks, to encourage themselves, to remind themselves they have the skills and ability to perform a task. This type of communication is called:

Intrapersonal Communication

Interpersonal communication has three distinct characteristics that define it. Identify which of the following is not unique to this type of communication:

It is an interaction that is defined exclusively by the number of people who communicate.

perception that occurs because you seek out specific information through international observation and questioning

active perception

verbal or nonverbal communication about communication

Metacommunication

Anything literal or psychological that interferes with the accurate reception of a message.

Noise

to be aware of the thoughts, needs, experiences, personality, emotions, motives, desires, culture, and goals of your communication partners while still maintaining our own integrity

Other-Oriented

The process of focusing on a particular sound or message. *You are more likely to attend to messages that meet your needs. *You are more likely to attend to messages that are consistent with your attitudes or interests. *Conflict, humor, new ideas, real/concrete items more likely to draw your attention.

attending

You are sitting in Jeanne Harris' Interpersonal Communication class listening to a phenomenally relevant lecture, when you hear the student behind you talking about a party planned for the upcoming weekend. As you sit there taking in details about the party, you are drawn back to the lecture content, when you hear, "And that is what will be on the test Friday." Which stage of the listening process is reflected at the point where you return to focusing on what the instructor is saying?

attending

perception that occurs without conscious effort, simply in response to ones surroundings

Passive perception

the process of experiencing your world and then making sense out of what you experience.

Perception:

The physiological process of decoding sounds is known as:

hearing

Becoming other-oriented involves a two-step process, empathizing and

social decentering

While listening to Kelly's account of her day and all of the trials and tribulations she endured, Tom is taking into account Kelly's thoughts, values, background, and perspectives during the interaction. Thus, Tom is engaging in

social decentering

The originator of a thought or emotion who creates and disseminates a code that can be understood by a receiver.

source

When we try to present a positive image of ourselves to others, we are being mindful of how we talk to and interact with others. This is called projecting a positive face. When we try to help others do the same, we are helping them protect their own sense of face. The theory that people maintain a positive perception of those who help them save face is called:

Politeness theory

The process of choosing one sound while sorting through various sounds competing for your attention

selecting

For example, a self-concept might include such beliefs as 'I am easygoing' or 'I am pretty' or 'I am hardworking.'" (Weiten, Dunn, & Hammer, 2012) "At first one's self-concept is very general and changeable... As we grow older, these self-perceptions become much more organized, detailed, and specific."

self concept

people predict the future of a relationship based on how they size up someone during their first interaction

Predicted outcomes value theory

When Beth first met Katie at work, Katie was impatient, stressed out, and irritable. For quite a while, Beth had a negative impression of Katie and tried to avoid her. In reality, Katie is kind and even-tempered. Which of the following best describes why Beth persisted in seeing Katie in a negative light?

Primacy Effect

tendency to attend to the first pieces of information observed about another person in order to form an impression

Primacy effect

How to Enhance the Quality of Online Intercultural Relationships

Provide more explicit verbal references to your feelings and emotions Consider asking more questions than you normally would to clarify meanings and the interpretation of messages Use "small talk" to build a relationship

a connection established with another person through communication

Relationship

the implied aspect of a communication message , which conveys information about emotions , attitudes, power, and control

Relationship dimension

Improving Your Listening Skills

Stop Look Listen Go!

How to Enhance the Quality of Online Intercultural Relationships (Continued)

Summarize and paraphrase messages that you receive to increase the accuracy of the message content Remember and respect the difference between your time zone and the other person's time zone If you find a relationship is awkward or you notice an increase in conflict, use the richest medium you have

To place a familiar structure on information you select. People search for and apply patterns to their perceptions of other people.

Superimpose

When you express reassurance and understanding, you confirm a person's right to their feelings. "I'm disappointed that I didn't get an offer for that job. I really had my heart set on it!" "I'm so sorry, I know that job was important to you."

Supportive response

word, sound, or visual image that represents something else, such as a thought , concept , or object

Symbol

Acknowledgement of someone else's feelings.

