Semester 1 Biology
Look at cell respiration summary
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Practice drawing meiosis
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Practice drawing mitosis
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What is the equation for cell respiration?
C6H12O6 + 602 ------> CO2 + H20 + (chemical energy)
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H20 + (light energy) ---> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 602
Name the four types of biomolecules
Carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and nucleic acid
Protects cell
Cell Wall (plant cell)
Building block of lipid
fatty acid and glycerol
What are the four bases
thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine
diploid
two sets of chromosomes
Describe the step by step process of protein synthesis
1. Copy of one side of DNA strand is made, also called transcribing (mRNA is made) 2. mRNA moves to cytoplasm and then ribosome 3. mRNA goes through ribosome 3 bases at a time, also called transcription (1 codon at a time) 4. Amino acids are produced when a codon unites 5. You need at least 150 bases to make a protein
In a cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for a simple Mendelian trait, what fraction of the offspring should you expect to be heterozygous?
1/2
The genotypic ratio of the offspring resulting from a cross between two heterozygous parents is:
1:2:1 (homozygous dominant, heterozygous, homozygous recessive)
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms present in all carbohydrates?
2:1
Compare the mother and daughter cells of meiosis
4 daughter cells, each has only one set of chromosomes (haploid)
Draw and label a cell membrane diagram
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Go through heredity worksheet and make sure you understand how to do each problem
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Unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
Saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid with a carbon chain full of hydrogen atoms, meaning no carbon-carbon double bonds; usually from animal sources and solid at room temperature.
Molecule
A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
Biomolecule
A group of atoms held together by ionic bonds (unique to living things)
Monosaccharide
A simple sugar with no bonds, the building block of carbohydrates (examples fructose, glucose, ribose)
Disaccharide
A sugar of two monosaccharides, double sugar (examples sucrose lactose, maltose)
What is the chemical equation of dehydration synthesis for a triglyceride?
Amino acid + amino acid + amino acid ---> tripeptide +H20
What is general equation of dehydration synthesis?
Amino acid + amino acid ---> dipeptide +H20
What is the formula of glucose in the simplest form that illustrates the proportion of elements in this molecule.
C6H1206= CH2O
double layer of phospholipids that protect the cell
Cell membrane
ring of nine groups of microtubules, part of centrosome
Centriole
Microtubules are produced here, make spindle fibers and such in animal cell
Centrosome
Contains chlorophyll to make green and also is where photosynthesis occurs
Chloroplast (plant cell)
Collective term for cytosol and organelles in it
Collective term for cytosol and organelles in itCytoplasm
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
Convert light energy to chemical energy
maintains cell shape (microtubules, action filaments, intermediate fibers
Cytoskeleton
soup of the cell, lots of proteins in it
Cytosol
List two examples of nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
What is the difference between DNA and RNA
DNA holds genetic information and RNA sends protein information from the nucleus to the ribosome
What is the full name of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What is general equation of hydrolysis?
Dipeptide+H20-----> amino acid + amino acid
In Mendel's pea plant experiments, which generation consisted only of heterozygous individuals?
F1
Monomer
General word for building block (amino acids, monosaccharides)
What G word is related to carbohydrates?
Glucose
What G word is related to proteins?
Glycine
Membrane bound vesicles that package macromolecules and proteins
Golgi
What does this reaction show? Maltose + water ---> Glucose + Glucose
Hydrolysis
contain enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion, kill and digest bacteria in white blood cells
Lysosome
What is the overall purpose of meiosis?
Make gametes
What are the reactants of Maltose + water ---> Glucose + Glucose
Maltose + water
Polysaccharide
Many sugar (3 or more) (examples glycogen, starch, cellulose)
powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondrion
What are three types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide
produces ribosomes, in nucleus, and ribosomes go to the endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
What is the significance of guanine?
One of the bases of nucleotides
protects cell from toxic hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisome
What is the function of glucose in our bodies?
Provides energy to the body
What is the overall purpose of mitosis?
Replace and provide identical cells
the site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
proteins synthesized in ribosomes are collected here, where ribosomes sit.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
hormones and neurotransmitters are packaged in these and sent to cell surface.
Secretory vesicle
Continuation of nuclear membrane, function is carried in different types of cells
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Other than transport, list the two main functions of lipids in the body and name one corresponding lipid or type of lipid for each function listed
Store energy (triglycerides), provide insulation (triglycerides), and provide structure (phospholipids)
How is prophase 1 of meiosis different from prophase in mitosis?
The chromosomes cross over and trade genes
Compare the mother and daughter cells of mitosis
They are identical
What is the purpose of cell respiration?
To release energy from glucose (ATPs)
Other than providing energy, list the six main functions of proteins in the body and name one corresponding protein or type of protein for each function listed.
Transport molecules (hemoglobin) Enzymes-promote chemical reactions Antibodies-helps with body's immunity Contraction (Action and Myosin) Hormones- Cell signaling and communication Energy Structure (keratin)
Sac that plays a role in intracellular digestion and release of waste
Vacuole
Building block of protein
amino acid
organic compounds are
biomolecules
What is the significance of glycerol?
building block of lipids
All organic compounds contain which element?
carbon
what three elements make up carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Glucose is made by organelles called
chloroplast
What is this reaction showing? Glucose + glucose ---> Maltose + water
dehydration synthesis
List three examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, and galactose
List two examples of carbohydrates
glucose, sucrose
What G word is related to nucleic acid?
guanine
A "test cross" always involves crossing an individual with a dominant phenotype/unknown genotype with an individual that is:
homozygous recessive
List two examples of proteins
keratin, enzyme, actin, myosin
bio is
life
What G word is related to lipids?
lipids
DNA is made out of what
made of nucleotides which consists of sugar, phosphate, and a base
List three examples of disaccharides
maltose (glucose+glucose) lactose (glucose+galactose) sucrose(glucose+fructose)
Building block of Carbohydrate
monosaccharide (ex. glucose, fructose, galactose)
polyunsaturated fatty acid
more than 1 double bond in carbon backbone
Building block of nucleic acid
nucleotide
holds DNA
nucleus
haploid
one set of chromosomes
List two examples of lipids
phospholipids, triglycerides
Every muscle has what?
polysaccharides
What is the full name of RNA
ribonucleic acid
What is the significance of glycine?
simplest form of amino acids
What is the significance of glucose?
simplest form of monosaccharide
List three examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, and cellulose
Glucose is a what?
sugar
What is the function of polysaccharides
to store energy
What is always one of the products of dehydration synthesis?
water, H20
What is always one reactant of a hydrolysis reaction?
water, H20
