SDSU Anthropology 101 Inquisitive Chapter 10

Australopithecus robustus was a ______ australopithecine found in ______.

-robust -Swartkrans, South Africa

Which of these features are associated with bipedalism as seen in humans?

-s-shaped curve of spine -short ilium

Which of the following limb features are associated with bipedalism as seen in humans?

-valgus knee -nonopposable big toe -length of the leg

Place the following australopithecines in the chronological order in which they likely lived, from oldest to most recent.

1. Australopithecus anamensis 2. Australopithecus afarensis 3. Australopithecus garhi 4. Australopithecus sediba

The events surrounding the Piltdown fossil discoveries provide important lessons for the scientific community. Place in chronological order the events that occurred before and after the excavations at Piltdown Common.

1. The leading scientific hypothesis was that a large brain was the most important human feature 2. Piltdown mas was found in southern England and is determined to be early human ancestor 3. Australopithecus africanus was found in South Africa 4. Piltdown man was discovered to be a hoax

Place the following important evolutionary events in chronological order. These events define hominins as a group.

1. evolution of bipedalism 2. increase in enamel thickness 3. regular use of stone tools 4. enlargement of brain to around 1,4500 cc

The following functions support bipedal locomotion. Drag each one to the body part that facilitates that function.

1. places head on top of body 3. provides stability 6. pushes body towards and acts as shock absorber

The numerous parallel dotted lines on this map indicate the location of an important feature on the landscape. What is it?

East African Rift zone

The evolution of bipedality involved a trade-off, resulting in both positive and negative effects. Match each effect of bipedality to "positive" or "negative" as appropriate.

Positive: -free hands -ability to see greater distances Negative: -ability to be seen in the landscape -strain on body

Drag the dentition features to show which ones are similar between humans and nonhuman primates and which ones are different.

Similar: -molar morphology Different: -shape of canines -thickness of enamel

For which reason is Australopithecus afarensis notable?

This species lived in a great diversity of habitats

You are an anthropologist who has studied early hominin bones and concluded that there is a high degree of sexual dimorphism in body size in those species. What are the implications of your argument?

Your argument falsifies Owen Lovejoy's provisioning hypothesis because his hypothesis requires a decrease in sexual dimorphism

Differentiate the characteristics of hominin (including human) canines from those of nonhuman, ape canines.

nonhuman ape: -large pointed and projecting upper canines -wear on the back of the canine -diastema hominin: -wear on the tip of the canines

Australopithecus anamensis is the oldest species currently known in the genus Australopithecus.

true

Bipedalism is a key defining feature of hominins.

true

Several _______, especially the well-represented Australopithecus afarensis, had lower limb morphology indicating very ________ locomotion.

- -human

Which of the following are features of the pre-australopithecine Orrorin tugenensis?

-6 mya -found in the Tugen hills -bipedal femurs, but no knee joint

Complex tool use is one of the characteristics of modern humans, yet the first tool users and makers are difficult to determine definitively. Still, various hominins have been associated with tool use. Identify the early hominins that have been shown to use tools.

-Australopithecus garhi -Homo habilis -Australo-pithecus afarensis

Choose the factual statements about the site of Bouri.

-Australopithecus garhi was found here. -Only indirect evidence of stone tool use in the form of cut marks and smashed bones has been found here. -Bouri is located in the Middle Awash, Ethiopia.

Which of the following statements about Australopithecus platyops is true? Drag the phrases to the appropriate box.

-Australopithecus platyops is associated with a woodland habitat. -Australopithecus platyops had a relatively flat face. -Australopithecus platyops is one of the most poorly represented hominins.

Which of the following facts falsify Charles Darwin's hunting hypothesis?

-Bipedalism arose early in hominin evolution, and large brains emerged millions of years later. -Bipedalism arose early in hominin evolution, while intensive use of chipped stone tools appeared much later.

Which of the following statements best characterize the patchy forest hypothesis?

-Bipedalism is more efficient for medium- and longer-distance travel than is quadrupedalism. -Some forests became patchy, requiring greater distances to be travelled between food sources.

The scientist _______ concluded that because of the remarkable anatomical similarity between humans and various species of ______, the continent of Africa was hominins' likely place of origin.

-Charles Darwin -African apes

Match each hypothesis to the scientist(s) who proposed it.

-Charles Darwin: hunting hypothesis -Owen Lovejoy: provisioning hypothesis -Peter Rodman and Henry McHenry: patchy forest hypothesis

Which of the following are true according to Lovejoy's provisioning hypothesis?

