Scom final

Describe the characteristics of an appropriate or effective oral citation.

Appropriate citation is a citation that is used correctly and states the origin of that point. Effective citations make it clear to people exactly where you got the information from and it gets through to the audience with ease.

Explain how connotative meaning differs from denotative meaning.

Connotative meaning is the idea or concept a word suggest in addition to its literal definition. Denotative meaning is the literal meaning of a word.

Explain the two aspects of every message: Content and relationship.

Content of a message is what is actually said than done. The relationship is how the message defines the association between individuals.

Define what culture is.

"culture is a learned set of enduring values, beliefs, and practices that are shared by an identifiable, large group of people with a common history"

Define persuasion.

. Persuasion is a communication process of converting, modifying or maintaining the attitudes and/or behavior of others.

Explain the major differences between low-power distance and high power-distance cultures.

A low PD culture values equal power sharing and discourages attention to status differences. High PD cultures have a strong emphasis on maintaining power differences.

Explain the major differences between low-context and high-context communication styles.

A low context communication style is verbally precise, direct, assertive, self enhancing and explicit. High context communication uses indirect verbal expression.

Explain the major differences between feminine and masculine cultures.

Feminine culture is affection, nurturance, compassion, sensitivity etc. These are feminine stereotypes. Masculine is dominance, assertiveness, competitiveness etc. These are male stereotypes.

How does a speaker create credibility and identification in an introduction?

If the speaker has any sort of expertise on a certain topic, they should disclose it to the audience to make their speech more reliable and valid. The examples utilized in the speeches can also help establish credibility and the speakers identity.

Define the general purpose, specific purpose, and central idea in public speaking.

In public speaking, general purpose identifies the overall goal you are trying to prove to your audience and why. General purpose is used to inform, describe, explain, demonstrate, etc. After the general purpose is identified, the thesis must be developed. This is the central idea that you want the audience to understand, believe, and feel. This central idea is concise in order to stick in the audiences mind throughout the speech. A specific purpose is developed after your thesis and is a concise, clear language of both the general purpose and the central idea that explains what the speaker is hoping to get across.

Define the three types of listening (informational, critical and empathic).

Informational listening attempts to comprehend the message of the speaker. Critical listening is the process of evaluating the merits of claims as they are heard. Empathetic listening involves us to take the perspective of the other person and to listen to what that person needs and wants

How might the use of slang, jargon, and euphemisms influence the understanding of a communication message?

Jargon can pose a misunderstanding of a message because it is so short and specific. Euphemisms are nicer and gentler words that take the place of a much harsher word or message, which can create an inappropriate situation. Slang is informal words put together, so you must have knowledge that your audience will understand the phrase or word before you use it.

How does one avoid plagiarism?

Quoting what someone else said when you plan on using it, paraphrasing, summarizing and citing

Explain the three elements of the perceptual process (selecting, organizing, and interpreting).

Select: what we pay attention to Organize: perception into schemas (prototypes, stereotypes, scripts) Interpret: what it means or how we perceive it (context)

Explain what a self-serving bias is and how it influences our interactions (personal traits, situations)

Self serving bias is the tendency to attribute our successful behavior to ourselves but to assign our unsuccessful behavior to external circumstances. We take credit for our own success but blame our failures elsewhere.

What are the components of a competent presentation body?

Topic, Thesis, Purpose Statement, Main Point, Main Point One must work from largest statement, onto more specific ones, and so on.

Identify the organizational pattern used in speeches (topical, spatial, causal, chronological, problem-solution, and Monroe's Motivated Sequence).

Topical- shapes information according to types, classifications, or parts of a whole Spatial- provide information based on segments of space Causal- explaining why things happen, then the consequences; or vise versa Chronological- provides a certain sequence of events in the order that they happened problem-solution - explores the nature of a problem and proposes a solution Monroe's Motivated Sequence- Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

What should be considered when choosing a topic (speaker, subject, occasion, and audience)?

When choosing a topic, you should consider your personal ideals and interests to better connect to the speech you're giving. To formulate a topic, you can also scan resources such as the internet and magazines. You should also consider the ability to blend the topic with your audience. You have to keep in mind the ideals of other people and to restrain from demeaning, inappropriate topics. It's also important to find the intent and the goals you are trying to get across to the audience.

