Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean

Nitainos

Taino noblemen; in pre-conquest tribute system, they were provided labor by naborias ;involved in system of communal property ownership (whereas there was some private property held by caciques). Advanced agricultural system. lecture 1, 01/13 class notes

naborias

Taino workers who provided tribute labor to noblemen (nitainos) in pre-conquest tribute system. Naborias were at the bottom of the Tainos' 3-tiered leadership structure. Advanced agricultural system; communal property ownership. lecture 1, 01/13 class notes

Grand marronage

"The act of becoming a fugitive/runaway slave. Grand marronage refers to the long term effort to flee vs petite marronage which refers to the temporary escape (Mary Prince).

Granville Sharp

"leading British abolitionist and started the first settlement of freed African slaves in Sierra Leone. Became interested in slavery when his friend, a slave had been beaten badly by his master. Sharp devoted his time to forcing a legal ruling on the question of whether a slave could be compelled to leave Britain. He secured a law in 1772, which concluded that slave owners could not legally force slaves to return to the colonies once they were in Britain.

Aztec Empire

"the Aztec civilization was a dominant force that captures large areas of

Battle of Vertieres 1803

(1803)The last major battle of the Haitian revolution, which took place between Haitian rebels and French forces. This battle took place less than two months before the proclamation of the independent Republic of Haiti would be announced. It stopped the French's final attempt to stop the Haitian Revolution and re-instating slavery. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verti%C3%A8res

Codigo Negro 1789

-Spanish Slave codes instituted on all Spanish islands in 1789. Similar to the Code Noir, these laws informed masters of the occupation, treatment, and punishment of slaves. Just as the French violated the Code Noir, Spanish owners also violated the Código Negro, thereby revealing the hypocrisy and cruelty of slave owners. Their horrible treatment of their slaves despite these laws reveals that slavery was based on violence and complete subjugation. Reading pakcet and notes on the Código Negro

Olaudah Equaino

(Aka Gustavus Vassa) c. 1745-1797. Equiano is born in Igboland, is kidnapped from his home at just 11 years old, and is sold mutiple times during the journey from the interior to the coast. In his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789), Equiano details his experience of being enslaved and influences the passing of the Slave Trade Act of 1807. In "Boarding a Slave-Ship" and "The Middle Passage" (excerpts from Interesting Narrative), Equiano provides a graphic description of the horrible conditions on the slave ship and the ways in which Africans of different groups (/nations/regions?) interacted and reacted to conditions. lecture 5 slides, 01/24 class notes, Wikipedia

Victor-Emmanuel Leclerc

(a.k.a Charles Leclerc) Known for the Leclerc Expedition--Led a huge naval fleet to Saint Domingue. His original assignment was to negotiate with Touissant L'Ouverture and then take power over Saint Domingue. Napoleon sent Leclerc because he feared that they would lose the territory and also because he didn't want other slaves to revolt or seek emancipation on other islands. Although Leclerc removed L'Ouverture from power, he didn't secure the the island, and another insurgency arose that finally defeated the French military in 1803. Leclerc's expedition is important in light of the Haitian Revolution: despite having thousands of troops, the rebel armies were still able to hold off the French and become the first country ruled by former slaves. Victor and his rebel armies were destroyed by yellow fever. A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution, pp. 118-131 and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leclerc

Curse of Ham

(a.k.a the Curse upon Canaan) There are five character involved: Noah, his three sons--Ham, Japheth, and Shem, and Ham's son Canaan. Long story short: Noah curses Canaan to be a slave to Shem and Japheth. Although the Israelites originally used this story to justify the subjigation of the Canaanites, Jews, Muslims, and Christians later used it to justify the enslavement of Africans. This story, therefore, is at the heart of the debate regarding the role of religion/Christianity in slavery: does the Bible support or reject the right to enslave others? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_Ham

Kingdom of Kongo

- In 1483 when the Portuguese army led by Diego Cão reached the Kingdom of Kongo and converted the King of Kong to Christianity and he takes the Christian name King Alfonso I. This is was one of the places the Portuguese were welcomed and were able to use the kingdom for their participation in the trans-Atlantic slave trade as a port and a slave market. The Portuguese are becoming more invested in the slave trade and concerned with material wealth so using the Kongo is perfect for their needs. There were elites in Kongo who went to Portugal who learned under Europeans and took European names. (See more under King Alfonso I ) Notes 1-22-14 Atlantic Africa at the time of the transatlantic slave trade.

