Semester 1 Review
Examples of Paleolithic Life
"Cave Art", Simple tools/weapons, oral communication and fire
Hellenic Culture
"Classical" Greek culture prior to the Macedonian invasions
Dynasty
A line of rulers from the same family
Caste System
A rigid class system, based on birth that would influence all aspects of life in ancient India
Vishnu, Shiva, and Brahma
The three forms of one major deity of the Hindu religion
Golden Age
Time period of peace and prosperity as well as achievement in learning and the arts.
Artifact
Ancient items made or shaped by human hands
Stonehenge
Archeological site in England begun during the Neolithic Age and finished during the Bronze Age
Salamis
Battle during the 2nd Persian War. Greece won this naval battle and forced the Persians to retreat to Asia.
Marathon
Battle during the Persian Wars. Won by Greece after they attack and defeat the Persians while the Persians were loading their ships.
Homer
Blind poet who wrote the Iliad and Odyssey
Sumerians
Tolerant rulers who built a great empire from the Middle East to South Asia. Known for organizing a great bureaucracy and building an impressive system of roads
Silk Road
Trade route that connected China with cultures as far away as Rome
Aeschylus and Sophocles
Two most famous writers of Greek drama (tragedies)
Doric
Type of column used in the Parthenon
Solon
Tyrant known for his land reforms and establishing a two house legislature
Draco
Tyrant who came up with a harsh but written set of laws
Peloponnesian Wars
War fought between Athens with the Delian League and Sparta with Peloponnesian League. Led to the downfall of "classical" Greece.
Persian Wars
Wars fought between the Persian Empire and united Greek city-states. Won by Greece and led to the Golden Age of Athens.
Hellenistic Culture
Culture of Alexander the Great. Mixed Greek with Asian culture.
Alphabet
Developed by Phoenicians. Symbols represented sounds not words
Gupta
Dynasty that ruled during the Golden Age of India
Pictograms
Earliest forms of writing that used symbols to represent words
Hieroglyphics
Egypt's first system of writing. Translated by the Rosetta Stone
Euclid
Egyptian mathematician who achieved in Geometry during the Hellenistic Age.
Artemis
Greek goddess of the hunt, moon, and childbirth
Athena
Greek goddess of wisdom. Patron deity of Athens.
Pythagoras
Greek mathematician who worked with right triangles
Hippocrates
Greek scientist who is the "father of medicine"
Hittites
Group of Mesopotamian people who came of the worlds's first cities and writing system
Hebrews
Group of people who were the first to worship one god
Moses
Hebrew prophet who led his people out of Egypt and received the Ten Commandments
Abraham
Hebrew prophet who made the covenant with Yahweh. Father of Monotheism
Aryans
Invaders that migrated into India and a hereditary class system
Himalayas
Mountains north of India that separated civilization that developed there from the rest of Asia (including China)
Artisan
People skilled in a craft
Zoroastrianism
Persian religion based on the belief the world was a battle between good and evil. Influenced later religions with its belief in "heaven and hell".
Natural Barriers
Physical landforms such as rivers, seas, mountains, and deserts that protect civilization from invaders
Hinduism
Religion of India that helped further entrench the Caste System
Buddhism
Religion that was established in India but caught on in China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia. Believed in reincarnation, but not the Caste System or Hindu deities
Yin and Yang
Represented opposites for Confucianism and Taoism
Oligarchy
Rule by a small group (4th stage in Sparta)
Direct Democracy
Rule by all citizens (4th stage in Athens)
Monarchy
Rule by kings (1st stage)
Tyranny
Rule by one powerful man who is not a king (3rd stage)
Aristocracy
Rule by wealthy, landowning nobles (2nd stage)
Archaeologists
Scientists who investigate early civilizations
Alexander the Great
Son of Philip II who built an empire that stretched from the northern Balkan Peninsula to the Indus River. Spread the Hellenistic culture across his empire.
Neolithic Revolution
The name for the changes that occurred following the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals
Huang He (Yellow River)
The river valley that gave rise to ancient Chinese civilization in East Asia
Nile
The river valley that gave rise to ancient Egyptian civilization
Indus
The river valley that gave rise to ancient Indian civilization in South Asia
Tigris and Euphrates
The river valley that would give rise to Mesopotamian civilizations in Southwest Asia
Vedas and Upanishads
The sacred writings (texts) of the Hindu religion
Diaspora
The scattering of the Jews away from Jerusalem. Once by the Babylonians and later by the Romans
Eightfold Path
The steps a Buddhist must follow to eliminate desire
Hammurabi's Code
World's first set of written laws. Written by a Babylonian king.