Define ethnocentrism, cultural relativism, and multiculturalism.

ethnocentrism - seeing our culture as the center of the world, other cultures cultural relativism - all cultures are equal and cultural practices should be judge in the context of their own culture multiculturalism - a movement that says all cultures are equal and should be treated as such

What are the rules for constructively and appropriately self-disclosing and responding to self-disclosure?

self-disclosing rulestrustcultural appropriatenesssituational appropriateness reciprocal sharingincremental disclosure responding in order to deepen relationships reciprocating disclosure is importantbut in other scenarios (i.e. counselor or dr.) they should only listen and do not need to be involved in reciprocal sharing

Explain the abstracting process (sense experience, description, inference, and judgment).

sense experience- approximating our physical world description- "verbal reports that sketch what you perceive from your senses" inference- "conclusions about the unknown based on the known" judgment- "subject evaluations of objects , events, or ideas

Explain how culture influences communication.

there are many differences in cultures and so communicating with an unfamiliar culture you could accidentally insult someone by miscommunicating if you are not very careful

How do constructive versus destructive communication climates influence relationships?

A constructive communication climate is composed of a pattern of openness and supportiveness. These two general elements are We-oriented, where our individual agendas are secondary to the relationship. A destructive communication climate is composed of a pattern of closedness and defensiveness. You develop a protective reaction to a perceived attack on our self-esteem/ self-concept.

What is the difference between a fact and an inference?

A fact is a conclusion drawn on something that is known, and an inference is a conclusion about the unknown based on the known.

What are the critical elements of a competent speech introduction?

A good introduction for a speech grabs the audiences attention, makes the purpose clear in a short statement, incites the importance of the speech topic, and gives structure to the main points of the argument.

Explain the differences between the major delivery styles (manuscript, memorized, extemporaneous, and impromptu).

A manuscript speech is prepared beforehand, and read like an essay to the audience. It's a good option of speaking for when the speaker needs to use exact wording/ phrasing to properly communicate their topic, but to an unpracticed speaker, this type of speaking can come across as too stiff, and it'll be more difficult to hold the attention of the audience. Memorized speeches are exactly that, when you try to remember the exact thing you'll say during your presentation. Like manuscript speaking, it takes practice to be able to do this effectively. A drawback of this type of speech is that it'll sound very practiced, and you have the risk of forgetting parts of your speech. Impromptu speaking is done with less preparation, but not no preparation. Things to do for an impromptu speech are to prepare a speech outline and anticipate that you'll be speaking, and remember key points to what you'll say. An extemporaneous speech is done with an outline that you'll have during your speech. When done well, this type of speaking can sound spontaneous, and the speaker can respond to the audience in real time.

Identify and discuss how propositions of fact, value, and policy are used in persuasive speeches.

A proposition of fact alleges a truth. an example is "open carry gun laws would provide significant protection against criminals. A proposition of value calls for a judgement that assesses the worth of something like an idea. a proposition of policy calls for a change from how problems are currently handled.

List the characteristics of an ethical communicator.

An ethic communicator will possess the characteristics of respect (treat people how you want to be treated), honesty (do not deceive your audience), fairness (prejudice is not welcome), choice (free will of audience decisions) , and responsibility (We oriented).

How are the preparation and presentation of a speech influenced by audience analysis?

Audience analysis leads the presentation to have the audience in mind. When creating a speech, one must consider ways to build bridges between the speaker and the audience in order to make the speech more appealing and interesting. In addition, it is important to consider the audience when preparing the speech as well. Attempting to identify what type of audience is being approached is the first step in preparing a successful speech. Being able to identify the type of audience allows one to use skills to keep the audience entertained.

Explain the major differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures.

Collectivistic cultures are often more similar and individualistic cultures are a more dissimilar population.

Define communication competence and describe the skills needed to be an effective and appropriate communicator.

Communication competence is engaging in communication with others that is perceived to be both effective and appropriate in a given context. To be an effective and appropriate communicator: Effectiveness is the degree in which you have progressed towards achieving your goals, a litmus test of communication competence. You must have a WE first not ME first attitude. Appropriateness is viewed behavior that fits the context and can only be measured in a specific environment. We determine it by the elements who, to whom, why, to where, when, and how it is transmitted.