Jose Bonifacio

- Was a Brazilian abolitionist who went to Europe for bout thirty years and garnered an anti-slavery mentality. In 1823 he wrote a letter explaining why slavery should be abolished. He uses religion to influence his argument, and it is interesting because Christianity used to be referenced in favor of slavery and now used in opposition of slavery, like Bonifacio did. He uses the moral argument for the abolishment of slavery and also says it is detrimental to the economy of Brazil because it halts free labor. He also says that the environment suffers under slavery because landowners can use their slaves to cut down the trees of the land instead of settling on already cleared land. He also pushes for property rights for the enslaved, but does not want slavery to be abolished suddenly and still holds prejudices for Africans, calling them savages in his letter. Notes 3-8-14 (Last Day of class) And writes the primary source for the last day <--Sorry these are so late!

Code Noir 1685

-French slave code written by European legal scholars in 1685. It replaced the local laws that French colonist had used in the Caribbean before sugar production exploded. Although it became the foundation for the legal groundwork for slavery in French islands, many slave owners ignored and and abused its laws. Their utter disregard for some of its rules reveals how brutally masters tortured their slaves and that violence complete subjugation was at the center of slavery. This document contains laws regarding how owners should treat their slaves, marriage with a slave or between slaves, and how to handle runaway slaves. Reading packet on the Code Noir

Mesoamerica. They had complex social and political organizations that ruled

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over various city-states. Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes overthrew the Aztecs by force and captured their

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Leger-Felicite Sonthonaz

A French Commissioner sent to Saint Domingue to enforce the Law of April 4. Opponent of the new governor, Galblaud, and eventually had him deported. Offered freedom to all enslaved peoples who would fight along side him and eventually extended the decree to all enslaved peoples with the General Decree of Liberty (1793). Made his decisions in face of British and Spanish troops coming to Saint Domingue, a massive slave rebellion, and armed conflict among the freed peoples. For more information see the introduction to the General Decree of Liberty

Asiento

A contract the Spanish government gave to individuals and countries, allowing them to sell and ship slaves into Spanish colonies. A practice that lasted from the 16 to 19 century. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiento

Moret Law

A form of freedom of wombs approved in Spain on July 4, 1870 for application in the colonies (mainly Cuba and puerto Rico because slavery had been abolished in the metropolis in 1837). This law granted freedom to slaves born after September 17, 1868, slaves who served in the Spanish army (particularly during the Ten Years' War in Cuba), slaves over 60 years old, and slaves who were owned by the Spanish government. Slave owners were compensated for each slave emancipated unter the Moret Law I don't have this anywhere in my notes and can't remember this from readings so I got this from Wikipedia. Please feel free to add more based on what you have in notes!

Bartolomé de las Casas

A friar, writer and advocate for the rights of the indigenous people of the Americas. He spent time attempting to expose the abuses of the native population under the Spanish encomienda system and believed that the Christian faith did not have deprive natives of their freedom and property rights. Also believed if the system continued Natives would be wiped out. http://www.pbs.org/kcet/when-worlds-collide/people/bartolome-de-las-casas.html

Zumbi

A rebel leader, in the film Quilombo, who leads the Palmares defense against Portuguese conquest. He returned to Palmares after he was kidnapped 15 year ago and refused to compromise with Portuguese rule. He died fighting for freedom along with the rest of the rebels who were massacred when the Portuguese attacked. wrote an essay about this

Louis Boisrond-Tonnerre

A secretary of Dessalines chosen to write the declartion of independence for Saint Domingue. Boisrond-Tonnerre exclaimed that the declaration, "should be written with the skin of a white man for parchment, his skull for a desk, his blood for ink, and a bayonet for a pen." He wrote the text overnight and read it publicly before a crowd at Gonaives. (January 1, 1804) For more information see the introduction to the Haitian Declaration of Independence

Reconquista

A series of battles to defeat the Moorish Empire that ruled parts of the modern day Spain and Portugal for over 700 years, which ended with the Fall of Granada in 1492. Christian Kingdoms reclaimed the land and sought to expand their empire, which led to the discovery of the New World in 1492. Christianity was a main justification for reclaiming land from the islamic empire and continued to be used as Spain and Portugal entered the Americas. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista#Conversions_and_expulsions