-If males provision the females who raise their young, then they increase their viable mating opportunities. -Female devotion to one single offspring at a time negatively affects male reproductive success. -With the freeing of the hands, males could contribute to parental investment in their young.

Mary and Louis ______ worked for years at the famous hominin site of _________ in the country of Tanzania, where they located numerous archaeological sites and hominin remains.

-Leakey -Olduvai Gorge

The earliest chipped stone tools are generally called _____ and the earliest of these tools date to about _____ mya.

-Oldowan -2.6

Olduvai Gorge, located in the Great Rift Valley in Tanzania, is one of the most important sites for human evolutionary discoveries and is often referred to as the "cradle of humankind." Identify the statements that describe the site of Olduvai Gorge.

-Olduvai Gorge contains layers of exposed geologic strata. -Australopithecus boisei and Oldowan tools were found at Olduvai Gorge.

The provisioning hypothesis proposed by _______ focuses on the advantages of _______ for the survival of the mother and offspring.

-Owen Lovejoy -monogamy

While often only one or two paleoanthropologists are associated with a particular fossil discovery, in reality they work with large teams of people. Identify the correct statements about the teams that uncover and analyze fossils.

-The famous anthropologists whose names are associated with the discoveries are not native to the country in which the fossils are found. -Team members are often native to the country in which the fossils are found.

Many features distinguish modern humans from the nonhuman apes. However, only two of these features define hominins. Why?

-These two traits arose in the common ancestor of all hominins, but are not found in the nonhominin apes. -Proper taxonomic groups are always defined by the traits that are shared among members of the group but not found in closely related species. -The evolution of hominins involved several different changes that happened at different times. Only two of these features evolved early enough to apply to all the hominins.

Match the following food acquisition behaviors to the hominin tool type or technology most likely used to carry it out.

-cobbles or chopper: smashing bone to access marrow -South African bone tools: digging into termite mounds or digging for roots -chipped stone tool flakes: cutting meat or other foods

Which of the following are important features of the pre-australopithecine Sahelanthropus tchadensis?

-dates to 7-6 mya -one of few hominin fossils found in Central Africa -prominent brow ridges

Which of the following are accurate descriptions of both Australopithecus aethiopicus and Australopithecus boisei.

-had enormous chewing muscles indicated by the large attachment areas and a sagittal crest -had very large molars (cheek teeth) -also known as robust australopithecines

Ardipithecus ramidus was a transitional species in many ways, with some features that were apelike, some humanlike, and others that were a mosaic of both. Place "apelike," "humanlike," or "mosaic" on the correct feature.

-humanlike: head -apelike: hand -mosaic: feet/toes

Which dental traits characterize the hyper-robust australopithecines?

-large molars -large front teeth

Which of these characteristics are associated with Australopithecus afarensis? Indicate the correct characteristics by dragging the phrases to the appropriate box.

-nondivergent big toe -diverse diet indicated by diverse tooth wear

Match the features to the appropriate species.

Australopithecus anamnesis: -most similar to pre-australopithecines -found near Lake Turkana Australopithecus afarensis: -The short-statured individual, "Lucy," is a member of this species. -associated with an extensive fossilized footprint track in Laetoli

Which of the following hominins is represented by the map and information provided below? -3.5 MYA in age -A lesser-known hominin from about the same time as Au. afarensis -Discovered by Meave Leakey and her colleagues at Lomekwi, on the western side of Kenya's Lake Turkana -Habitat was mainly woodlands -Face was unusually flat

Australopithecus platyops

Using the graphic and the information provided below, identify this hominin by choosing the correct answer. -May have descended from Au. afarensis -Large teeth and large face -Prominent sagittal crest -South African -Found at Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Drimolen

Australopithecus robustus

You are presented with a fossil that was just excavated. This fossil skull has a large face, large molars, and a prominent sagittal crest, suggesting it is _____ .

Australopithecus robustus

Match each anatomical feature of Australopithecus sediba to the genus that usually shows the most similarity to that feature.

Australopithecus: -long arms -small brain Homo: -noncurved phalanges -broad pelvis

Choose the correct statement about nonhoning chewing and bipedalism.

They preceded speech and the use of stone tools by several million years

Match the physical features on the left to the type of locomotion on the right.

biped: -valgus knee -shortened pelvis quadruped: -elongated pelvis -straight knee