Self-Determination Theory (EXSC)
Integrated regulation
the process of engaging in a behavior in order to confirm one's sense of self; i run because i am a runner, part of who you are
What is motivation?
the psychological feature that arouses an individual to act toward a desired goal the reason for the action or the energy that directs our behavior stems from different sources
Introjected regulation
when a behavior is dictated by a self-imposed source of pressure; should do something or be active, example if you have a chronic condition you become active
Identified regulation
you want to lose a certain amount of weight; when behavior is motivated by personal goals
Motivation stems from different sources:
1. Pursue positive outcomes (feeling good, weight loss) 2. Avoid negative outcomes (exercise to avoid heart problems, weight gain) 3. Like or enjoy behavior
Self Determination Continuum
Amotivation (non-regulation), Extrinsic motivation (external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation) Intrinsic motivation (intrinsic regulation)
Levels of Motivation 2
Contextual motivation: relatively stable pattern of motivation experienced in a particular context
Self Determination Theory
Deci and Ryan (1985); theory of motivation, application to PA, rehab adherence; not just amount of motivation; type is important too
Levels of Motivation 1
Global motivation: degree of motivation normally experienced by an individual across most behavioral domains, personality trait
Levels of Motivation 3
Situational motivation: motivation experienced in a particular activity at a specific point in time
From theory to practice
an individual who exercises for reasons reflecting low self determination would be less likely to adhere to a program than someone who exercises for pleasure intervention should increase try to increase intrinsic motivation
Recommendations for Rehab: Autonomy
asses reasons for motivation to return to exercise: more volitional vs. more external reasons athlete sets own time frame for return to exercise: help exerciser navigate external pressures to return sooner provide sense of agency to give participants options within rehab exercises
Recommendations for rehab: competence
assist participants with settling realistic expectations (don't expect too much to soon) develop short term rehab goals and provide participants with many opportunities for success provide participants with progressive physical challenges that they can successfully meet without physical pain put participants in contact with others who have had successful rehab with similar injury (use role models to build self efficacy
Extrinsic
characterized by exercise that is done: because i have to or i should, the same way but expecting different results, out of shame or guilt
Intrinsic
characterized by exercise that is done: because i want to, because i don't feel good or like myself when i don't, because it is part of my life now
Opportunities to increase competence
design an intervention that leads the individual to feel successful in mastering the activity, use clear and appropriate communication strategies, celebrate meaningful successes, be respectful of the person's efforts
Intrinsic regulation
engage in behavior for its own sake or the pleasure its provides
Intrinsic motivation
engaging in a behavior for reasons of inherent pleasure, satisfaction, or personal challenge, like to do it
External regulation
example would be health benefits; engaging in a behavior for the purpose of obtaining an external reward or avoiding an externally applied punishment
Intrinsic Benefits
feels good to them is enjoyable provides a sense of mastery
Self determination theory
for physical activity interventions ;targets motivation; means and types of motivation towards physical behavior
Opportunities to increase autonomy
give choices and options relate the exercises to the client's goals avoid coercive and controlling encouragement
SDT- Three primary needs
individuals posses 3 primary psychological needs: 1. Autonomy (self-determination): personally choose the behavior and not pressure, choice, similar to perceived behavioral control 2. Competence (experience mastery): can control outcomes and experience success, similar to self-efficacy, building confidence 3. Relatedness (social interactions): feel connected to and appreciated *individuals seek challenges that satisfy one or more of these needs
opportunities to increase relatedness
introduce the person to other participants, give tips and instructions on the expected behavior in the context including proper etiquette, communicate understanding of the client's perspective
Recommendations for rehab: relatedness
keep participants involved with training partners/social support networks develop supportive relationship with participant: provide emotional, tangible, informational support
Amotivation
no interest at all; relative absence of motivation or lack of intention to engage in a behavior
Reward structures
positive reinforcement: reward people for behavior to keep them motivated key point for those modifying behavior: use rewards cautiously external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation;
Extrinsic Benefits
reduce the risk of disease lose weight and body fat enhance fitness look forward to future events reduce clothing size
Summary of SDT
the basis of self determination is that people have the capacity to choose behaviors based on inner desires and perceptions autonomy competence relatedness