Tannenbaum thesis

A slave scholar who used a compartive apporach to studying slavery. He formed a thesis on three parts 1. slavery as an institution was more humane in Spanish and Portugueses colonies. 2. since slavery was better under these two countries' leadership, when it was abolished the damage to the black race was less in latin America. 3. slavery was more regulated in Latin America than America because laws protecting slaves were enforced through Cathloic doctrine and colonial policy. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2147582?seq=2

Petit marronage

A temporary, short-term escape from bondage after which the enslaved returned to their master voluntarily or by force. Example= Mary Prince running away from Captain Ingham's house to parents, is soon sent back to Captain Ingham by mother. "throughout the Americas, planters seem to have accepted as part of the system the common practice of petit marronage- repetitive or periodic truancy with temporary goals such as visiting a relative or lover on a neighboring plantation" (Price, 609). While the Codigo Negro and the Code Noir do not prescribe a punishment for runaway slaves, the Barbados Act punished runaway slaves with death and fined anyone who harbored a runaway slave 1,000 pounds of Muscavado sugar. Efforts to control slaves' ability to go outside of overseer's gaze included limiting leaving plantation (like needing note to leave?- does anyone have more info on this?), preventing group gatherings, etc. 01/31 lecture, 02/21 lecture, Richard Price- "Maroons and their Communities"

Quilombo

A type of maroon community found in Brazil- see above for Quilombo of Palmares. Feb. 21st lecture

Julien Raimond

A wealthy free person of color in Haiti and owned about 100 slaves. He writes an article about his observations about the inequities between whites and free people of color. He says the whites are prejudiced against the free blacks and there are even laws that further this prejudice. There are laws barring free people of color from certain jobs, thus eliminating competition, and sumptuary laws that bar free people of color from participating in consumption. The sumptuary laws prohibit free blacks from buying goods like carriages and expensive textiles, and so these markers of external wealth threaten the racial order that the whites needed to uphold. This prohibition also preserves the racial pride of lower class whites. He also suggests that free women of color are at the center of this prejudice because white French men arriving in Haiti want to marry free women of color who are established in the area instead of white women who just arrived to Haiti as well. The children of interracial marriages as well threatened the racial order because they inherited possessions from their parents and blur color lines. Notes 2-26-14 Haiti Revolution (1791-1801)

Apprenticeship (British Caribeean)

Abolitionist thought slaves had to be fit for freedom so apprenticeship was to be a 6 year (later reduced to 4), unpaid training that would slowly transition slaves into freedom. There were 3 classes of apprentices: praedial laborers (attached to soil), praedial laborers (not attached to soil), and non-praedial laborers (domestice workers, craftsmen, non-agricultural workers,etc.) Only difference between this and slavery is masters couldn't punish slaves--Special Magistrates did, you could buy your way out of apprenticeship and masters had to accept it, and their bondage had a clear expiration date. Violence in this system was arguably worse in this system because masters knew they didn't have slaves forever so didn't have to take survival in account.

Acculturation

Acculturation explains the process of cultural change and psychological change that results following meeting between cultures.[1] The effects of acculturation can be seen at multiple levels in both interacting cultures. At the group level, acculturation often results in changes to culture, customs, and social institutions. Noticeable group level effects of acculturation often include changes in food, clothing, and language. At the individual level, differences in the way individuals acculturate have been shown to be associated not just with changes in daily behavior, but with numerous measures of psychological and physical well-being http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturation

Golden Law

Adopted in May of 1888 was the law that abolished slavery in Brazil. Aside from abolition activities, the reason for the law was that slavery was no longer profitable; cost of paying European immigrants cost less than up keeping the salves. Brazil was the last coutnry in the western world to abolish slavery. Brazil rececieved pressure from the British who sought to end the slave trade to expand production in their own colonies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Áurea

Crusading Mentality (from John Chasteen)