Sympathy

a message that is send and received simultaneously

Synchronous messages

*Focuses on achieving a specific outcome/task completion. *Listens for verbs-what needs to be done. *Want to do something with the information heard; want it to serve a purpose or function.

Task-Oriented Listening Style

Don't text when you are with someone else, without apologizing Don't text if you have had too much to drink Don't text while driving Don't say anything in a text you wouldn't say in person Don't send bad news by text

Text Messaging Etiquette

Most scholars conclude that each of us has a core set of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that constitutes our self-the sum total of who we are. Our concept of self can change by influences or experiences. William James is credited with breaking down three classic components of self. Which of these is not included?

The looking-glass self

Which of the following statements about race is TRUE?

There is more genetic variation within racial groups than between racial groups.

observing a small sample of someone's behavior and making a generalization about what the person is like based on that sample.

Thin slicing

Listening Styles

Relational Analytical Critical Task-Oriented

feelings of stress and anxiety a person experiences when encountering a cultural different from his or her own

culture shock

Which barrier to effective intercultural communication is involved when Rashed, a Saudi Arabian exchange student, is confused when his British host mother tells him to put the luggage in the "boot"?

different communication codes

A woman observes what she believes is her boyfriend flirting with the waitress at a restaurant where the couple is having dinner. The woman decides to ask her boyfriend what he was doing. The boyfriend claims he only smiled at the waitress. In this case, the wife decided to use which of the following to be clearer on the situation?

direct perception checking

social classification based on nationality , religion, language, and ancestral heritage, shared by a group of people who also share a common geographical origin

ethnicity

what is Interpersonal Communication's Importance to Your Life

- Improved relationships with family - Improved relationships with friends and lovers - Improved relationships with colleagues - Improved physical and emotional health

what are 4 other forms of communication

- Mass communication - Public communication - Small group communication - Intrapersonal communication

Interpersonal Communication and the Communication Process

- Source (Encoding) - Message - Channel - Receiver(Decoding) - Noise - Feedback - Context

Five principles form a foundation by which we begin to understand the nature of interpersonal communication. One of the principles explains that, like physical matter, once communication has been created, it cannot be uncreated. Identify the principle referred to:

. Interpersonal Communication is Irreversible

Three Stages of Interpersonal Perception

1. Selecting 2. Organizing 3. Interpreting

Adjust your attitude Straighten your posture Smile Make eye contact Raise your eyebrows Shake hands Lean in slightly

7 Tips for 7 SecondsSuggestions for making a good first impression

2/3 of the immigrants on this planet come to the U.S. More than 30% of graduate assistants teaching in U.S. universities are foreign born 1 of 8 U.S. residents speak a language other than English at home Non-Hispanic whites constitute a minority of the population in Texas, New Mexico, and California

A Diversity Almanac

theory of attribution that identifies the cause of a persons actions as circumstance, a stimulus, or the person himself or herself

Causal attribution theory

Seeking greater understanding, confirming that s/he is worth your time and trouble. "I feel like Pat and I aren't as close as we used to be." "Do you feel like working different shifts is impacting your relationship?"

Clarifying response

A microculture; a distinct culture within a larger culture.

Co-Culture

suggests that genetic and biological influences play a major role in influencing communication behavior.

Communibiological approach

the process of acting on information

Communication

We are likely to be less truthful about ourselves online than face-to-face (FtF) FtF relationships are reported to be more serious in tone than exclusively online relationships Levels of satisfaction are the same for both types of relationships The more clear college students are about their own self-concept, the less likely they are to develop online relationships A strong correlation has been found between being a heavy user of the Internet and reporting greater feelings of loneliness

Comparing Your "Cyber Self" and Your "Realspace Self"

Contemporary theorists argue that the most sophisticated model of communication views communication as a transaction, where each element influences all of the other elements of the process at the same time. This approach to communication is based on

Contemporary theorists

All communication takes place within a physical and psychological environment

Content

Organize information into convenient, categories that let us make sense of what we have observed.

Create categories:

*Focuses on logic. *Listens to data for errors, inconsistencies, discrepancies. *More likely to catch errors in logic and reasoning.

