smooth endoplasmic reticulum

robert hooke

1665 using an early microscope, found cells in a cork

genetic info in cell

DNA or RNA

vaccine

a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens

hypertonic

above strength

cell theory

all living things are composed of cells cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things new cells are produced from existing cells

eubacteria

bacteria that lives everywhere

archaebacteria

bacteria that lives in harsh environments

hypotonic

below strength

phagocytosis

cell eating

diversity of cellular life

cells have the same organelles and same DNA, but are different because cells are specialized to do different tasks

disinfactants

chemical solutions that kill pathogenic bacteria

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

collection of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, including synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs

antibiotic

compound that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

eukaryotic cells

contains a nucleus in with their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell located in the nucleus- plants, animals, fungi and protists

nucleus

contains all DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules

sterilization

destroys all bacteria by subjecting them to great heat

nuclear envelope

dotted with nuclear pores, it is composed of two membranes

prokaryotic cells

genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus-bacteria

levels of organization

individual cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

prions

infectious particles made up of protein rather than RNA or DNA

centriole

is a cylindrical organelle, made of 9 groups of 3 tight mircotubules. 9 groups form a ring

golgi apparatus

is a stack of membranes used to package and change proteins and other materials used in the cell and exported from the cell, full of enzymes

microfilament

lines of protein, help to make up cytoskeleton of a cell, provide strength to the cell and can be used to link certain kinds of proteins to other proteins

multicellular organisms

made up of many cells

unicellular organisms

made up of one cell

cell wall

main function is to provide support and protection for the cell, composed mostly of cellulose

heterotrophs

organisms that cannot make their own food, bacteria fall in this category, many feed on dead plants

autotrophs

organisms that make their own food, some bacteria use light energy to produce food called photoautotrophs

diffusion

particles move in the cell from an area more concentrated to an area of lesser concentration

cytoplasm

portion of the cell outside the nucleus

ribosomes

proteins made in this organelle, small particles of RNA and protein found through out the cytoplasm.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

proteins that are released, or exported, from the cell are synthesized on the rough ER

mitichondria

provides energy for the cell

cell membrane

regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support, made up of a lipid bilayer (embedded with proteins)

exocytosis

releasing large amounts of materials

active transport

requires energy, pumps in the cell membrane, endocytosis or exocytosis, moves calcium, sodium, and potassium ions across membranes

bacilli

rod shaped

isotonic

same strength (equal)

vacuoles

serve as sort of storage units within cells

anton van leeuwenhoek

single lens microscope looking at pond water-found tiny living organisms

viroids

single straneded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids

endoplasmic reticulum

site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and tother materials that are exported from the cell

organelles

specialized organs

cocci

spherical shaped

spirillia

spiral shaped

pinocytosis

taking in liquid "cell drinking"

endocytosis

taking material into the cell

capasid

the coat on a virus, covered in proteins

osmosis

the diffusion of water through selectively permeable membranes

lysosomes

they are used to break down damaged or old cell parts and bacteria, and digest micromolecules.

chromosomes

threadlike structures that contain the genetic info passed from one generation to the next.

microbodies

used to break down materials used in the cell

microtubules

used to move other organelles, sticking to them with special attachment proteins

lysogenic infections

virus integrates its DNA in the DNA of the host cell, and the viral genetic information replicates along with the host cells DNA

lytic infection

virus invades a host cell, makes copies of itself, eventually causes the cell to burst

bacteriophage

viruses that infect bacteria

osmotic pressure

water diffusion can cause cells to burst, water in to create isotonic cell

cytoplasm

watery environment inside of the cell

binary fission

when a bacterium double in size, replicates DNA, and divides in half- form of asexual reproduction

facilitate diffusion

when channels in the cell membrane help a molecule, higher concentration to lower concentration, does not require energy from the cell

spore formation

when conditions become unfavorable, many bacteria form spores and remain dormant until conditions become more favorable

equilibrium

when the concentration of solute is equal through out

nucleolus

where the assembly of ribosomes begin