Smart Book Chapter 19
When an Rh ___fetus is developing within an Rh ___mother, the pregnant woman can develop antibodies against her fetus due to Rh incompatibility.
+ ; -
In situations involving Rh incompatibility, an Rh ___woman can produce antibodies against Rh ___ fetal cells that enter her bloodstream during pregnancy.
- ; +
Identify the different modes of action of antibodies.
-Antibody-antigen binding may neutralize the toxin the pathogen produces. -They clump pathogens, making them more visible to macrophages, which then destroy them. -Antibody-antigen binding may inactivate a pathogen.
Identify the cytokines that are secreted by helper T cells.
-Interferons -Tumor necrosis factors -Colony stimulating factors -Interleukins
Identify the nonspecific barriers that keep pathogens from entering the body in an innate immune response.
-Stomach acids -Earwax -Mucous lining inside the mouth
Identify the functions of helper T cells.
-They secrete cytokines. -They activate a type of T cell called a cytotoxic T cell.
What do cytotoxic T cells attack?
-Virally-infected cells -Cancerous cells
Rank the steps that lead to the formation of plasma and memory cells in the correct order. Start with the earliest on top.
1. An antigen-presenting macrophages activates a T cell. 2. The T cell contacts a B cell that has surface receptors that can bind the type of foreign antigen the macrophage presents. 3. Once an activated T cell finds a B cell match it releases cytokines that stimulate the B cell to divide. 4. The B cell gives rise to two types of cells-plasma and memory cells.
How many groups are MHC genes classified into based on their functions?
3
How many major blood types are found in humans?
36
This figure illustrates the activation and proliferation of _______cells.
B
Which type of cell, when recognizing a single foreign antigen, manufactures a single, or monoclonal, type of antibody?
B cell
Which best describes the humoral immune response?
B cells produce antibodies after activation by T cells.
The adaptive immune response is carried out by ___cells and ___cells.
B; T
In a successful treatment for leukemia and HIV infection, an HIV-positive patient was given a bone marrow transplant from a donor that was homozygous for a mutation in the ______ gene, encoding a receptor that HIV must bind to enter a cell.
CCR5
To protect against HIV, researchers are devising ways to mimic a mutation in the ______ gene, that encodes a ______.
CCR5, receptor that HIV must bind to enter a cell
_____ stimulate white blood cells in bone marrow to mature.
Colony stimulating factors
Innate immunity may take days to respond, compared to minutes for adaptive immunity.
False
Which situation is an example of microchimerism?
Fetal cells are retained in a woman's body after pregnancy.
The virus that causes AIDS is called
HIV
What are the two components of the adaptive immune response?
Humoral Cellular
Which statement best describes adaptive immunity?
It is highly specific and directed
Which of the following are phagocytes?
Macrophages
The genome of HIV consists of ______.
RNA
Which condition is associated with fetal cells remaining in the body of a woman for a long period after the pregnancy?
Systemic sclerosis
Cytotoxic T cells attack virally infected and cancerous cells by linking two surface peptides to form which of the following structures that bind foreign antigens?
T cell receptors
Which of the following is a true statement about the constant regions of an antibody?
They provide the activity of the antibody
Which of the following is a true statement about the variable regions of an antibody?
They provide the specificities of particular antibodies to particular antigens.
Protection against infection is based on the ability of the immune system to recognize foreign or nonself cell surfaces that are not part of the body.
True
The structure of a simple antibody forms a shape like the letter
Y
A substance that does not actually present a threat but to which the immune system responds is called a(n) _____.
allergen
A(n) ______ is an immune system response to a substance that does not actually present a threat.
allergy
The disappearance of antibodies against the pathogens that cause past infections, observed after a person contracts measles, is called immunological ___
amnesia
The disappearance of antibodies against the pathogens that cause past infections, observed after a person contracts measles, is called immunological ____
amnesia
Inflammation includes all of the following except ______.
antibody production
The three-dimensional shapes of the tips of the variable regions in an antibody are the ______.
antigen binding sites
Blood types are determined by specific ______ found on the surfaces of ______.
antigens; red blood cells
The antibodies that attack the body's own tissues are called
autoantibodies
A bone graft is performed where a patient's own bone replaces a missing bone in his or her body. This is an example of a(n)
autograft
A(n) _____ transfers tissue from one part of a person's body to another.
autograft
In _____, the immune system produces antibodies that attack the body's own tissues.
autoimmunity
B and T cells differentiate in the ____ ______and migrate to the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland, as well as circulate in the blood and tissue fluid.
bone marrow
T cells (without B cells) are responsible for the ______ immune response.