Cuneiform
World's first system of writing, Sumerian system that used wedge shaped symbols
Bronze
an alloy (bronze and tin) that would replace stone as the primary material used to make weapons and tools
Sparta
Greek city-state who valued military strength. Oligarchy.
Carbon Dating
Method used to determine the age of once living materials by measuring the amount of radioactive material remaining
100,000 to 400,000 BC
The dates that Homo Sapiens emerged in Africa
Pharaoh
The hereditary (passed down from father to son) ruler of Egypt
Hunting and Gathering
The methods that prehistoric man used to find food and water
Athens
Greek city-state who valued learning and wisdom. Eventually became a direct democracy Sparta
Pass
Breaks in a mountain range that allows traders and invaders through
Taoism
Chinese religion/philosophy based on achieving harmony with nature, humility, and inner peace by living a simple life. Founded by Laozi.
Confucianism
Chinese religion/philosophy that believed humans were good, should respect their elders and ancestors and emphasized education. The code of politeness in still used in China today
Qin Shi Huangdi
Chinese ruler who ordered the Great Wall be built in order to defend China from migratory invaders from the North
Kush
Civilization in Africa of Egypt along the Nile River
Examples of Neolithic Life
Clay pottery, advanced tools, the wheel, farming, domesticated animals
Citizens of Greece/Rome
Eventually all free men. However, women and slaves had few if any rights.
Archimedes
Famous Greek inventor (pulley, cylinder screw, lever)
Socrates
Father of Greek philosophy. Created the Socratic Method of questioning in order to find the truth. Sentenced to die for corrupting the youth of Athens
Silt
Fertile soil left behind when rivers flood, important to the development of early civilizations
Persians
Fierce empire builders of the Middle East. First to use iron weapons
Phoenicians
Great sailors and traders who invented the first alphabet based on sound
Phidlas
Great sculptor who created the sculptures in the Parthenon.
Jerusalem
Holy city of the Hebrews
Canaan
Land area between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River in the Fertile Crescent. It was the home of both the Hebrews and Phoenicians
Mesopotamia
Land between the rivers that saw the first civilizations develop there
Macedonia
Land north of Greece on the Balkan Peninsula. Home of Philip II and would eventually conquer and unite the Greek city-states.
Peninsula
Landform surrounded by water on three sides. Balkan and Italian are examples
Pericles
Leader of Athens during the Golden Age. Built the Parthenon and increased the power of Athens.
Greek Mountains
Led to the development of isolated city-states, limited the availability of farmland and led to the establishment of colonies .
Philip II
Macedonian king who conquered and united most of Greek city-states
Paper, silk, porcelain
Major inventions and contributions of classical China
Dardanelles
Strait that connects the Aegean and Black Seas through the Sea of Marmara and Bosphorus.
Aristotle
Student of Plato. Known for achievement in philosophy, politics, and science.
Plato
Student of Socrates. Wrote the Republic and founded the Academy.
Coined Money
System of exchange that came from the Lydians and would lead to an increase in the Greek economy.
Barter System
System of exchange that involves trading a good for another good
Civil Service System
System of tests to ensure that government officials were picked fairly and qualified to do the job. Still used by civilizations today including the United States
Irrigation System
Systems of dams and canals that provided early farmers with a more stable water supply. Led to increased production of food crops.
Herodetus and Thucydides
The 1st is the father of history. The 2nd is the first modern historian
Torah
The Hebrew holy book. Also important to Christians as the first five books of the Old Testament
10 Commandments
The Hebrews set of laws. State both religious and moral conduct
Siddhartha Gautama
The Indian prince who would go to found Buddhism. A.K.A. the Buddha
Asoka
The Indian ruler who sent missionaries to spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia
Rhetoric
The art of public debate. Necessary for participation in government.
Four Noble Truths
The basic beliefs of the Buddhist religion
Polytheism
The belief in more than one god, practiced by most early civilizations
Monotheism
The belief in only one god. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are examples
Mandate of Heaven
The belief that Chinese rulers were divine held power as long as they had the support of the gods
Karma
The belief that future reincarnation is based on present behavior
Reincarnation
The belief that the soul goes through many cycles of rebirth