After the Moors took over the Iberian Peninsula in the the early 700s, the Iberian Christians began a "reconquista" (reconquest) of these lands and slowly pushed the Muslims back to Africa. The reconquering Christians took over new lands and converted and subjugated some Moors as well. The Spanish and Portuguese arrived in the Americas with this mentality, and used this fervor as justification to acquire new lands and convert Natives to Christianity. The crusading mentality, therefore, perhaps explains why the Europeans treated Native peoples so viciously and claimed their lands for Spain and Portugal. John Charles Chasteen, Born in Blood anf Fire: A Concise History of Latin Ameria, 2nd ed.-- a reading from the first or second week of the term about the first encounter between Colombus and the Natives in the West Indies

Law of Free Birth (Rio Branco Law)

Also called the Law of Free Womb of 1871. Was Part of Brazil's gradual abolition of slavery. This law stated that children born after 1871 were legally free even if their parents were enslaved, but even after they were born free they were forced to work as an apprentice for 21 years. Legally they could not be sold, but still had to work under the master of their parents as a slave would. This law showed that emancipation did not really grant freedom for the newly free in every aspect of their lives. Notes 3-7-14 Last Day of Class

Bernardino de Manzanedo

An emissary that reported on the conditions of Spanish colonies. He wrote that the natives were unable to govern themselves after the Spanish fashion and had no desire to live a Christian life . He stated that if they were left alone they would return to their ancient ways and their souls would perish. http://books.google.com/books?id=yulMKeEYmOQC&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49&dq=Bernardino+de+Manzanedo&source=bl&ots=PCYriCmKCE&sig=DiVJqPhZsWH_W8uq9-nwyIDHCSk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HjsaU6qhAZPG0gH37YCgCQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Bernardino%20de%20Manzanedo&f=false

Toussaint Louverture

At the turn of the 18th century, Louverture rose to power after leading a slave rebellion. He formed alligencieas with Spain to resist French rule and allied with France when they abolished slavery in Haiti. He drafted the first Constiution for Haiti post-slavery in 1801 which ban slavery on the island but did not establish a seperate Black republic. France responded to the draft by sending troops, arresting Louverture and sentencing him to die in prison. He is remembered as the rebl who led Haiti to indepedence and challenged slavery throughout the New World. book on Haiti that we read in class

Thomas Pringle and Susanna Strickland

Both were members of the Anti-slavery Society and in 1829 Pringle allowed Mary Prince to enter his household as servant, which gave her refuge from her slave masters. Once they helped her establish freedom, Prince narratted her life story to Strickland who dictated it into a book that was published in 1831. The book became popular throughout England and served the anti-slavery movement in revealing the inhumanity that Black suffered in British colonies. Used info in my Mary Prince book

Drapetomania

Drapetomania, or the disease causing Negros to run away was a "disease" that was characterized by a slave's desire to run away from their plantation. Published in 1851 in De Bow's Review by Dr. Samuel A. Cartwright, Drapetomania was seen as a disease of the mind that could be easily prevented with proper medical advice. This medical advice that was given in De Bow's Review was to "be kind and gracious in his hearing" - "and protect him from abuse." He also mentions that if an owner keeps his slave in a position that is similar to what is said in the Scriptures, the slaves would occupy the position of submission. Cartwright also does not fail to mention the triggers of Drapetomania. These "triggers" were if a master was to make "little or no distinction in regard to color" or if the master was to "abuse the power which God has given him." Reading packet on the "Disease and Peculiarities of the Negro Race," by Dr. Samuel A. Cartwright

Dysaethesia Aethiopica

Dysaethesia Aethiopica, or hebetude of mind and obtuse sensibility of body—A disease peculiar to Negroes—Called by overseers, "Rascality" was characterized by slowness of the mind a body. Published in 1851 in De Bow's Review by Dr. Samuel A. Cartwright, an insensibility of the skin and slowness of the mind were seen as common traits of Dysaethesia Aethiopica. Cartwright claims that Dysaethesia Aethiopica was more common in free blacks because of the way they live in regards to diet, exercise, drinks, etc. Cartwright said that these people become careless and mischievous, and they seem to break everything they handle. This can obviously be seen as a form of slave resistance. Reading packet on the "Disease and Peculiarities of the Negro Race," by Dr. Samuel A. Cartwright