Explain the problems that can interfere with competent informational listening (conversational narcissism, competitive interrupting, glazing over, pseudo-listening, and ambushing).

Conversational narcissism: tendency of listeners to turn the topics of ordinary conversations to themselves without showing sustained interests in others' topics.Competitive interrupting: occurs when we dominate the conversation by seizing the floor from others who are speakingGlazing over: occurs when listeners' attention wanders and daydreaming occursPseudo-listening: pretending to listenAmbushing: occurs when we listen for weaknesses and ignore strengths of a speaker's message

How does culture influence nonverbal communication?

Different cultures have different nonverbal communications. In some cultures it is a sign of respect to make eye contact while communicating with another person. Having a full understanding of appropriate nonverbal communication will enhance your culture communication competency.

Identify and discuss how the three Aristotelian modes of proof (ethos, logos, and pathos) are used in persuasive speeches.

Ethos: Using Ethos in persuasive speech is convincing or persuading the audience through authority or credibility from the speaker or who is trying to persuade the audience. They could use a reliable or experienced person in the topic of the speech or presentation. (example: As a dentist, I see this problem a lot, I recommend you start using sensitive toothpaste.) Logos: Using Logos in persuasive speech is convincing the audience based on logic and facts. (example: Those who have a dog will be 42% happier than those who don't have a dog, therefore you should get a dog.) Pathos: Using Pathos in persuasive speech is convincing the audience through emotion. Strikes an emotional response among the audience to get them to agree with you. (example: The emotional SPCA commercial where they show all the dogs shaking out in the cold to persuade you to give them money)

Explain the role of rules in communication contexts.

Every communication context is guided by rules. Those rule will either be explicit, meaning they explicitly stated, or implicit, meaning they are implied or indirectly indicated. Explicit rules might be concerned with text content, photos, or numbers of characters allowed. Rules that you have to abide by. Implicit rules, on the other hand, are ultimately implied by patterns of behavior. Rules that you don't have to be told to do. Implicit rules might not be stated, but a violation of the rule might lead to an explicit statement of the rule.

Explain how nonverbal channels of communication differ from verbal channels.

Explain how nonverbal channels of communication differ from verbal channels. - nonverbal communication is multichannel vs. verbal which is single channeled - degree of ambiguity is greater with non-verbal communication - nonverbal communication has no discrete beginnings and endings unlike verbal - nonverbal communication is sometimes unintentional

What impact do various delivery considerations have on an audience (eye contact, vocal variety, verbal fluency, poise, dynamism)?

Eye contact helps to connect the presenter with their listeners. To improve eye contact it is important to know your presentation so you aren't constantly looking at the powerpoint. Tone of voice influences the mood of the audience. If the presenters voice is flat, it can make the audience uninterested. It is important to avoid vocal fillers such as um and like because it affects the fluency of the speech.

Explain the differences between the three models of communication: linear, interactive, and transactional.

Linear-involves a sender who sends a message through a channel to a receiver in an atmosphere of noise Interactive- (the ping-pong view) Includes feedback, which clearly indicates that communication is not a one-way, but a two-way process and adjustments are made based on this feedback Transactional-assumes that people are connected through communication; recognizes that communication influences all parties involved

What are the most common myths about communication?

Myth 1- Communication is a cure-all -Some problems are unsolvable and communication can make more problems if it is not dealt with correctly Myth 2- Communication is just common sense -People are convinced that they knew things before learning them, but this is not always true: "hindsight bias" Myth 3- Communication Quantity Equals Quality -serial arguments: same points brought up, hurting the situation even more

Explain how nonverbal communication functions in relationship with verbal communication (repetition, substitution, regulation, contradiction, accentuation).

Nonverbal communication is interconnected with verbal communication in multiple ways. Repetition diminishes ambiguity and enhances the accuracy of the message. Accentuation intensifies the message being delivered depending on the tone of voice. Substitution involves nonverbal cues such as a yawn or a wave. Regulation is signified by pauses in speech, signaling that it is okay for the other person to speak and basically it is a conversational traffic cop. Contradictions are mixed messages and they have a highly disruptive impact on problem solving groups.

How does the oral style of communication differ from a written style?