Critical Listening Style

The communication of emotion and relationship cues is limited in certain types of EMC because non-verbal signals including facial expression and tone of voice are eliminated from the interaction. Which of the following theories describes this phenomenon?

Cues Filtered Out Theory

learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms shared by a group of people

Culture

Imagine what your partner is thinking. Social decentering: a cognitive process in which you consider another's thoughts, values, perspective, background. Think about how you would react. Reflect on what you know about the other person Imagine what your partner is feeling Listen compassionately (open, nonjudgmental, nondefensive), listen actively(being physically and mentally engaged).

Developing Empathic Listening Skills

Time Anonymity Deception potential Nonverbal cues Role of the written word Distance

Differences Between EMC With Face to Face (FtF) Communication

Which of the following statements about discrimination is TRUE?

Discrimination is unfair or inappropriate treatment of people based on their group membership.

Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communication

Ethnocentrism Different communication codes Stereotyping and prejudice Assuming similarities Assuming differences

External distractions that make it difficult to sustain attention to a message.

External noise

Face Facework Protecting your face through: Positive face Preventative facework Corrective facework Protecting others' face through: Politeness theory Face-threatening acts

Facework: Presenting Your Self-Image to Others

Social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) The fewer cues available, the more likely stereotypical perceptions of the other person will emerge People form stereotypes not only on the basis of the qualities of other people, but from context cues about those with whom others associate How to not make stereotypical judgments of others online Be mindful of the potential for developing inaccurate stereotypes online Be cautious of the conclusions you draw about others' personality and characteristics As you prepare your online profile, look at your information with the other-oriented perspective of how others may perceive you online

Forming Stereotypes Online

socially learned and reinforced characteristics that include ones biological sex and psychological characteristics

Gender

attributing a variety of positive qualities to those you like

Halo effect

The physiological process of decoding sounds

Hearing

When you drive through a fast-food restaurant, place your order, pay, and are thanked with "Have a nice day" by the clerk, you are engaging in __________ communication.

Impersonal

a process that occurs when we treat others as objects or respond to their roles, rather than to who they are as unique persons ("I-It" Martin Buber)

Impersonal communication

your unique set of beliefs and hypotheses about what people are like

Implicit personality theory

theory that explains how you develop perceptions about people and how you maintain and use those perceptions to interpret their behaviors

Impression formation theory

collection of perceptions about others that you can maintain and use to interpret their behaviors

Impressions

Be aware of your personal perception barriers Be mindful of the behaviors that create meaning for you Link details with the big picture Become aware of others' perceptions of you Check your perceptions Indirect perception checking Direct perception checking Become other-oriented

Improving Interpersonal Perception Skills

First advanced by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902. The concept that suggests that you learn who you are based on your interactions with others, who reflect your self back to you. Related to the frequency of the message presented, whether the message is perceived as credible, and the consistency of the message.

Interaction with Individuals: Looking-Glass Self

Communication between or among people who have different cultural traditions.

Intercultural Communication

Ability to adapt one's behavior toward another in ways that are appropriate to the other person's culture.

Intercultural Communication Competence

communication between or among people who have different cultural tradtions

Intercultural communication theory

the distinctive, transactional form of human communication involving mutual influence, usually for the purpose of managing relationships. *focuses on the uniqueness of others ("I-Thou" Martin Buber)

Interpersonal Communication

- Become knowledgeable, skilled, and motivated - Become other-oriented - Egocentric communicator - Ethics

Interpersonal Communication Competence

Interpersonal communication: Connects us to others Is irreversible Is complicated Is governed by rules Involves content and relationship dimensions

Interpersonal Communication Principles

- Electronically mediated communication (EMC) - Mood - Emotional contagion - Hyperpersonal relationship

Interpersonal Communication and Technology

the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting your observations of other people.

Interpersonal perception

the final stage of perception in which we assign meaning to what we have observed. Attempt to interpret the meaning of the verbal and nonverbal cues you experience.

Interpreting:

Once we have created categories, we link them together through a process called punctuation.

