smooth endoplasmic reticulum
robert hooke
1665 using an early microscope, found cells in a cork
genetic info in cell
DNA or RNA
vaccine
a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens
hypertonic
above strength
cell theory
all living things are composed of cells cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things new cells are produced from existing cells
eubacteria
bacteria that lives everywhere
archaebacteria
bacteria that lives in harsh environments
hypotonic
below strength
phagocytosis
cell eating
diversity of cellular life
cells have the same organelles and same DNA, but are different because cells are specialized to do different tasks
disinfactants
chemical solutions that kill pathogenic bacteria
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
collection of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, including synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs
antibiotic
compound that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria
eukaryotic cells
contains a nucleus in with their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell located in the nucleus- plants, animals, fungi and protists
nucleus
contains all DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules
sterilization
destroys all bacteria by subjecting them to great heat
nuclear envelope
dotted with nuclear pores, it is composed of two membranes
prokaryotic cells
genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus-bacteria
levels of organization
individual cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
prions
infectious particles made up of protein rather than RNA or DNA
centriole
is a cylindrical organelle, made of 9 groups of 3 tight mircotubules. 9 groups form a ring
golgi apparatus
is a stack of membranes used to package and change proteins and other materials used in the cell and exported from the cell, full of enzymes
microfilament
lines of protein, help to make up cytoskeleton of a cell, provide strength to the cell and can be used to link certain kinds of proteins to other proteins
multicellular organisms
made up of many cells
unicellular organisms
made up of one cell
cell wall
main function is to provide support and protection for the cell, composed mostly of cellulose
heterotrophs
organisms that cannot make their own food, bacteria fall in this category, many feed on dead plants
autotrophs
organisms that make their own food, some bacteria use light energy to produce food called photoautotrophs
diffusion
particles move in the cell from an area more concentrated to an area of lesser concentration
cytoplasm
portion of the cell outside the nucleus
ribosomes
proteins made in this organelle, small particles of RNA and protein found through out the cytoplasm.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
proteins that are released, or exported, from the cell are synthesized on the rough ER
mitichondria
provides energy for the cell
cell membrane
regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support, made up of a lipid bilayer (embedded with proteins)
exocytosis
releasing large amounts of materials
active transport
requires energy, pumps in the cell membrane, endocytosis or exocytosis, moves calcium, sodium, and potassium ions across membranes
bacilli
rod shaped
isotonic
same strength (equal)
vacuoles
serve as sort of storage units within cells
anton van leeuwenhoek
single lens microscope looking at pond water-found tiny living organisms
viroids
single straneded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids
endoplasmic reticulum
site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and tother materials that are exported from the cell
organelles
specialized organs
cocci
spherical shaped
spirillia
spiral shaped
pinocytosis
taking in liquid "cell drinking"
endocytosis
taking material into the cell
capasid
the coat on a virus, covered in proteins
osmosis
the diffusion of water through selectively permeable membranes
lysosomes
they are used to break down damaged or old cell parts and bacteria, and digest micromolecules.
chromosomes
threadlike structures that contain the genetic info passed from one generation to the next.
microbodies
used to break down materials used in the cell
microtubules
used to move other organelles, sticking to them with special attachment proteins
lysogenic infections
virus integrates its DNA in the DNA of the host cell, and the viral genetic information replicates along with the host cells DNA
lytic infection
virus invades a host cell, makes copies of itself, eventually causes the cell to burst
bacteriophage
viruses that infect bacteria
osmotic pressure
water diffusion can cause cells to burst, water in to create isotonic cell
cytoplasm
watery environment inside of the cell
binary fission
when a bacterium double in size, replicates DNA, and divides in half- form of asexual reproduction
facilitate diffusion
when channels in the cell membrane help a molecule, higher concentration to lower concentration, does not require energy from the cell
spore formation
when conditions become unfavorable, many bacteria form spores and remain dormant until conditions become more favorable
equilibrium
when the concentration of solute is equal through out
nucleolus
where the assembly of ribosomes begin