Oral Style: We usually use simpler sentences than when we write because oral is less formal. In oral style of communication is highly interactive you are able to use emotion in your voice and able to mold the speech the way that you want it such as repeat word to show the significant meaning. Written Style: In order to pull off a written speech the speaker needs to be precise in spelling errors, grammar mistakes, and fragmented sentences. Written style of communication tends to be more stiff and does not allow the speaker to be flexible.

Describe the three dimensions related to communicating "empathy."

Perspective taking is trying to see how others see; putting yourself in their "shoes." Emotional Understanding is participating in the feelings of others; happiness, anxiety, frustration. Concerns for others is you caring for what happens to others.

What are some guidelines for managing speech anxiety?

Prepare and practice, gain perspective, communication orientation, coping statements, positive imaging, relaxation techniques, systematic desensitization are all guidelines for managing speech anxiety. All of these factors combined together will allow for a less stressful speech process in general.

What is a perceptual schema (prototype, stereotype, and script)?

Prototype: best example of somethingStereotype: generalization about a group or category of peopleScript: predictable sequence of events that indicates what we are expected to do in a situation

Define self-concept and describe how it is formed (reflected appraisal, significant others, and society)

Self-concept is the sum total of everything that encompasses the self-referential term "me", your identity; roles we normally participate withReflected appraisal: refers to messages you receive from others that assess your self-concept, metaphor of a mirror; look for a reflection from others, ones we are commonly interacting withSignificant others : you need significant others to shape your self-concept, value opinions most highlySociety : evaluating yourself by comparing yourself to others

What are signposts and transitions, and how are they used in constructing a presentation?

Signposts are points in a speech that let the audience know when something is about to be said. Transitions are what connects different points together. Both of these help keep the presentation organized and makes it easier for the audience to follow.

Explain the problems that can interfere with competent critical listening (skepticism, true belief, and cynicism).

Skepticism: process of listening to claims, evaluation evidence, and reasoning supporting those claims and drawing conclusions based on probabilities, always challenging beliefs and asking or evidenceTrue belief: willingness to accept claims without solid reasoning or valid evidence and to hold these beliefs tenaciously even if contradictory evidence disputes themCynicism: nay-saying, fault finding and ridiculing

Explain the four elements common to all languages (structure, productivity, displacement, and self-reflexiveness).

Structure is the most essential element of any language. Productivity is the capacity of language to transform a small number of phonemes into whatever words, phrases and sentences that you require to communicate your abundance of thoughts and feelings. Displacement is the ability to use language to talk about objects, ideas, events and relations that don't exist. Self-reflexiveness is the ability to use language to talk about a language.

What are the components of doing an audience analysis, and how is a speech adapted based on those components (demographics, values, beliefs, & attitudes)?

The components of doing an audience analysis is knowing the five types of audiences: captive, committed, contrary, concerned and casual. You have to gauge an audience based on demographics like age, gender and culture. You have to find common ground and be able to relate to them as well as sensitive yourself to diversity and see other points of view.

What are the critical elements of a competent speech conclusion?

The conclusion should focus on summarizing the main points, looping back to the main introduction point, and leave the audience with a really strong cliffhanger.

What are the criteria for evaluating supporting material?

The criteria for evaluating supporting materials includes: -credibility: is it reliable and valid? -relevance: does it relate directly to the claims made? -sufficiency: is there enough supporting material that corresponds to the claims?

Explain how our perceptions of others can influence our communication with them (first impressions, primacy effect, negativity bias, attribution error, stereotyping, self-fulfilling prophecy)

The first impression is the initial impression of someone, it is very hard to change. Primacy effect is the tendency to be more influenced by initial information gathered about a person rather than information gained later. Negative Bias is the tendency to be influenced more heavily by negative than positive information. Attribution error is blaming someones personal traits rather than the situation s they are put in. Stereotyping is putting people into certain groups before getting to know them personally. Self-Fulfilling prophecy is acting on a wrong expectation that produces the expected behavior and confirms the original impression.

Explain the major types of nonverbal communication (kinesics, paralanguage, territoriality, proxemics, and haptics).