Link categories

Selecting Attending Understanding Remembering Responding

Listening

Being self-absorbed Conversational narcissism Selective listening Unchecked emotions Emotional noise Criticizing the speaker Ambush listener Differing speech rate and thought rate Information overload External noise Listener apprehension

Listening Barriers

Which of the following statements about gender differences in communication is true?

Men tend to approach communication from a content dimension.

*Listen for emotions and feelings. *Tries to seek common interests, seeks to empathize with the feelings of others. *Tries to connect, emotionally, with the sentiments and passions of others.

Relational Listening Style

Process of making sense out of stimuli by grouping, dividing, organizing, separating, and categorizing information.

Punctuation

a group of people with a common cultural history, nationality, or geographical location, as well as genetically transmitted physical attributes

Race

tendency to attend to the most recent information observed about another person in order to form or modify an impression

Recency effect

Roles create labels that imply certain expectations for behavior. Important in shaping self-concept. Gender/relationship/ professional

Roles You Assume

followable prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, preferred, or prohibited in certain contexts

Rule

the process of filling in missing information or gaps in what we perceive. We impose a pattern or structure and classify the person on the basis of the information we do have, filling in with our own assumptions.

Seek Closure:

the process of focusing on specific stimuli, locking on to some things in our environment and ignore others.

Selective attention

the tendency to put ourselves in situations that reinforce our attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors. We expose ourselves to situations that reinforce how we make sense of the world.

Selective exposure

the process of seeing, hearing or making sense of the world around us based on factors including beliefs, attitudes, personality, culture, personal likes/dislikes

Selective perception

the process that occurs when we remember things we want to remember and forget or repress things that are unpleasant, uncomfortable, or unimportant to us. Some experiences may be too painful to remember; some information may not be relevant or necessary.

Selective recall:

sum total of who a person is; a persons central inner force

Self

The way we describe ourselves, our attitudes, beliefs, values, characteristics. Labels come from our experiences. Self-reflexiveness: the human ability to think about what you are doing while you are doing it

Self Labels

Self and interaction with others Symbolic interaction theory Self and your future Self-fulfilling prophecy Self and interpretation of messages

Self and Interpersonal Relationships

Assertiveness (tasks) Responsiveness (relationships)

Self and communication social style

Self-disclosure Self-awareness Johari window model

Self and disclosure of others

Need for inclusion Need for control Need for affection

Self and interpersonal needs

a persons subjective description of who he or she is

Self-Concept

A person's belief in his or her ability to perform a specific task in a particular situation.

Self-Efficacy

A prediction about future actions that is likely to come true because the individual expects it to happen. In doing so, they create events so that the prophecy comes true.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

When Lori got an A on her Communication in the Workplace paper, she concluded that she was indeed smart. The next week, however, when she failed her Biology test, she blamed the professor's "confusing" questions for her poor result. Lori is using what barrier to accurate perception?

Self-Serving Bias

How much you value yourself. A number of different factors can impact self-esteem, including how we compare ourselves to others and how others respond to us.

Self-esteem:

suggests that people can learn behavior that helps them adapt and adjust their behavior toward others.

Social Learning Theory

Cues used to identify class distinctions: *Way of life *Family *Job *Money *Education "Social class encompasses a socially constructed category of identity that involves more than just social factors; it includes an entire socialization process." Social Psychologist Michael Argyle

Social class

the feeling that comuniaotrs have of engaging in unmediated face-to-face interactions even though messages are being send electronically

Social presence

theory that a persons social position, power, or cultural background influences how the person perceives the behavior of others

Standpoint theory

theory that claims people seek information in order to reduce uncertainty , thus achieving control and predictability

Uncertainty reduction theory

Stage One: Selecting Selective perception Selective attention Selective exposure Selective recall Thin slicing

Understanding Interpersonal Perception

Stage Two: Organizing Create categories Superimposing Link categories Punctuation Seek Closure Stage Three: Interpreting

Understanding Interpersonal Perception (Continued)

Enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong. Values are more resistant to change. Instilled by our earliest relationships. Good/Bad. Being loyal to the hometown team is important.