E. Franklin Frazier

Edward Franklin Frazier was a professor of Sociology at Howard University with an interest in African-American community formation and the political economy of racism. In 1941 Frazier embarked on a year-long study of family life in Brazil. He also had studies based on quantitative and qualitative data from the United States. These studies provided Frazier with a position on one half of the debate with Melville J. Herskovits on the nature of cultural contact in the Western Hemisphere, specifically with reference to Africans, Europeans, and their descendants. Frazier argued that enslaved Africans who were transported to the United States were "nearly completed stripped" of their "social heritage" and had to "acquire a new language, adopt new habits of labor, and...the folkways of the American environment" "Lecture 11 Slides-Social Life and Community Formation in the World of the Enslaved

Gilberto Freyre

Expert on black experience. Brazilian anthropologist, sociologist. Tried to understand the influence of African culture in Brazil. Studied race relations shaped by slavery: believed interracial sex shaped distinctive nature of Brazilian society. Bridged the distance between masters and their slaves. Believed society was integrated-couldnt tell who was who. "notes/

Fictive kinship

Fictive kinship is a term used by anthropologists and ethnographers to describe forms of kinship or social ties that are based on neither consanguinal (blood ties) nor affinal ('by marriage') ties, in contrast to true kinship ties. The willingness of households to adopt non-kin "outsiders" was a prominent feature of some African societies. Christian marriage was not the primary impetus for reproduction and expansion of kinship units in many Latin American and Caribbean regions. Godparentage used to create a support system for parents and children as well as to deepen horizontal and vertical ties among adults. Recreating Africa, Chapter Two, Kinship, Family and Household Formation, pp. 49 Lecture 12 Slides-Kinship Systems and Family Life Among the Enslaved http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictive_kinship

Aristotle's theory of the "natural slave"

In book I of the Politics, Aristotle addresses the questions of whether slavery can be natural or whether all slavery is contrary to nature and whether it is better for some people to be slaves. He concludes that "those who are as different [from other men] as the soul from the body or man from beast—and they are in this state if their work is the use of the body, and if this is the best that can come from them—are slaves by nature. For them it is better to be ruled in accordance with this sort of rule, if such is the case for the other things mentioned." A theory used to justify black enslavement. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_slavery

Maroon

From the Spanish word "cimarroón" meaning a runaway slave. Most maroons were slaves and recently-arrived Africans were most prone to flee slavery. Acculturated African-born and Creole slaves generally escaped to urban areas rather than maroon communities. Marronage is the unauthorized flight of ensalved people from bondage (two categories: petit marronage meaning a temporary, short-term escape from bondage after which the enslaved returned to their master voluntarily or by force and grand marronage meaning a long-term or permanent escape from bondage through the creation of autonomous maroon communties (also known as palenques, quilombos or mocambos). Prime example would be Palmares and Ganga Zumba and Zumbi SOOOO much information on this. Go to Lecture 16 Slide Show on the Blackboard site and the whole slide show is dedicated to this

Ganga Zumba

Ganga Zumba was one of the first leaders of the fugitive state of Palmares. Zumba escaped bondage on a sugar plantation and ran away to Palmares. He was the "Great Chief" of Palmares up until 1678. In 1678, the Portuguese offered a peace treaty to Zumba and all of Palmares. Zumba accepted the offer while many Palmarinos, including Zumbi, did not agree with Zumba's decision. Zumbi later led a revolt, resulting in the overthrow of Zumba. In the film Quilombo, Zumba was portrayed as a leader constantly seeking peace with the Portuguese. This eventually led to the fall of Ganga Zumba's leadership role. Notes Mary Karasch, "Zumbi of Palmares: Challenging the Portuguese Colonial Order" pp. 114 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_Zumba

William Wilberforce

Gave a speech in 1789 that called for the abolition of slavery. He lobbied the British Parliment to have slavery abolished which was accomplished when legislation was passed in 1833. He first campaign to abolish slave trade which happened in 1808. wiki

Napoleon Bonoparte

General in the French army who seizes power in France in a coup (Nov. 1799) and declares himself First Consul (and in 1804 Emperor) of France. Thinks the French Revolution went too far, and doesn't support the abolition of slavery. Issues the Constitution and uses what it says against Haiti, and in 1801 sends 31,000 troops to reestablish French influence in Haiti under the leadership of his brother, Captain General Charles Leclerc. Toussaint L'Ouverture's sons were studying in France at the time and tried to compromise with Napoleon, but Napoleon expelled them. In 1802 when Leclerc's troops stormed Ranive-a-Couleuvre, people again questioned if it was worth fighting for L'Ouverture. L'Ouverture was then kicked out of his position and went back to being a plantation owner, and would later be tricked into a meeting in which he was kidnapped and then jailed in France. lecture 19- slide 4 & class notes