The first major type of nonverbal communication is kinesics, which is the study of both facial communication, as well as gestures, such as wide eyes, crying, smiling, disgust, etc. The second type of nonverbal communication is paralanguage. These are vocal cues that are typically divided into three classifications: vocal characterizers (laughing, yelling, crying, yawning, etc.), vocal qualifiers (volume, tone, pitch, rhythm, etc.), and vocal segregates ("uh-hum," "oooh," "shh," etc.). Paralanguage is basically just how you sound. The third type of nonverbal communication is territoriality, which has to do with defending your personal space. It is a predisposition to defend a fixed geographic area, territory, as one's exclusive domain (Burgoon et al., 1996). The fourth type is proxemics, which is the study of how distance and territoriality influence our communication. There are four types of spatial relationships based on distance: intimate, personal, social, and public distances. The fifth type of nonverbal communication is haptics, or the study of touch. The types of touch are functional-professional touch (least intense), social-polite touch (initial introductions- ex. handshake), the friendship-warmth touch (most ambiguous type), and the love and intimacy touch (between close friends, family members, spouses, and lovers).

What distinguishes informative speaking from persuasive speaking?

The general purpose of an informative speech is to teach your audience something new, interesting, and useful while the general purpose of a persuasive speech is to convince your listeners to change their viewpoints or behaviors

Define listening by its basic elements (comprehending, retaining, and responding).

The listening process starts with comprehension, which is the shared meaning between two parties in a conversation. Retaining is important because it is the basic for which meaning is constructed. Responding is a third element of listening and it involves providing feedback to the other speaker.

What are the main types of supporting materials used in speeches?

The main types of supporting materials are examples, testimonies, and hypotheticals.

What are the primary dimensions of credibility (competence trustworthiness, dynamism, and composure)?

The primary dimensions of credibility are competence, trustworthiness, dynamism, and composure. Competence is the audience's perception on how well the speaker knows the topic they are speaking about. Trustworthiness is how truthful or honest the audience believes the speaker is. Dynamism is the amount of energy, enthusiasm, forcefulness the speaker exudes. Lastly, composure is how emotionally stable, confident and put together the speaker papers to be.

What are the types of visual aids that can be used during a speech?

The types of visual aids that can be used during speech are object, models, graphs, maps, tables. They can appear on many types of media such as chalkboards, whiteboards, posters, handouts, and video excerpts.

Define the basic communication elements contained in the communication models (channel, sender, receiver, message, encode, decode, context, fields of experience, noise, and feedback)

channel- medium through which a message travels , such as oral or written sender- initiator and encoder receiver- decoder of message encode- put ideas into a message decode- translate the ideas fields of experience- include our cultural background, ethnicity, geographic location, extent of travel, and general personal experience accumulated over the course of a lifetime noise-interference with effective transmission and reception of a message feedback- the receiver's verbal and nonverbal responses to a message

How do depth and breadth of self-disclosure influence the building of relationships?

depth - how personal you get about a particular subject breadth - range of subjects discussed they work together to create more intimate relationships, and are critical factors when connecting with others

What are some of the influences on perception?

gender ex: women should be thin (shown in models) culture ex: men should be muscular (shown in media) past experiences ex: were you an athlete, have people commented on your weight before mood ex: how you feel at that specific moment context ex: where are you seeing them at the gym, at McDonald's, in school?

Why is reciprocal sharing important?

it "demonstrates that trust and risk taking are shared"

What is self-disclosure?

it is the process of purposely revealing to other personal information about yourself that is significant and that others would not know unless you told them

What are guidelines for the competent usage of visual aids?

keep aids simple, make aids visible, make aids neat, attractive, and accurate, don't block the audience's view, keep aids close to you, put the aid out of sight when not in use, practice with aids, don't circulate your aids, don't talk in the dark, anticipate problems

Explain the two versions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and their relationship to culture.

linguistic determinism"we are prisoners of our native language unable to think certain thoughts or perceive in certain ways because of the grammatical structure and lexicon of our language" linguistic relativity- "grammar and lexicon of our native language powerfully influence, but do not imprison, our thinking and perception" different cultures have different languages and therefore different cultures make different things perceivable and un-perceivable ex: Italians have a lot of words for pasta that would translate to things gross to eat in other languages/cultures

Describe the listening response styles associated with empathic listening and non-empathic listening.

non-empathic listening response styles evaluative response - making judgements advising response - telling others how to react interpreting response - explaining meaning content-only responses - ignoring feelings empathic listening response styles probing response - asking questionsclarifying questions exploratory questions encouraging questions supporting response - bolstering others understanding response - paraphrasing and perception checking