cellular
Mutations in genes that encode cytokines or T cell receptors impair ______, which primarily targets viruses and cancer cells.
cellular immunity
Pathogens are prevented from entering the body by various mechanisms. In one of these, waving structures called ______push debris and pathogens out of the respiratory tract.
cilia
Antibodies have several functions. For example, they can activate __________________, extending the innate immune response.
complement
The lower portion of each chain in an antibody subunit is an amino acid sequence that is very similar in all antibody molecules, even in different species. These areas are called ________ regions.
constant
Helper T cells stimulate B cells to produce
cytokines
The parts of the antigens that idiotypes bind are called
epitopes
Cytotoxic T cells lack CD8 receptors but have CD4 receptors.
false
The persistence of ____ cells in a woman's circulation long after pregnancy is observed in women who have a condition called systemic sclerosis.
fetal
Antibodies are of _____ major types, distinguished by where they act and what they do.
five
The simplest type of antibody molecule consists of ______ polypeptide chains connected by ______ bonds.
four ; disulfide
In a Y-shaped antibody subunit, the two longer polypeptides are called ________chains.
heavy
Because T cells activate the B cells that manufacture antibodies, abnormal cellular immunity disrupts ______.
humoral immunity
The adaptive immune response has two components: the _____________ immune response, and the ______________ immune response.
humoral; cellular
The part of an antibody that specifically binds to foreign antigens is called the ______.
idiotype
Antibodies are also called _____.
immunoglobulins
Individuals who contract measles may be more susceptible to other infectious diseases, such as influenza and tuberculosis, due to ______.
immunological amnesia
A central part of the innate immune response is ,________ a process that creates a hostile environment for certain types of pathogens at an injury site.
inflammation
A central part of the innate immune response is__________ , a process that creates a hostile environment for certain types of pathogens at an injury site.
inflammation
The smaller chains in an antibody subunit are termed ______ chains.
light
Lymphatics transport lymph fluid to bean-shaped structures throughout the body called
lymph nodes
The human immune system is a network of vessels called ____ that transport lymph fluid throughout the body.
lymphatics
A 6-million-base-long DNA sequence on the short arm of chromosome 6 called _____ ___ ____ (MHC) confers about 50 percent of the genetic influence on
major histocompatibility complex
The secondary immune response is primarily based on which characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
memory
B cell descendants called _____, are few in number and usually dormant.
memory cells
The first reverse vaccine targeted _____.
meningococcus B
_____ sequences random pieces of DNA, or increasingly entire genomes, that are present in a particular environment.
metagenomics
The presence of cell populations from more than one individual in one body, as when a woman retains fetal cells after pregnancy, is called ______.
microchimerism
An epitope is ______.
part of an antigen that binds to a specific antibody
Once the T cell receptors draw the cytotoxic T cell and the nonself cell into physical contact, the T cell releases a protein called _____, which pierces the nonself cell's plasma membrane, killing it.
perforin
Inflammation sends in _____ that engulf and destroy pathogens at an injury site
phagocytes
When a B cell is activated by a T cell, the B cell proliferates into two types of cells: ____ cells, which secrete antibodies, and memory cells, which are involved in the secondary immune response.
plasma
______ are antibody factories, each secreting 1,000 to 2,000 identical antibodies per second into the bloodstream.
plasma cells
The first assault by a foreign antigen on the adaptive arm of the immune system initiates a(n)_______ immune response.
primary
In metagenomics, ______.
random pieces of DNA or entire bacterial genomes present in a particular environment are sequenced
___T cells enable pregnant women and their fetuses to tolerate differences in cell surface antigens.
regulatory
Which type of cell is produced by the fetus to inhibit an immune response to maternal cells?
regulatory T cell
In _____, researchers consult genome sequence information to identify genes that encode "hidden" antigens that might serve as the basis for a vaccine.
reverse vaccinology
After vaccination, when the person encounters the natural pathogen, a(n) _____ immune response ensues, even before symptoms arise.
secondary
Which type of immune response do memory cells provide?
secondary immune response
Vaccines against different illnesses can be combined into one injection, or the genes encoding antigens from several pathogens can be inserted into a harmless virus and delivered as a____ _____
super vaccine
The immature T cells are called _____.
thymocytes
A large amount of a single antibody type could target a particular pathogen or cancer cell because of the antibody's great specificity.
true
In a cellular immune response, the T cells themselves travel to where they act.
true
Identify the biological entities whose surfaces are considered foreign by the immune system.
tumor cells prions bacteria viruses
In an antibody molecule, the upper portions of each polypeptide chain are called the _______ regions. The amino acid sequences of these regions can differ greatly among antibodies.
variable