Boukman Dutty

Haitian vodoun leader who was one of the revolutionary leaders in its initial stages. He led a voodoo ceremony where hundred of enslaved vowed to die for liberty and this is considered to be the spark that led to the Haitian Rebellion. http://www.cs.umb.edu/~fisabel/History.html

Vincent Oge

He was a free man of color who led a revolt against French rule in St. Domingue, in 1790. His revolt championed rights for free men of color but it also foreshadowed the massive uprising that would come a year later in the Haitian Revolution. His revolt showed that black who were free and enslaved were organizing and resisting French rule. notes but mostly wiki

Antoine Pierre Barnave

He was a leading member in French Revolution. He gave a speech to the French National Assembly, wherein he said that the Decree of Liberty did not apply to blacks or slaves. This help united free blacks and black slaves in Haiti to rise up and resist French rule. Antoine-Pierre Barnave, a well-connected and influential lawyer from Grenoble, represented those interests that wanted to hold onto France's rich colonial possessions. He wanted to treat the colonies separately from mainland France in order to exempt them from the Constitution as a means of maintaining the production of those colonial products that were such a large part of France's commercial wealth. His proposals were adopted almost without debate aka slaves didn't get any rights when the French revolution first started. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Barnave

Seasoning period

I believe (Jalil) this refers to the period it took slaves to adjust to slave conditions around endless work and torture. Also the new climate. need help

Zong Affair

In 1781, the crew on Zong, a slave ship, threw around 120 slaves overboard due to the belief that they were ill. The head slaver then tried to collect insurance money on the slaves as lost property. However, anti-slavery advocates came out strong against the insurance claim and said instead the crew should be criminally charged. The case served as testimony to the inhumanity of the slave trade and supported the lobbist who called for legislation to end the slave trade. lecture slide 20

Thomas Thistlewood

In the 18th century, Thistlewood was a British landowner and slave overseer who kept a detailed dairy. He desccribed his rape methods, torture practices, and plantatation life in Jamiaca. His diary serves as a primary document about the History of Jamiaca and the inhumanity slaves suffered. notes and wiki

Palmares

Maroon settlement founded by runaway slaves in the late 16th or early 17th century, Palmares' population would later include escaped Africans and mulattos, indigenous people, Portuguese men escaping military service, and Portuguese women (maroon community to minority community). The population of Palmares exploded after the Dutch invasion of northeast Brazil in 1630, and many more enslaved people escaped to Palmares as Portuguese and Dutch fought each other (?). Palmares became an autonomous community (functioned like a centralized state) that based its economy on trading, subsistence agriculture (main crops= manioc, corn, sweet potatoes, beans, sugarcane, and fruit trees), and plantation raids. Polyandrous families organized around male labor, property was generally held communally (families received plots of land in exchange for surplus crops). Christian and traditional African religions were practiced and a new creole language was spoken. New members of the community endured a lengthy probationary period to prove their loyalty to the quilombo. Lecture 16 slides

Africanisms

Melville Jean Herskovits (September 10, 1895 - February 25, 1963) was an American anthropologist who studied African cultures with a rigour not seen in the field. He coined the term Africanisms as a way to mark cultural patterns that survived the Atlanatic slave trade. He challenged race theory by saying race had no biological base and said it was more of sociological difference. He also argued that Africanisms shape aspects of culture in the Americas, which contradicted the dominate idea that all culture was lost when slaves were shipped. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_J._Herskovits

Carib/Kalinago

Natives of Venezuela, Brazil, and the Lesser Antilles. I will expand more on this!... Major native populations during the Encounter from 1492-1600. They lived through the Caribbean and Latin America. They had their own establish civilization but were conquered by Spanish Empire. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_people

