Self-Determination Theory

casuality orientations thoery

understand motivational dynamics as characteristics of persons long term impact on thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and health causality orientations are developmental outcomes

basic psychological needs theory

unifying principle, innate autonomy: experience of behavior as reflectivity self-endorsed (opposite heteronomy) competence: experience of behavior as masterful, capable/affective (opposite incompetence) relatedness: experience of mutual supportive and caring relationships, give and receive love (opposite disconnection, alienation) across domains, lifespan, cultures, gender, social class

organismic-dialectic meta-theory assumptions

active vs passive nature (humans are active - seek opportunities for choice - but are vulnerable to passivity) source of energy (behavior energized by physiological, psychological, and emotional needs - can be complimentary or antagonistic) direction of behavior (regulated by choice and volition or pressure and control) tendency towards unity vs fragmentation (humans tend towards unity but are vulnerable to fragmentation and alienation)

OIT correlates of autonomous motivation

associated with higher levels of task persistence and performance, task interest, enjoyment, and creativity, relationship quality, psychological and physical health has benefits across development and cultures

OIT autonomous vs controlled motivation

autonomous motivation: endorse one's behavior fully, choice and volition, intrinsic motivation, integrated and identified regulation controlled motivation: coerced into behavior, pressure and obligation, external and introjected regulation

causality orientations

autonomous: develop in supporting social context (own needs initiate behavior, information - what can I learn, autonomy) controlled: develop in pressured social context (external cues/demands initiate behavior, controlling - what is the world telling me to do, control) impersonal: develop in absence of social context (no link between actions and outcome, incompetence - I am incapable, amotivation and passivity) people have some of each

facilitative conditions (CET)

autonomy-relevant: goal choice, strategy choice, task involvement, promotion of task interest competence-relevant: optimal challenge, positive feedback, informational rewards relatedness-relevant: empathy, warmth, security of attachment

undermining conditions (CET)

autonomy-relevant: pressure towards specific outcome, punishment contingencies, goal imposition, deadlines, controlling rewards, ego involvement, surveillance competence-relevant: non-optimal challenges, negative feedback relatedness-relevant: "cold" interactions, lack of positive involvement

organismic integration theory

can extrinsic motivations be internalized? internalization: the active natural process of coming to endorse the value of an extrinsically motivated behavior, necessary for self-initiation and maintenance of behaviors for social-functioning

mini theories

cognitive evaluative theory: how events facilitate or undermine intrinsic motivation organismic integration theory: relative autonomy of extrinsic motivation, conditions that facilitate internalization of extrinsic motivation causality orientations theory: individual differences in general motivational styles basic psychological needs theory: relation of psychological needs to wellness, universality of needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness) goal content theory: development and correlates of life goals or aspirations

consequences of aspiration attainment GCT

contemporary: people feel good when they attain their goal SDT: people feel good when they attain intrinsic goals Rochester study: how much do you value intrinsic/extrinsic aspirations? attainment? well/ill being?

overview of SDT

empirically based approach to human motivation, emotion, and personality basis for healthy functioning: satisfaction of basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness begins with the self

GCT extrinsic aspirations

financial success social recognition attractive appearance

correlates of causality oreintations

high autonomous causality leads to more self-actualization, more self-esteem, more ego development, greater willingness to support others' autonomy high controlled causality leads to more Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern (overstress, heart attack), more self-consciousness (view through eyes of others), high impersonal causality leads to less ego development and less self-esteem

intrinsic work value orientation GCT

higher dedication, vitality, satisfaction lower work-family conflict, emotional exhaustion, turn-over intention

prioritizing intrinsic aspirations GCT

higher self-actualization, vitality, positive affect, satisfying relationships lower depression, physical symptoms, narcissism

cognitive evaluation theory and deCharm

hypothesis: if you take intrinsically motivated behavior and reinforce it with a reward, the perceived locus of causality will shift undermining autonomy and motivation Deci's experiment: SOMA puzzles (no reward led to more free time spent on puzzles) other effects on intrinsic motivation

cognitive evaluation theory and intrinsic motivation

intrinsic motivation: behaviors performed for inherent satisfaction of activity, no separable outcome or contingencies occurs spontaneously, often as exploration or play phenomenological perspective: activity itself is satisfying attributional perspective: has internal perceived locus of causality affective perspective: accompanied by interest, excitement, enjoyment

GCT intrinsic aspriations

meaningful relationships community contributions personal growth physical health

the self

process of synthesis, movement towards unity in psyche how innate integrative tendencies facilitate growth and adaptation volition, autonomy, self-determination allows us to engage in reflectively self-endorsed behaviors integration at three levels (within: among aspects of the psyche, without: between self and external world, with others: between self and interpersonal world) in motivational terms: behavior emanating from self experienced as autonomous

goal content theory

pursuit and attainment of aspirations - organize and direct behavior over time not all goals are created equal (not all will contribute to psychological health when attained) empirically derived types of goals: extrinsic and intrinsic

various meta-theories overview

reductionist view: reduce complex things to their parts (bio - chem - phy) mechanistic view: humans are machines (material and efficient causes, behavior is a function of external causes, stimuli elicit and reinforce) organismic view: living and nonliving things are fundamentally different (living things tend towards assimilation) SDT is a type of organismic view

continuum of internalization (OIT)

regulatory style: associated processes, perceived locus of causality (gets more relatively autonomous) external regulation: salience of external rewards or punishments, external introjected regulation: satisfy internal contingencies and ego involvement, somewhat external identified regulation: find value or importance in an activity, somewhat internal integrated regulation: synthesize identifications with other aspects of self, internal