Value

Identifying Barriers to Accurate Interpersonal Perception

We stereotype We ignore information We impose consistency We focus on the negative We blame others, assuming they have control Fundamental attribution error We avoid responsibility Self-serving bias

When someone has difficulty focusing on anything but themselves and their own experiences and ideas, they may be guilty of

conversational narcissism

true / false Is the following statement an accurate statement about the nature of communication: "All interpersonal relationship problems are always communication problems."

false

true/false A co-culture is a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people.

false

true/false For the average person, interpersonal listening skills are significantly better than speech listening skills.

false

true/false Imposing consistency is an effective tactic for improving your perception skills

false

true/false The term gender refers to the biological differences between men and women.

false

true/false The three stages of the interpersonal perception process are: select, organize, and integrate

false

true/false Theorists continue to debate the process by which an emotional response is generated following an experience. We know that our emotional reaction to what we experience has a profound impact on how we relate to others. Please response true or false to the following statement: The consistent belief between all three theories maintains that we are never truly in control of our emotions.

false

true/fasle Clothing, body size and shape, age, and other aspects of personal appearance are superficial and have no effect on our interpretation of a message.

false

Rex likes Karl, in part, because he thinks Karl is fun, smart, and energetic. When Paul points out to Rex that Karl is a terrible driver, Rex refuses to believe it. Perhaps Rex's perception is clouded by the __________ effect.

halo

What is a culture called that relies heavily on nonverbal information to enhance message meanings not explicitly communicated through language?

high-context

what is the communication process

human communication as action , human communication as interaction, human communication as transaction

When the president of the United States is giving the State of the Union address, he is engaging in __________ communication.

mass

Written, spoken, and unspoken elements of communication to which people assign meaning. Can be sent intentionally or unintentionally, verbally or nonverbally.

message

The process of confirming your understanding of a message. *Responses can be verbal: asking questions, making confirming statements. *Responses can be nonverbal: making eye contact, nodding your head, making gestures, crossing legs and moving closer.

responding

Anything literal or psychological that interferes with a message being interpreted as it was intended.

noise

Tim is listening to his teenage daughter pour her heart out about her rotten day at school. He should use what listening style?

people-oriented style

Consists of a set of enduring behavioral characteristics and internal predispositions for reacting to your environment.

personality

The process of recalling information. *Details of lesser significance are stored in short-term memory. *Events, conversations, and other significant date are stored in long-term memory

remembering

Morgan creates categories by applying a familiar structure to information she has selected so she can interpret that information. Morgan is

superimposing

Andrew and Sam have known each other for years and are the best of friends. Sometimes they are so alike they seem like twins. Because of the similarities between the two,

they are more likely to achieve accurate understanding.

true /false Most people spend between 80 percent and 90 percent of their waking hours communicating with others.

true

true/ false Compassionate listening includes being open, nonjudgmental, and non-defensive.

true

true/false Interpersonal perception is the process by which we decide what people are like and give meaning to their actions.

true

true/false Analytical listeners focus on facts and tend to withhold judgment before reaching a specific conclusion.

true

true/false Most people spend between 80 and 90% of their waking hours communicating with others.

true

true/false Personal values are enduring concepts of good and bad, right and wrong. They are central to our personal behavior and our concept of self. While attitudes can change based on a person's experiences, core values are so central to who you are that they are quite resilent to change.

true

true/false Research shows that you can increase your chance for success by having a positive attitude and establishing high expectations of yourself and your abilities.

true

true/false Selective recall occurs when we remember things we want to remember and forget or repress things that are unpleasant, uncomfortable, or unimportant to us.

true

true/false The theory that suggests that all people adapt their behavior to others to some extent is called communication accommodation.

true

The process of assigning meaning to sounds. *People understand best if they can relate what they are hearing to something they already know. *The greater the similarity between individuals, the greater the likelihood of more accurate understanding (similarities between religions, family lifestyles, values & attitudes). *You understand best what you experience.

understanding

Cues-filtered-out theory Media richness theory Social information-processing theory

understanding EMC