Section 9-1, 9-2 Chemical Pathways
What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?
6O2 + C6H12O6 ---> 6CO2
At the end of glycolysis, how much of the chemical energy in glucose is still unused?
90 percent
What are the 3 sources of ATP a human body uses at the beginning of the race?
ATP already in muscles and new made by lactic fermentation and cellular respiration
How does the cell get glycolysis going?
Put in energy - 2 molecules of ATP are used
What happend to pyruvic acid during the Krebs Cycle?
broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions
During rapid exercise, how do your muscle cells produce ATP?
by lactic acid fermentation
How many calorie make up 1 calorie?
1000 kilocalorie
How many ATP molecules are formed during the cellular respiration?
2
Why is the 4-carboncompund generated in the breakdown of citric acid the only permanent compound in the Krebs cycle?
It's ready to accept another 2 carbon
How does fermentation allow glycolysis to continue?
NADH converts to NAD+ allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP
When electrons join NAD+ and FAD during the Krebs cycle, what do they form?
NADh and FADH2
What are the two main types of fermentation?
alcoholic lactic acid
What problem does a cell have when it generates large amountsof ATP from glycolysis?
all of the cells NAD+ molecules are filled with electrons which causes ATP to stop
What would be the problem if cellular respiration took place in just 1 step?
all of the energy from glucose would be released at once and most of it would be lost in the form of light and heat
What is a calorie?
amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree cell
High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed into and along the
electron transport chain
The ATP sythase uses the energy from the moving ions to combine ADP and phosphate, forming high-energy
electrons
Cellular respiration begins with a pathway called?
glycolysis
Where does glycolysis take place?
in cytoplasm
H+ ions build up in the ______ space, making it ______ charged and making matrix negatively charged
intermembrane - positively
Why can glycolysis supply energy to cells when oxygen is not available?
it does not require oxygen
What is the function of NAD+ in glycolysis?
it helps pass energy from glucose to other pathways of the cell
What does the electron transport chain use the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle for?
its composed of a series of carrier proteins located inner membrane - cell membrane
The energy from the electrons moving down the chain is used to move H+ ions across the
membranes
What happens to each of the 3 carbon atoms in pyruvic acid when it is broke down?
more carbon is released
What is NAD?
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Where does the electron transport chain get the high-energy electrons that are passed down the chain?
passed from 1 carrier protein to the next
In the presence of oxygen, how is the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis used?
passes to Krebs Cycle
How are photosynthesis and cellular resp. opposite in terms of oxygen?
photosynthesis releases oxygen into atmosphere while cellular resp. uses that oxygen to release energy from food
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration opposite in terms of carbon dioxide?
photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide form the atmosphere while cellular resp. puts it back in
H+ ions move through channel of _______ in the inner membrane
proteins
How is citric acid produced?
pyruvic acid enters mitochondrion a carbon removed changing NAD+ to NADH
What happens to the small amount of alcohol produced in alcoholic fermentation during the baking of the bread?
pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis
What happened to the energy of glucose that is not used to make ATP molecules?
released as heat
Where do the Krebs Cycle and electron transport take place?
the mitochondria
What is the energy of the electrons used for every time 2 high-energy move down the electron transport chain?
transport hydrogen ions across the membrane
If the cell uses 2 ATP molecules at the beginning of glycolysis, how does it end up with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules?
when glycolysis is complete, 4 ATP molecules have been produced
Why is the Krebs cycle begin?
when pyruvic acid is produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion
What orgsm use alcoholic fermentation?
yeasts other micromolecule orgsm