Melville Herskovits

Professor of Anthropology at Northwestern University with an interest in race and culture. Studied under Frantz Boas who emphasized the idea of cultural relativism and the separation of "race" and "culture." Argued that race was a sociocultural construction (not based on biological differences. Argued that inaccurate myths about the history of African-Americans fueled racial prejudice. The myths were that: African-Americans were "naturally of a childlike character and adjusted easily to the most unsatisfactory social situtations; only the poorer stock of Africa was enslaved; because enslaved Africans were captured from different ethnic, linguistic, and cultural groups, it was impossible to maitain or create African customs in the Americas; enslaved Africans relinquished thier culture- either by force or choice- in order to adopt European customs; the "Negro is a man without a past". Conducted ethnographic fieldwork to traced the retention of "Africanisms" (social and cultural forms indigenous to West Africa that were transported to the New Workd during slavery) among blacks in the Americas. Formulated a five-point scale to assess the degree of African cultural retention in various aspects of socials and cultural life in the Americas. Emphasized the process of acculturation rather than cultural revoltion Lecture Slides 11-- There's stuff I left out so you might want to check!

Ladino slaves

Spanish-speaking black Africans exiled to the Americas after spending time in Castile. They were often referred to as negros ladinos ("cultivated" or "latinized Blacks"), as opposed to negros bozales (i.e., those captured in Africa). The Ladinos' skills granted them a higher price than those of bozales. The earliest black inhabitants in the Americas. Ladinos were Christianized, Spanish-speaking Africans who had initially been enslaved in Iberia before being transported to the Americas. wiki (couldn't find in notes?)

Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen

The French National Assembly issued this document in 1789, which famously proclaims that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights". France debated whether these Rights would also apply to the French colonies in the Caribbean. Thus, the laws are in one way indicative of the liberal though that started a movement towards emancipation, yet the resistance against them are also indicative of the racism and support for slavery that still existed at the time. Slaves in Saint Domingue revolted because they believed that these rights should extend to them as well. Jeremy D. Popkin, A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution, pp. 3, 27-28. 49. 59.

.Mary Prince

The History of Mary Prince. Born into slavery and lived most of her life in slavery owned by several different masters. The first years she spent enslaved under a "tame master" After she is sold for the first time, she experiences physical abuse and most likely sexual abuse while she attempts to navigate her place in the world in order to become free. After being sold the her final owners, she works on the side to gain money to purchase her freedom. Although she is denied the opportunity to emancipate herself, when she is take to London with her masters she is able to leave her masters. After this she approaches an aboltionist man named Thomas Pringle and he helps her write and publish a slave narrative Literally an entire book on this and we had to write a paper so we should be pretty good on this!

Middle Passage

The Middle Passage "connected expropriation on one side of the Atlantic to exploitation on the other. The Mid point on a journey from captive to commodity (journey from the Interior to the Coast of Atlantic Africa, the Middle Passage, and the sale at point of Disembarkation in the Americas). Forcible transportation via large slave ships in the transatlantic slave trade between 1525-1867. Connects the expropriation on one side of the Atlantic to the exploitaiton on the other. Also a part of the Triangular Trade Literally so much on this as well. Look in Lecture Slides 6 and 7 on Blackboard.

Taino

The Taíno were indigenous peoples of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles. At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, there were five Taíno chiefdoms and territories on Hispaniola , each led by a principal Cacique , to whom tribute was paid. The Taíno became extinct as a culture following settlement by Spanish colonists, primarily due to infectious diseases to which they had no immunity. wiki

Encomienda System

The encomienda (from the Spanish word encomendar, "to entrust") was a legal system that was employed mainly by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas to regulate Native Americans and autonomy. Queen Isabella established this system in a letter written to the governor of Hispaniola, Nicolás de Ovando, in December 1503. In the encomienda, the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. In theory, the receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith: in return they could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold, or other products. Encomenderos paid an annual fee to the Crown for each Indigenous worker and each was officially limited to 300 Indigenous laborers. Encomenderos were required to provide food, clothing, and religious instruction and they were not allowed to sell or rent out Indigenous workers. Lecture 2 Slides-The Encomienda System and Unfree Labor in the Americas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomienda

Gang Labor system

The gang system is a system of division of labor within slavery on a plantation. The gang labor system contained three types of gangs. The first gang (comprised of adult women and men) dealt with the most physically demanding tasks such as holing, planting, and harvesting. The second gang (comprised of youth between the ages of 12-18 and pregnant or nursing women) was made to do lighter fieldwork such as applying manure, weeding, or cleaning the canes. Finally, the third gang (comprised of young children and the elderly) was made up of light work such as weeding or gathering grass for the livestock. On a typical sugar plantation, 50-70% of the enslaved population worked in gang labor in the fields. Each work gang was supervised by a slave driver and one head slave driver (or "headman") supervised all of the gangs. "Lecture 9 Slides-Slavery and Sugar: Laboring in the Cane Fields

King Alfonso I

Was the King of the Kongo and in 1526 wrote decrees condemning Portuguese for not adhering to his provisions he laid out in negotiating the Portuguese occupation in Kongo. His former name was Nzinga Mbemba and when he converted to Christianity changed his name to King Alfonso I and even began using Portuguese in the royal court as the language of the crown. He even used Portuguese mercenaries in his army, thus incorporating the Portuguese into every aspect of Kongolese life. He forbade the Portuguese from enslaving any free Kongolese or any women because they were the most valuable slaves in Kongo. His decrees were not followed very stringently by the Portuguese causing issues in the partnership. Notes 1-22-14 Atlantic Africa at the time of the transatlantic slave trade.

Laws of Burgos

Was the first systematic code to govern the conduct of Spanish settlers in relation to their Native slaves and consisted of 35 individual laws. It outlawed physical abuse and exempted pregnant Native women from work. It only applied to Hispaniola but provisions were made for Puerto Rico and Jamaica. It laid out the treatment of Native slaves and what the slave owners had to provide for the slaves, like 10 hens and rooster and the living quarters for the Native slaves. It mentioned that the slave quarter would be near the Spaniards' house so the settlers could be a model of Catholicism for the Natives. Native boys were taught Catholisim and were expected to teach the other Natives. The Natives were allowed their sacred dances as a concession, but these Laws were made to control every aspect of the Natives' lives. Notes 1-16-14

Society for Effecting the abolition of the Slave trade (SEAST)

a British abolitionist group, formed by twelve men gathered together at a printing shop in London, England. The mission of the SEAST was to inform the public of the inhuman and immoral treatment of enslaved Africans committed in the name of slavery, to campaign in favour of a new law to abolish the slave trade and enforce this on the high seas, and to establish areas in West Africa where Africans could live free of the risk of capture and sale into slavery. It pursued these proposals by writing and publishing anti-slavery books, abolitionist prints, posters and pamphlets, and organizing lecture tours in the towns and cities of England. wiki

Bozal slaves

a Spanish American term used to denote African born enslaved peoples. ( I will look further into this). Bozal slaves: Africans captives who were transported directly from Africa to the Americas. They were preferred by slaveowners because they spent no time in Europe where they were able to adjust to more favorable conditions than in the Americas. http://www.afropedea.org/bozal-slave

Repartimiento

a colonial forced labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America and the Philippines. it was similar to other tribute-labor systems: the natives were forced to do low-paid or unpaid labor for a certain number of weeks or months each year on Spanish-owned farms, mines, workshops, and public projects. With the New Laws of 1542, the repartimiento was instated to substitute the encomienda system wiki

ruler Tenochtitlan in 1521. This was the end of the great civilization."

http://www.history.com/topics/aztecs

Barbados Act of 1661

law passed by colonial English legislature which granted masters complete control over their slaves and established that black slaves should be treated a level above chattel. The slave code sought to protect slaves from harsh treatment from the hands of cruel master but in reality it provided more legal protection for masters than slaves. Law required for masters to provide one set of clothing per year, food and housing but did not place a particular standard of living http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code

Ahmad Baba

medieval writer..Believed in slavery under certain circumstances and had his beliefs on who should be enslaved (non-muslims). Said the only justification for slavery is not believing in right religion. An example of a justification for slavery outside of race. Captured by a Moroccan empire and taken from Timbuktu a lot of intellectual work. He produced a lot his work in the 16th century. Lecture: 1/22 Paul E. Lovejoy, "The Context of Enslavement in West Africa: Ahmad Baba and the Ethics of Slavery"

Shipmates

need help

Societe des amis des Noirs (Society of the friends of the Blacks)

was a group of French men and women, mostly white, who were abolitionists (opponents of black slavery and the African slave trade). The Society was created in Paris in 1788, and remained in existence until 1793. It was led by Jacques-Pierre Brissot, with advice from Thomas Clarkson, who headed the abolitionist movement in the Kingdom of Great Britain. wiki